Probationers and parolees have a reduced expectation of privacy. In most states, they are subject to searches by their supervising probation or parole officer without prior notice or cause. However, for law enforcement officers, their ability to search a probationer or parolee can be constrained by the need to articulate probable cause or a reasonable suspicion. This legal review examines federal and state laws, providing guidance on when law enforcement officers can search probationers/parolees, and whether it requires probable cause, a reasonable suspicion, or the presence of the supervising probation/parole officer. Results of the legal review should prove especially informative for agencies engaged in multiagency partnerships.
AdelmanS. E. (2002). U.S. v. Knights: Supreme Court rules on searches of probationers by police. The Journal of the American Probation and Parole Association: Perspectives, 26(3), 39-43.
2.
AlaridL. F.SimsB. A.RuizJ. (2011). Juvenile probation and police partnerships as loosely coupled systems: A qualitative analysis. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 9, 79-95.
BurtonV. S.LtessaE.MarkerT. (1992) The role of probation officers: An examination of statutory requirements. The Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 8(4), 273-282.
8.
CorbettR. P.Jr. (1998). Probation blue? The promise (and perils) of probation-parole partnerships. Corrections Management Quarterly, 2(3), 31-39.
9.
CorbettR. P.Jr.FitzgeraldB. L.JordanJ. (1998). Boston’s operation night light: An emerging model for police-probation partnerships. In PetersiliaJ. (Ed.), Community corrections: Probation, parole, and intermediate sanctions (pp. 180-186). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
10.
GarnerB. A. (2004). Black’s Law Dictionary (8th edition) . Minneapolis, MN: Thomson.
11.
GiacomazziA. L.SmitheyM. (2001). Community policing and family violence against women: Lessons learned from a multiagency collaborative. Police Quarterly, 4, 99-122.
12.
Griffin v. Wisconsin, 483 U.S. 868 (1987).
13.
HemmensC.BennettK.del CarmenR. V. (1999). The exclusionary rule and parole revocation hearings: The Supreme Court says no. Perspectives, 23(3), 36-42.
14.
International Association of Chiefs of Police. (2012). Police-corrections partnerships: Collaborating for strategic crime control. Alexandria, VA: Author.
15.
JonesM. A.SiglerR. T. (2002). Law enforcement partnership in community corrections: An evaluation of juvenile offender curfew checks. Journal of Criminal Justice, 30, 245-256.
16.
JordanJ. T. (1998). Boston’s operation night light. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 67(8), 1-5.
17.
JucovyL.McClanahanW. S. (2008). Reaching through the cracks: A guide to implementing the Youth Violence Reduction Partnership. Philadelphia, PA: Public/Private Ventures.
18.
KennedyD. M. (1997). Pulling levers: Chronic offenders, high-crime settings, and a theory of prevention. Valparaiso University Law Review, 31, 449-484.
19.
KimB.GerberJ.BetoD. R. (2010). Listening to law enforcement officers: The promises and problems of police-adult probation partnerships. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 625-632.
20.
KimB.GerberJ.BetoD. R.LambertE. G. (2013). Predictors of law enforcement agencies’ perceptions of partnerships with parole agencies. Police Quarterly, 16, 245-269.
21.
KimB.MatzA. K.GerberJ.BetoD. R.LambertE. G. (2013). Facilitating police-probation/parole partnerships: An examination of police chiefs’ and sheriffs’ perceptions. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 36, 752-767.
22.
LeitenbergerD.SemenynaP.SpelmanJ. B. (2003). Community corrections and community policing: A perfect match. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 72(11), 20-23.
23.
LoweN. C.Dawson-EdwardsC.MinorK. I.WellsJ. B. (2008). Understanding the decision to pursue revocation of intensive supervision: A descriptive survey of juvenile probation and aftercare officers. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 46, 137-170.
24.
MatzA. K.KimB. (2010). Policy implications of police-probation/parole partnerships: A review of the empirical literature. Federal Probation, 77(1), 1-10.
25.
McClanahanW. S. (2004). Alive at 25: Reducing youth violence through monitoring and support. Philadelphia, PA: Public/Private Ventures.
26.
MerrickM. J. (1998). Probation. Georgetown Law Journal, 86, 1795-1806.
27.
MinorK. I.MatzA. K. (2012). Boston’s operation night light. In Barton-BellessaS. M. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of community corrections (pp. 28-30). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
28.
MurphyD. W. (2003). Police probation partnerships: An analysis of the intended and unintended consequences (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3110869)
29.
MurphyD. W. (2005). Making police-probation partnerships work. New York, NY: LFB Scholarly.
30.
MurphyD. W.LutzeF. (2009). Police-probation partnerships: Professional identity and the sharing of coercive power. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37, 65-76.
31.
MurphyD.WorrallJ. L. (2007). The threat of mission distortion in police-probation partnerships. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 30, 132-149.
32.
ParentD.SnyderB. (1999). Police-corrections partnerships. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Officer of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.
33.
Pendleton v. Delaware, 990 A.2d 417 (2010).
34.
Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole v. Scott, 524 U.S. 357 (1998).
35.
People v. Bravo, 43 Cal.3d 600 (1987).
36.
People v. Hellenthal, 465 N.W.2d 329 (1990).
37.
People v. Krusell, N.W.2d WL 205838 (2012).
38.
PurkissM.KiferM.HemmensC.BurtonV. S.Jr. (2003). Probation officer functions: A statutory analysis. Federal Probation, 67(1), 12-23.
39.
RosenfeldR.FornangoR.BaumerE. (2005). Did ceasefire, compstat, and exile reduce homicide?Criminology & Public Policy, 4, 419-450.
40.
Samson v. California, 547 U.S. 843 (2006).
41.
State v. Davis, 191 S.W.3d118 (2006).
42.
State v. Devore, 134 Idaho 344, 2 P.3d 153 (2000).
43.
State v. Kottman, 707 N.W.2d 114 (2005).
44.
State v. Winterstein, 166 P.3d 1242 (2007).
45.
TribeL. (1988). American OCnstitutional Law. New York: Foundation Press.
46.
WorrallJ. L.GainesL. K. (2006). The effect of police-probation partnerships on juvenile arrests. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34, 579-589.
