This study involves an analysis of 2007 fashion advertisements published in Gentlemen's Quarterly (GQ) and Vogue between 1964, at the beginning of the sexual revolution, and 1994, to see if there were changes in the use of sexual attire and nudity. The analysis indicates that this use increased in GQ, as well as Vogue, suggesting that the sexual objectification of both men's and women's bodies increased over the forty-year period.
Albrecht, S.L., Chadwick, B.A. and Jacobson, C.K. (1987). Social Psychology. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
2.
Beck, A. and Pollary, R.W. (1985). Images of ourselves: The good life in twentieth century advertising. Journal of Consumer Research, 11, 887-897.
3.
Bordo, S. (1999). The male body: A new look at man in public and private. NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
4.
Conant, J. (1986, September 15). Sexy does it. Newsweek , 108, pp. 62-64.
5.
Cunningham, P.A. (1992). Response to forum: Gendered appearances in twentieth-century popular media. Dress, 19, pp. 90-92.
6.
Davis, F. (1992). Fashion, culture, and identity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
7.
Faludi, S. (1999). Stiffed: The betrayal of the American man. NY: William Morrow and Company, Inc.
8.
Ferguson, J.H., Kreshel, P.J., and Tinkham, S.F. (1990). In MS: Sex role portrayals of women in advertising . Journal of Advertising, 19, 40-51.
9.
Foltz, K. (1985, March 11). A kinky new Calvinism. Newsweek, 105, pp. 65.
10.
Goffman, E. (1979). Gender advertisement. NY: Harper & Row.
11.
Huberman, J. (1989). Cleavage. Art Direction, 40(12), pp. 54-56.
12.
Janofsky, M. (1993, October 4). Naked bodies. The New York Times, pp. D8.
13.
Kang, M.E. (1997). The portrayal of women's images in magazine advertisements: Goffman's gender analysis revisited. Sex Roles, 37, 979-996.
14.
Klassen, M.L., Jasper, C.R. and Schwartz, A.M. (1993). Men and women: Images of their relationships in magazine advertisements. Journal of Advertising Research, March/April, 30-39.
15.
Kuhn, A. (1985). The power of the image: Essays on representation and sexuality. NY: Roultedge.
16.
LaTour, M.S., and Henthorne, T.L. (1993). Female nudity: Attitudes toward the ad and the brand, and implications for advertising strategy. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 10, 25-32.
17.
Levine, J. (1990, January 22). Marketing: Fantasy, not flesh. Forbes, 145, pp. 118-120.
18.
McKinnon, C. (1982). Feminism, Marxism, method, and the state: An agenda for theory. Signs, 7, 515-541.
19.
Nagasawa, R.H., Kaiser, S.B., and Hutton, S.S. (1995). Construction of an SI Theory of fashion: Part 2. From discovery to formalization. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, Vol. 13, 234-244.
20.
Paff, J.L. and Lakner, H.B. (1997). Dress and the female gender role in magazine advertisements of 1950-1994: A content analysis. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 26, 29-58.
21.
Severn, J., Belch, G.E., and Belch, M.A. (1990). The effects of sexual and nonsexual advertising appeals and information level on cognitive processing and communication effectiveness . Journal of Advertising, 19, 14-22.
22.
Sexton, D.E., and Haberman, P. (1974). Women in magazine advertisements. Journal of Advertising Research, 14, 41-46.
23.
Soley, L., and Kurzbard, G. (1986). Sex in advertising: A comparison of 1964 and 1984 magazine advertisements. Journal of Advertising, 15, 46-54.
24.
Solely, L. and Reed, L.N. (1988). Taking it off: Are models in magazine ads wearing less? Journalism Quarterly, 65, 960-966.
25.
Stone, G. (1962). Appearance and the self. In A. M. Rose, (Ed.), Human behavior and social processes: An interactionist approach, (pp. 86-118). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
26.
Thompson, M.J. (1999). The effects of Confucianism and communism on the role choices of Chinese peasant women in Shandong Province, China: 1930-1980 . (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Brigham Young University ).
27.
Thorne, B. (1993). Gender play: Girls and boys in school. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press .
28.
Williamson, J. (1978). Decoding advertisements: Ideology and meaning in advertising. London: Marion Bovars .
29.
Workman, J.E. and Johnson, K.K.P. (1993). Cultural aesthetics and the social construction of gender. In S. J. Lennon & L. D. Bums (Eds.), Social science aspects of dress: New directions. International Textiles and Apparel Association (ITAA) Special Publication, No. 5, (pp. 993-110). Monument, CO.