Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Communication about sexual health among Black parents plays a significant role in influencing their children’s sexual behavior, including the timing of sexual activity and risk-taking behaviors. However, structural inequalities and cultural stigmas often obstruct open discussions about sexual trauma, particularly rape. This study adopts an intersectional analysis to explore how gender, exposure to sexual trauma, and other demographic factors affect the relationship between acceptance of rape myths and parent–child communication regarding rape. Through an online questionnaire, we evaluated sexual health communication behaviors and beliefs regarding rape myths among Black parents and caregivers (n = 270) who have at least one child aged 10 to 24. Bivariate and regression analyses indicated that mothers and parents who have experienced sexual trauma participated in more frequent discussions about rape than fathers and those without such experiences. Moreover, a higher acceptance of rape myths was linked to reduced communication about rape, especially among mothers, indicating that gendered socialization and personal experiences shape how parents approach these conversations. These findings underscore the need for culturally responsive interventions that consider the intersection of gender, race, and trauma in shaping beliefs about sexual violence. Challenging rape myths and countering racist and sexist narratives can enhance parent–child communication, promoting healthier and more informed discussions about sexual trauma within Black families.

Keywords

race/ethnicity sexual assault cultural contexts parenting health effects

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Agénor

(2020). Future directions for incorporating intersectionality into quantitative population health research. American Journal of Public Health, 110(6), 803–806. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305610

Akers

A. Y.

Yonas

Burke

Chang

J. C.

(2011). “Do you want somebody treating your sister like that?”: Qualitative exploration of how African American families discuss and promote healthy teen dating relationships. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(11), 2165–2185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510383028

Anderson

G. D.

Overby

(2021). The impact of rape myths and current events on the well-being of sexual violence survivors. Violence Against Women, 27(9), 1379–1401. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801220937782

Arnoud

T. D. C. J.

Chotgues

J. D. O.

Marques

S. S.

Habigzang

L. F.

(2023). Intersectionality theory, challenges for empirical research and contributions to psychology. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), 33, e3327. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-4327e3327

Barlow

(2020). Black women, the forgotten survivors of sexual assault. https://www.apa.org; https://www.apa.org/topics/sexual-assault-harassment/black-women-sexual-violence

Basile

K. C.

Smith

S. G.

Fowler

D. N.

Walters

M. L.

Hamburger

M. E.

(2016). Sexual violence victimization and associations with health in a Community Sample of African American Women. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 25(3), 231–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2015.1079283

Bendixen

Kennair

L. E. O.

(2017). When less is more: Psychometric properties of Norwegian short-forms of the Ambivalent Sexism Scales (ASI and AMI) and the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance (IRMA) Scale. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 58(6), 541–550. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12392

Berger

M. T.

(2018). Mom, can we talk? African American mothers’ and daughters’ misperceptions on communication about sexual health and intimacy. Journal of Colorism Studies; Windsor Mill, 3(1), 2–19.

Bowleg

(2012). The problem with the phrase Women and Minorities: Intersectionality—An important theoretical framework for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 102(7), 1267–1273. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300750

10.

Bowleg

Bauer

(2016). Invited reflection: Quantifying intersectionality. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(3), 337–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684316654282

11.

Brown

Ray

Summers

Fraistat

(2017). #SayHerName: A case study of intersectional social media activism. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(11), 1831–1846. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1334934

12.

Burgess

G. H.

(2007). Assessment of rape-supportive attitudes and beliefs in college men: Development, reliability, and validity of the rape attitudes and beliefs scale. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22(8), 973–993. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260507302993

13.

Burt

M. R.

(1980). Cultural myths and supports for rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(2), 217–230. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.38.2.217

14.

Byers

E. S.

Sears

H. A.

Weaver

A. D.

(2008). Parents’ reports of sexual communication with children in kindergarten to grade 8. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(1), 86–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00463.x

15.

Casey

E. A.

Lindhorst

T. P.

(2009). Toward a multi-level, ecological approach to the primary prevention of sexual assault: Prevention in peer and community contexts. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 10(2), 91–114. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838009334129

16.

Cattaneo

L. B.

Stylianou

A. M.

Hargrove

Goodman

L. A.

Gebhard

K. T.

Curby

T. W.

(2020). Survivor-centered practice and survivor empowerment: Evidence from a research–practitioner partnership. Violence Against Women, 27(9), 1252–1272. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801220935196

17.

Cavanaugh

C. E.

Harper

Classen

C. C.

Palesh

Koopman

Spiegel

(2015). Experiences of mothers who are child sexual abuse survivors: A qualitative exploration. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 24(5), 506–525. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2015.1042186

18.

Collins

P. H.

(2004). Black sexual politics: African Americans, gender, and the new racism. Black Sexual Politics, 63.

19.

Collins

P. H.

Bilge

(2020). Intersectionality (key concepts) (2nd ed.). Polity.

20.

Crenshaw

(1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1300.

21.

Curry

T. J.

Utley

E. A.

(2018). She touched me: Five snapshots of adult sexual violations of black boys. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 28(2), 205–241. https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2018.0014

22.

Davis

A. Y.

(1981). Rape, racism and the capitalist setting. The Black Scholar, 12(6), 39–45. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41066856

23.

Deblinger

Thakkar-Kolar

R. R.

Berry

E. J.

Schroeder

C. M.

(2010). Caregivers’ efforts to educate their children about child sexual abuse: A replication study. Child Maltreatment, 15(1), 91–100.

24.

Del Toro

Yoshikawa

. (2016). Invited reflection: Intersectionality in quantitative and qualitative research. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(3), 347–350. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684316655768

25.

Dessie

Berhane

Worku

(2015). Parent-adolescent sexual and reproductive health communication is very limited and associated with adolescent poor behavioral beliefs and subjective norms: Evidence from a community based cross-sectional study in eastern Ethiopia. PLoS One, 10(7), e0129941.

26.

DiIorio

Pluhar

Belcher

(2003). Parent-child communication about sexuality: A review of the literature from 1980-2002. Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention & Education for Adolescents & Children, 5(3/4), 7–32. https://doi.org/10.1300/J129v05n03_02

27.

Dorsey

M. S.

(2022). “An umbrella for all things”: Black daughter’s sexual decisions and paternal engagement. Family Relations, 71(5), 2047–2065. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12772

28.

Edwards

K. M.

Turchik

J. A.

Dardis

C. M.

Reynolds

Gidycz

C. A.

(2011). Rape myths: History, individual and institutional-level presence, and implications for change. Sex Roles, 65(11), 761–773. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9943-2

29.

Else-Quest

N. M.

Hyde

J. S.

(2016). Intersectionality in quantitative psychological research: II. Methods and techniques. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(3), 319–336. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684316647953

30.

Estrada-Martínez

L. M.

Grossman

J. M.

Richer

A. M.

(2021). Sex behaviours and family sexuality communication among Hispanic adolescents. Sex Education, 21, 59–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2020.1749042

31.

Evans

Widman

Kamke

Stewart

J. L.

(2020). Gender differences in parents’ communication with their adolescent children about sexual risk and sex-positive topics. The Journal of Sex Research, 57(2), 177–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1661345

32.

Fakunmoju

S. B.

Abrefa-Gyan

Maphosa

Gutura

(2021). Rape myth acceptance: Gender and cross-national comparisons across the United States, South Africa, Ghana, and Nigeria. Sexuality & Culture, 25(1), 18–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-020-09755-z

33.

Ferrão

M. C.

Gonçalves

(2015). Rape crimes reviewed: The role of observer variables in female victim blaming. Psychological Thought, 8(1), 47–67.

34.

Few-Demo

A. L.

Hunter

A. G.

Muruthi

B. A.

(2022). Intersectionality theory: A Critical theory to push family science forward. In Adamsons

Few-Demo

A. L.

Proulx

Roy

(Eds.), Sourcebook of family theories and methodologies: A dynamic approach (pp. 433–452). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92002-9_31

35.

Few-Demo

A. L.

Moore

Abdi

(2018). Intersectionality: (Re)Considering family communication from within the margins. In Braithwaite

D. O.

Suter

E. A.

Floyd

(Eds.), Engaging theories in family communication: Multiple perspectives (pp. 175–186). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315204321

36.

Fletcher

K. D.

Ward

L. M.

Thomas

Foust

Levin

Trinh

(2015). Will it help? Identifying socialization discourses that promote sexual risk and sexual health among African American Youth. The Journal of Sex Research, 52(2), 199–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2013.853724

37.

Flores

Barroso

(2017). 21st Century parent–child sex communication in the United States: A process review. The Journal of Sex Research, 54(4–5), 532–548. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1267693

38.

Flores

D. D.

Greene

M. Z.

Taggart

(2022). Parent-child sex communication prompts, approaches, reactions, and functions according to gay, bisexual, and queer sons. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010074

39.

Giacopassi

D. J.

Dull

R. T.

(1986). Gender and racial differences in the acceptance of rape myths within a college population. Sex Roles, 15(1–2), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00287532

40.

Gómez

J. M.

(2019). Group dynamics as a predictor of dissociation for Black victims of violence: An exploratory study of cultural betrayal trauma theory. Transcultural Psychiatry, 56(5), 878–894.

41.

Gómez

J. M.

Gobin

R. L.

(2020). Black women and girls & #Metoo: Rape, cultural betrayal, & healing. Sex Roles, 82(1–2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01040-0

42.

Grigsby

S. R.

(2018). Giving our daughters what we never received: African american mothers discussing sexual health with their preadolescent daughters. The Journal of School Nursing, 34(2), 128–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840517707241

43.

Guy-Sheftall

(Ed.). (1995). Words of fire: An anthology of African-American feminist thought. The New Press.

44.

Hakimi

Bryant-Davis

Ullman

S. E.

Gobin

R. L.

(2018). Relationship between negative social reactions to sexual assault disclosure and mental health outcomes of Black and White female survivors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10(3), 270–275. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000245

45.

Harari

Lee

(2021). Intersectionality in quantitative health disparities research: A systematic review of challenges and limitations in empirical studies. Social Science & Medicine, 277, Article 113876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113876

46.

Hayes

R. M.

Abbott

R. L.

Cook

(2016). It’s her fault: Student acceptance of rape myths on two college campuses. Violence Against Women, 22(13), 1540–1555. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801216630147

47.

Heath

N. M.

Lynch

S. M.

Fritch

A. M.

McArthur

L. N.

Smith

S. L.

(2011). Silent survivors: Rape myth acceptance in incarcerated women’s narratives of disclosure and reporting of rape. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(4), 596–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684311407870

48.

Hockett

J. M.

Smith

S. J.

Klausing

C. D.

Saucier

D. A.

(2016). Rape myth consistency and gender differences in perceiving rape victims: A meta-analysis. Violence Against Women, 22(2), 139–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801215607359

49.

Hudspith

L. F.

Wager

Willmott

Gallagher

(2023). Forty years of rape myth acceptance interventions: A systematic review of what works in naturalistic institutional settings and how this can be applied to educational guidance for jurors. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(2), 981–1000. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211050575

50.

Jelsma

Varner

Engineer

(2022). Perceptions of adolescents’ racial discrimination experiences, racial identity, and depressive symptoms among Black American fathers. Family Relations, 71(1), 163–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12613

51.

Johnson

N. L.

Johnson

D. M.

(2021). An empirical exploration into the measurement of rape culture. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(1–2), NP70–NP95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517732347

52.

Johnson

N. L.

Lipp

N. S.

Stone

H. K.

(2023). Initial evaluation of a gender-inclusive version of the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 10(2), 206–216. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000536

53.

Kachingwe

O. N.

Reynolds

K. D.

Blakely

Aparicio

E. M.

(2023). Sexual health communication among Black father–daughter dyads: A grounded theory study. Journal of Family Psychology, 37(4), 464–474. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0001058

54.

Kachingwe

O. N.

Reynolds

K. D.

Blakely

Stoebenau

Aparicio

E. M.

(2024). “Speak from a place of love”: The family dynamics surrounding Black father–daughter sexual health communication. Journal of Adolescence, 96(7), 1569–1580. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12363

55.

Kapungu

C. T.

Baptiste

Holmbeck

Mcbride

Robinson-Brown

Sturdivant

Crown

Paikoff

(2010). Beyond the “birds and the bees”: Gender differences in sex-related communication among Urban African-American Adolescents. Family Process, 49(2), 251–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2010.01321.x

56.

King

D. K.

(1988). Multiple jeopardy, multiple consciousness: The context of a Black Feminist Ideology. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 14(1), 42–72. https://doi.org/10.1086/494491

57.

Koss

M. P.

Abbey

Campbell

Cook

Norris

Testa

Ullman

West

White

(2007). Revising the SES: A collaborative process to improve assessment of sexual aggression and victimization. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31(4), 357–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00385.x

58.

Krebs

Lindquist

Berzofsky

Shook-Sa

Peterson

Planty

Stroop

(2016). Campus climate survey validation study: Final technical report. BJS, Office of Justice Programs. https://rvap.uiowa.edu/sites/rvap.uiowa.edu/files/imports/Uploads/2898aa5950/Campus-Climate-Survey-2016.pdf

59.

Lenhart

(2006, May 30). Trying to break a “Culture of Silence” on rape. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2006/05/30/trying-to-break-a-culture-of-silence-on-rape-span-classbankheadgroup-part-of-movement-tailoring-recovery-efforts-to-minority-womenspan/378938bd-b9b6-484f-b70b-cc8981de8763/

60.

Leung

Williams

(2019). #MeToo and intersectionality: An examination of the #MeToo movement through the R. Kelly Scandal. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 43(4), 349–371. https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859919874138

61.

Maheshwari

Sutar

(2024). Parental rape myth acceptance: Contributing factors and their influence on parental communication. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 14(3), 308–320. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20240343

62.

McCall

(2005). The complexity of intersectionality. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 30(3), 30.

63.

McMahon

Farmer

(2011). An updated measure for assessing subtle rape myths. Social Work Research, 35, 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/35.2.71

64.

Miller

K. S.

Kotchick

B. A.

Dorsey

Forehand

Ham

A. Y.

(1998). Family communication about sex: What are parents saying and are their adolescents listening? Family Planning Perspectives, 30(5), 218. https://doi.org/10.2307/2991607

65.

Morawska

Walsh

Grabski

Fletcher

(2015). Parental confidence and preferences for communicating with their child about sexuality. Sex Education, 15(3), 235–248.

66.

Olutayo

Aderemi

(2023). Cultural determinants and parent-child communication as an effective tool to prevent child sexual abuse: A quick qualitative study. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 32, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2023.2190736

67.

Opara

(2018). Examining African American parent-daughter HIV risk communication using a Black Feminist-Ecological Lens: Implications for intervention. Journal of Black Studies, 49(2), 134–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934717741900

68.

Opara

Lardier

D. T.

Jr. Reid

R. J.

Garcia-Reid

(2019). “It all starts with the parents”: A qualitative study on protective factors for drug-use prevention among Black and Hispanic girls. Affilia, 34(2), 199–218. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109918822543

69.

Pariera

K. L.

(2016). Barriers and prompts to parent-child sexual communication. Journal of Family Communication, 16(3), 277–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2016.1181068

70.

Paul

L. A.

Gray

M. J.

Elhai

J. D.

Davis

J. L.

(2009). Perceptions of peer rape myth acceptance and disclosure in a sample of college sexual assault survivors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 1(3), 231.

71.

Pitre

N. Y.

Kushner

K. E.

(2015). Theoretical triangulation as an extension of feminist intersectionality in qualitative family research. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 7(3), 284–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12084

72.

Pluhar

E. I.

DiIorio

C. K.

McCarty

(2008). Correlates of sexuality communication among mothers and 6–12-year-old children. Child: Care, Health and Development, 34(3), 283–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2007.00807.x

73.

Prikhidko

Kenny

M. C.

(2021). Examination of parents’ attitudes toward and efforts to discuss child sexual abuse prevention with their children. Children and Youth Services Review, 121, 105810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105810

74.

Randolph

S. D.

Cary

M. P.

Johnson

Gonzalez-Guarda

R. M.

(2019). Black fathers’ preferences for sexual health interventions with their adolescent sons. Journal of the National Medical Association, 111(5), 569–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnma.2019.03.003

75.

Randolph

S. D.

Coakley

Shears

Thorpe

R. J.

Jr. (2017). African-American fathers’ perspectives on facilitators and barriers to father–son sexual health communication. Research in Nursing & Health, 40(3), 229–236. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21789

76.

Randolph

S. D.

Pleasants

Gonzalez-Guarda

R. M.

(2017). Barber-led sexual health education intervention for Black male adolescents and their fathers. Public Health Nursing, 34(6), 555–560. https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12350

77.

Rossetto

K. R.

Tollison

A. C.

(2017). Feminist agency, sexual scripts, and sexual violence: Developing a model for postgendered family communication. Family Relations, 66(1), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12232

78.

Sawyer

S. M.

Azzopardi

P. S.

Wickremarathne

Patton

G. C.

(2018). The age of adolescence. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 2(3), 223–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30022-1

79.

Scull

T. M.

Carl

A. E.

Keefe

E. M.

Malik

C. V.

(2022). Exploring parent-gender differences in parent and adolescent reports of the frequency, quality, and content of their sexual health communication. Journal of Sex Research, 59(1), 122–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2021.1936439

80.

Shannon

Morgan

Zeinali

Brady

Couto

M. T.

Devakumar

Eder

Karadag

Mukherjee

Peres

M. F. T.

Ryngelblum

Sabharwal

Schonfield

Silwane

Singh

Ryneveld

M. V.

Vilakati

Watego

Whyle

Muraya

(2022). Intersectional insights into racism and health: Not just a question of identity. The Lancet, 400(10368), 2125–2136. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02304-2

81.

Simmons

A. S.

(Ed.). (2019). Love with accountability: Digging up the roots of child sexual abuse. AK Press.

82.

Slatton

B. C.

Richard

A. L.

(2020). Black Women’s experiences of sexual assault and disclosure: Insights from the margins. Sociology Compass, 14(6), e12792.

83.

Smith

B. D.

Spencer

B. H.

Nur-Singletary

Adane

Moser

Powell

T. W.

(2024). Assessing the association between safety perceptions and communication about sex and drugs among Black adolescents exposed to adversity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 37(4), 662–671. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.23044

84.

Somers

C. L.

Canivez

G. L.

(20030301). The sexual communication scale: A measure of frequency of sexual communication between parents and adolescents. Adolescence, 38(149), 43.

85.

Spence

C. N.

(2024). Black female adolescents and sexual violence: A quantitative investigation. Journal of Black Sexuality and Relationships, 10(3–4), 133–161. https://doi.org/10.1353/bsr.2024.a931223

86.

Sualp

Forgetta

Anderson

Revell

Godbee

(2020). “Let’s not talk about it:” Multiple perspectives on service barriers and recommendations for black sexual assault survivors: A mixed-methods study. Journal of Social Service Research, 47, 118–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2020.1725218

87.

Suarez

Gadalla

T. M.

(2010). Stop blaming the victim: A meta-analysis on rape myths. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(11), 2010–2035. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509354503

88.

Tillman

Bryant-Davis

Smith

Marks

(2010). Shattering silence: Exploring barriers to disclosure for African American Sexual Assault Survivors. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 11(2), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838010363717

89.

Trottier

Benbouriche

Bonneville

(2021). A meta-analysis on the association between rape myth acceptance and sexual coercion perpetration. Journal of Sex Research, 58(3), 375–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1704677

90.

Ullman

S. E.

Lorenz

(2020). African American sexual assault survivors and mental health help-seeking: A mixed methods study. Violence Against Women, 26(15–16), 1941–1965. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801219892650

91.

Venema

R. M.

(2019). Making judgments: How blame mediates the influence of rape myth acceptance in police response to sexual assault. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(13), 2697–2722.

92.

Vongsavanh

Lan

V. T. H.

Sychareun

(2020). Sexual and reproductive health communication between parents and high school adolescents in Vientiane Prefecture, Lao PDR. Global Health Action, 13(sup2), 1785145.

93.

Warner

L. R.

Settles

I. H.

Shields

S. A.

(2016). Invited reflection: Intersectionality as an epistemological challenge to psychology. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(2), 171–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684316641384

94.

Washington

P. A.

(2001). Disclosure patterns of Black female sexual assault survivors. Violence Against Women, 7(11), 1254–1283.

95.

Weiser

D. A.

Lieway

Brown

R. D.

Shrout

M. R.

Russell

K. N.

Weigel

D. J.

Evans

W. P.

(2022). Parent communication about sexual and relationship violence: Promoting healthy relationships or reinforcing gender stereotypes? Family Relations, 71(1), 181–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12598

96.

Whitaker

D. J.

Miller

K. S.

(2000). Parent-adolescent discussions about sex and condoms. Journal of Adolescent Research, 15(2), 251–273. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558400152004

97.

Widman

Choukas-Bradley

Noar

S. M.

Nesi

Garrett

(2016). Parent-adolescent sexual communication and adolescent safer sex behavior: A meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 170(1), 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.2731

98.

Williams

T. T.

Pichon

L. C.

Campbell

(2015). Sexual health communication within religious African-American families. Health Communication, 30(4), 328–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2013.856743

99.

Wilson Worthen

M. G. F.

Wallace

S. A.

(2017). Intersectionality and perceptions about sexual assault education and reporting on college campuses. Family Relations, 66(1), 180–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12240

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.02 MB

Black Parents’ Rape Myth Acceptance and Communication About Rape: Moderating Effects of Gender

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References

Supplementary Material