Two studies are reported examining intimacy and loneliness in sex offenders and various control subjects. Sex offenders were both more lonely and deficient in intimacy than other offenders and community controls. Intimacy seemed to be the most important deficit among the sex offenders with the rapists and child molesters being the most deficient. The results are discussed in terms of their relevance for theory and clinical practice.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Amir, M. (1971). Patterns in forcible rape.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2.
Bardis, P. (1973). Violence: Theory and quantification.Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 1, 121-146.
3.
Check, J.V.P. (1984). The hostility toward women scale. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Manitoba.
4.
Check, J.V.P. , Perlman, D., & Malamuth, N. M. (1985). Loneliness and aggressive behavior.Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2, 243-252.
5.
Christie, M. M. , Marshall, W. L., & Lanthier, R. D. (1979). A descriptive study of incarcerated rapists and pedophiles. Report to the Solicitor General of Canada, Ottawa.
6.
Crowne, D. P. , & Marlow, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology.Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 349-354.
7.
Groth, A. N. , Burgess, A. W., & Holstrom, L. (1977). Rape: Power, anger, and sexuality.American Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 1239-1243.
8.
Hojat, M. , & Crandall, R. (1989). Loneliness: Theory, research and applications.Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
9.
Holden, R. R. , & Fekken, G. C. (1989). Three common social desirability scales: Friends, acquaintances, or strangers?Journal of Research in Personality, 23, 180-191.
10.
Howard, J. A. (1975). The flesh-colored cage.New York: Hawthorn Books.
11.
Keppel, G. (1991). Design and analysis: A researcher's handbook.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
12.
Marshall, W. L. (1988). The use of sexually explicit stimuli by rapists, child molesters and nonoffenders.Journal of Sex Research, 25, 267-288.
13.
Marshall, W. L. (1989). Intimacy, loneliness, and sexual offenders.Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 491-503.
14.
Marshall, W. L. , Barbaree, H. E., & Christophe, D. (1986). Sexual offenders against female children: Sexual preferences for age of victims and type of behavior.Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 18, 424-439.
15.
Marshall, W. L. , Barbaree, H. E., & Eccles, A. (1991). Early onset and deviant sexuality in child molesters.Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 6, 323-336.
16.
Marshall, W. L. , & Christie, M. M. (1981). Pedophilia and aggression.Criminal Justice and Behavior, 8, 145-158.
17.
Marshall, W. L. , Hudson, S. M., & Hodkinson, S. (1993). The importance of attachment bonds in the development of juvenile sex offending. In H. E. Barbaree, W. L. Marshall, & S. M. Hudson (Eds.), The assessment and treatment of the juvenile sex offender (pp. 164-181). New York: Guilford.
18.
Marshall, W. L. , Payne, K., Barbaree, H. E., & Eccles, A. (1991). Exhibitionists: Sexual preferences for exposing.Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29, 37-40.
19.
McFall, R. M. (1990). The enhancement of social skills: An information processing analysis. In W. L. Marshall, D. R. Laws, & H. E. Barbaree (Eds.), Handbook of sexual assault: Issues, theories, and treatment of the offender (pp. 311-330). New York: Plenum.
20.
McWhirter, B. T. (1990). Factor analysis of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale.Current Psychological Research and Reviews, 9, 56-58.
21.
Miller, R. S. , & Lefcourt, H. M. (1982). The assessment of social intimacy.Journal of Personality Assessment, 46, 514-518.
22.
Nelson, P. A. (1979, April). A sexual functions inventory. Paper presented at the Western Psychological Association Convention, San Diego, CA.
23.
Parkes, C. M. , & Stevenson-Hinde, J. (1982). The place of attachment in human behavior.London: Tavistock.
24.
Patton, D. , & Waring, E. M. (1985). Sex and marital intimacy.Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 17, 22-26.
25.
Peplau, L. A. , & Perlman, D. (1982). Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy.New York: Wiley.
26.
Perlman, D. , & Duck, S. (1987). Intimate relationships: Development, dynamics and deterioration.Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
27.
Perlman, L. A. , & Fehr, B. (1987). The development of intimate relationships. In D. Perlman & S. Duck (Eds.), Intimate relationships: Development, dynamics, and deterioration (pp. 13-42). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
28.
Pithers, W. D. , Beal, L. S., Armstrong, J., & Petty, J. (1989). Identification of risk factors through clinical interviews and analysis of records. In D. R. Laws (Ed.), Relapse prevention with sex offenders (pp. 77-87). New York: Plenum.
29.
Rada, R. T. (1978). Clinical aspects for the rapist.New York: Grune & Stratton.
30.
Reddon, J. R. , Patton, D., & Waring, E. M. (1985). The item-factor structure of the Waring Intimacy Questionnaire.Journal of Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45, 233-244.
31.
Reynolds, W. M. (1982). Development of reliable and valid short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale.Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 119-125.
32.
Rubin, Z. (1982). Children without friends. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 255-268). New York: Wiley.
33.
Russell, D. , Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 472-480.
34.
Russell, D. , Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness.Journal of Personality Assessment, 42, 290-294.
35.
Speilberger, C. D. (1988). State-trait anger expression inventory: Professional manual, research edition.Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources Inc.
36.
Stermac, L. E. , Segal, Z. V., & Gillis, R. (1990). Social and cultural factors in sexual assault. In W. L. Marshall, D. R. Laws, & H. E. Barbaree (Eds.), Handbook of sexual assault: Issues, theories, and treatment of the offender (pp. 143-159). New York: Plenum.
37.
Waring, E. M. (1984). The measurement of marital intimacy.Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 10, 185-192.
38.
Waring, E. M. , & Reddon, J. R. (1983). The measurement of intimacy in marriage.Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 53-57.
39.
Weiss, R. S. (1973). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
40.
West, D. J. , Roy, C., & Nichols, F. L. (1978). Understanding sexual attacks.London: Heinemann.
41.
Winer, B. J. (1962). Statistical principles in experimental design.New York: McGraw-Hill.
42.
Wolf, E. S. (1982). Object relations theory and intimacy. In M. Fisher & G. Stricker (Eds.), Intimacy (pp. 53-64). New York: Plenum.
43.
Wood, G. J. , Barnes, S. M., & Waring, E. M. (1988). The criterion validity of the Waring Intimacy Questionnaire in a psychiatric inpatient sample.Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 14, 63-73.
44.
Zilboorg, G. (1938). Loneliness.Atlantic Monthly, 14-19.