The Adaptation and Validation of an Instrument Measuring Bystander Intention to Address Gym-Based Sexual Harassment: An Application of the Reasoned Action Approach

Abstract

Bystander intervention is touted as an approach to address sexual harassment. Survey instruments have been developed to gauge the intention of bystanders, but few address specific locations outside of colleges and work environments. The purpose of this study was to adapt and validate a bystander intervention intention survey specific to the setting of gyms and fitness centers. Using the reasoned action approach, survey items were adapted. Participants (N = 596) were recruited using the online surveying website Prolific. Psychometric properties, construct validity, and internal consistency were evaluated. Using a confirmatory factor analysis, we evaluated the model fit of a four-factor (intention, attitude, perceived norms, perceived behavioral control [PBC]) and seven-factor (intention, experiential and instrumental attitudes, descriptive and injunctive norms, autonomy, and capacity) model. Next, we used structural equation modeling to examine the relationship between these constructs and intention to be an active bystander at the gym. In the four-factor model, all constructs were significantly related to intention, with PBC identified as most influential (β = .48). Within the seven-factor model, all variables were significantly related to intention; autonomy (β = .72) was found to be most influential. Although both the four- and seven-factor models demonstrated strong model fit indices, we recommend using the four-factor model due to factor loadings within the seven-factor model violating model assumptions. Perceived control of a situation may help people intervene when witnessing sexual harassment at the gym. Bystander intervention programs can help gym staff and patrons gain effective bystander skills to use when necessary.