Disentangling the Direct and Indirect Effects of Task,Individual,and Organizational Factors on Occupational Citizenship Behavior

Abstract

Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) have been the subject of considerable research attention within business organizations. Much less attention has been directed at OCBs within criminal justice agencies, and even less research has addressed OCBs within police organizations. The present study uses survey data collected from 829 police officers in India to assess the antecedents of several dimensions of OCBs. Unlike most prior research, we use a path model in an effort to disentangle the direct and indirect effects of organizational justice, job demands and job resources, organizational justice, stress, and work attitudes on OCBs while controlling for officer personal characteristics. Our findings indicate that job satisfaction and organizational commitment are strong predictors of OCBs and that they mediate the effects of job stress, which did not directly influence OCBs. In addition, organizational justice factors exerted inconsistent effects on OCBs. Strategies for increasing the likelihood that officers will engage in OCBs are discussed.

Keywords

organizational citizenship behavior police officers law enforcement India

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Allen

N. J.

Meyer

J. P.

(1990). Organizational socialization tactics: A longitudinal analysis of links to newcomers’ commitment and role orientation. The Academy of Management Journal, 33, 847-858.

Allisey

A. F.

Noblet

A. J.

Lamontagne

A. D.

Houdmont

(2014). Testing a model of officer intentions to quit: The mediating effects of job stress and job satisfaction. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41, 751-771.

Bakker

A. B.

Demerouti

(2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22, 309-328.

Berry

W. D.

(1993). Understanding regression assumptions. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE.

Brayfield

A. H.

Rothe

H. F.

(1951). An index of job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 35, 307-311.

Brown

S. P.

Leigh

T. W.

(1996). A new look at psychological climate and its relationship to job involvement, effort, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 358-368.

Census2011.co.in. (2015). Haryana population census data 2011. Retrieved from http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/haryana.html

Chen

C.-H. V.

Kao

R.-H.

(2011). A multilevel study on the relationships between work characteristics, self-efficacy, collective efficacy, and organizational citizenship behavior: The case of Taiwanese police duty-executing organizations. The Journal of Psychology, 145, 361-390.

Chen

C.-H. V.

Kao

R.-H.

(2012). Work values and service-oriented organizational citizenship behaviors—The mediation of psychological contract and professional commitment: A case of students in Taiwan police college. Social Indicators Research, 107, 149-169.

10.

Crank

J. P.

Regoli

Hewitt

J. D.

Culbertson

R. G.

(1995). Institutional and organizational antecedents of role stress, work alienation, and anomie among police executives. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 22, 152-171.

11.

Crow

M. M.

Lee

C-. B.

Joo

J.-J.

(2012). Organizational justice and organizational commitment among South Korean police officers: An investigation of job satisfaction as a mediator. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 35, 402-423.

12.

Curry

J. P.

Wakefield

D. S.

Price

J. L.

Mueller

C. W.

(1986). On the causal ordering of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Academy of Management Journal, 29, 847-858.

13.

De Carufel

Schaan

J.-L.

(1990). The impact of compressed work weeks on police job involvement. Canadian Police College, 14, 81-97.

14.

Dekas

K. H.

Bauer

T. N.

Welle

Kurkoski

Sullivan

(2013). Organizational citizenship behavior, version 2.0: A review and qualitative investigation of OCBs for knowledge workers at Google and beyond. Academy of Management Perspectives, 27, 219-237.

15.

Dunlop

P. D.

Lee

(2004). Workplace deviance, organizational citizenship behavior, and business unit performance: The bad apples do spoil the whole barrel. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 67-80.

16.

Eisenberger

Huntington

Hutchison

Sowa

(1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 500-507.

17.

Eisinga

te Grotenhuis

Pelzer

(2013). The reliability of a two-item scale: Pearson, Cronbach, or Spearman-Brown? International Journal of Public Health, 58, 637-642.

18.

Farmer

S. J.

Beehr

T. A.

Love

K. G.

(2003). Becoming an undercover police officer: A note on fairness perceptions, behavior, and attitudes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 373-387.

19.

Frank

Lambert

E. G.

Qureshi

(2017). Examining police officer work stress using the job demands–resources model. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 33, 348-367.

20.

Government of Haryana. (2019). Government of Haryana at a glance. Retrieved from http://www.haryana.gov.in/

21.

Greenberg

(1990). Organizational justice: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16, 399-432.

22.

Haryana Police. (2019). Haryana police. Retrieved from http://haryanapoliceonline.gov.in/

23.

Hobfoll

S. E.

(1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513-524.

24.

Schaufeli

W. B.

Taris

T. W.

(2011). The job demands-resources model: An analysis of additive and joint effects of demands and resources. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79, 181-190.

25.

Kahn

R. L.

(1987). Work stress in the 1980s: Research and practice. In Quick

Bhagat

Dalton

Quick

(Eds.), Work stress: Health care systems in the workplace (pp. 311-320). New York, NY: Praeger.

26.

Kanungo

R. N.

(1982). Work alienation: An integrative approach. New York, NY: Praeger.

27.

Kaur

Chodagiri

V. K.

Reddy

N. K.

(2013). A psychological study of stress, personality and coping in police personnel. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 35, 141-147.

28.

Klahm

C. F.

Tillyer

(2015). Rethinking the measurement of officer experience and its role in traffic stop searches. Police Quarterly, 18, 343-367.

29.

Kop

Euwema

Schaufeli

(1999). Burnout, job stress and violent behaviour among Dutch police officers. Work & Stress, 13, 326-340.

30.

Koys

D. J.

(2001). The effects of employee satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior, and turnover on organizational effectiveness: A unit-level, longitudinal study. Personnel Psychology, 54, 101-114.

31.

Lambert

(2003). Justice in corrections: An exploratory study of the impact of organizational justice on correctional staff. Journal of Criminal Justice, 31, 155-168.

32.

Lambert

E. G.

Griffin

M. L.

Hogan

N. L.

Kelley

(2015). The ties that bind: Organizational commitment and its effect on correctional orientation, absenteeism, and turnover intent. The Prison Journal, 95, 135-156.

33.

Lambert

E. G.

Hogan

N. L.

(2009). Exploring the predictors of treatment views of private correctional staff: A test of an integrated work model. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 48, 504-528.

34.

Lambert

E. G.

Hogan

N. L.

Griffin

M. L.

(2008). Being the good soldier: Organizational citizenship behavior and commitment among correctional staff. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35, 56-68.

35.

Lambert

E. G.

Hogan

N. L.

Keena

L. D.

(2015). The impact of job attitudes on private correctional staff’s continuance and affective organizational commitment. Journal of Applied Security Research, 10, 1-22.

36.

Lambert

E. G.

Kelley

Hogan

N. L.

(2013). The association of occupational stressors with different forms of organizational commitment among correctional staff. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 480-501.

37.

Lambert

E. G.

Paoline

E. A.

(2008). The influence of individual, job, and organizational characteristics on correctional staff job stress, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Criminal Justice Review, 33, 541-564.

38.

Lambert

E. G.

Qureshi

Frank

Keena

L. D.

Hogan

N. L.

(2017). The relationship of work-family conflict with job stress among Indian police officers: A research note. Police Practice and Research, 18, 37-48.

39.

Lambert

E. G.

Qureshi

Hogan

N. L.

Klahm

Smith

Frank

(2015). The association of job variables with job involvement, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment among Indian police officers. International Criminal Justice Review, 25, 194-213.

40.

Locke

(1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In Dunnette

(Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1297-1349). Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.

41.

Matteson

M. T.

Ivancevich

J. M.

(1987). Controlling work stress: Effective human resource and management strategies. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

42.

McElroy

J. C.

Morrow

P. C.

Wardlow

T. R.

(1999). A career stage analysis of police officer work commitment. Journal of Criminal Justice, 27, 507-516.

43.

Menon

N. R. M.

Banerjea

(2002). Criminal justice India series: Haryana, 2002 (Vol. 10). New Delhi, India: Allied Publishers.

44.

Meyer

J. P.

Stanley

D. J.

Herscovitch

Topolnytsky

(2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 20-52.

45.

Miller

H. A.

Mire

Kim

(2009). Predictors of job satisfaction among police officers: Does personality matter? Journal of Criminal Justice, 37, 419-426.

46.

Mowday

R. T.

Porter

L. W.

Steers

R. M.

(1982). Employee-organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. New York, NY: Academic Press.

47.

Novak

K. J.

Frank

Smith

B. W.

Engel

R. S.

(2002). Revisiting the decision to arrest: Comparing beat and community officers. Crime and Delinquency, 48, 70-98.

48.

Organ

D. W.

(1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

49.

Organ

D. W.

(1997). Organizational citizenship behavior: It’s construct clean-up time. Human Performance, 10, 85-97.

50.

Organ

D. W.

Ryan

(1995). A meta-analytic review of attitudinal and dispositional predictors of organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 48, 775-802.

51.

Podsakoff

N. P.

Whiting

S. W.

Podsakoff

P. M.

Blume

B. D.

(2009). Individual- and organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 122-141.

52.

Podsakoff

P. M.

MacKenzie

S. B.

(1997). Impact of organizational citizenship behavior on organizational performance: A review and suggestions for future research. Human Performance, 10, 133-151.

53.

Podsakoff

P. M.

MacKenzie

S. B.

Paine

J. B.

Bachrach

D. G.

(2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26, 513-563.

54.

Price

Mueller

(1986). Absenteeism and turnover among hospital employees. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

55.

Qureshi

Frank

Lambert

Klahm

Smith

(2017). Organizational justice’s relationship with job satisfaction and organizational commitment among Indian police. Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles, 90, 3-23.

56.

Raghavan

(1999). Policing a democracy: A comparative study of India and the US. New Delhi, India: Manohar Publishers & Distributors.

57.

Ranta

R. S.

Sud

(2008). Management of stress and burnout of police personnel. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 34, 29-39.

58.

Rathi

Barath

(2013). Work-family conflict and job and family satisfaction: Moderating effect of social support among police personnel. Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion: An International Journal, 32, 438-454.

59.

Redman

Snape

(2006). The consequences of perceived age discrimination amongst older police officers: Is social support a buffer? British Journal of Management, 17, 167-175.

60.

Saha

Sahu

Paul

(2010). Evaluation of cardio-vascular risk factor in police officers. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 1, 263-271.

61.

Saylor

W. G.

Wright

K. N.

(1992). Status, longevity, and perceptions of the work environment among federal prison employees. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 17, 133-160.

62.

Schaufeli

W. B.

Taris

T. W.

(2014). A critical review of the job demands-resources model: Implications for improving work and health. In Bauer

Hammig

(Eds.), Bridging occupational, organizational and public health (pp. 43-68). London, England: Springer.

63.

Shane

J. M.

(2010). Organizational stressors and police performance. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 807-818.

64.

Smith

C. A.

Organ

D. W.

Near

J. P.

(1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 653-663.

65.

Spector

P. E.

(1996). Industrial and organizational psychology: Research and practice. New York, NY: John Wiley.

66.

Sutar

A. S.

(2012). Is caste losing ground? Economic & Political Weekly, 47(17), 4.

67.

Tabachnick

Fidell

(2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.

68.

Tang

L.-P.

Ibrahim

A. H. S.

(1998). Antecedents of organizational citizenship behavior revisited: Public personnel in the United States and in the Middle East. Public Personnel Management, 27, 529-550.

69.

Tang

L.-P.

Sarsfield-Baldwin

L. J.

(1996). Distributive and procedural justice as related to satisfaction and commitment. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 60, 25-31.

70.

Triplett

Mullings

J. L.

Scarborough

K. E.

(1996). Work-related stress and coping among correctional officers: Implications from organizational literature. Journal of Criminal Justice, 24, 291-308.

71.

Turnipseed

D. L.

Rassuli

(2005). Performance perceptions of organizational citizenship behaviours at work: A bi-level study among managers and employees. British Journal of Management, 16, 231-244.

72.

Tyagi

Dhar

R. L.

(2014). Factors affecting health of the police officials: Mediating role of job stress. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 37, 649-664.

73.

Unnithan

(2009). Crime and justice in India: Editorial comment. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 25, 128-130.

74.

Verma

Gavirneni

(2006). Measuring police efficiency in India: An application of data envelopment analysis. Policing, 29, 125-145.

75.

World Factbook India. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html