Psychological Distress Among Female Congolese Refugees in Uganda: Help-Seeking Behaviors,Risk Factors,and the Limited Role of Cognitive Social Capital for Survivors of Sexual Violence

Abstract

Clarifying risk and protective factors associated with mental health among populations affected by humanitarian crises is essential for tailoring mental health programming. Although social resources are widely considered important for well-being, emerging evidence suggests these processes may differ for women affected by sexual violence (SV). This study examined whether the typically protective role of cognitive social capital (CSC) varied based on self-reported experiences of SV among 370 female Congolese refugees in Uganda’s Kyaka II settlement. Women who reported SV (n = 143) endorsed significantly more risk factors (e.g., resource insecurity and conflict-related trauma) and higher levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and depression than those who did not report SV (n = 227). They were also less likely to seek help from spouses, family, friends, or psychosocial providers when distressed. Multiple-regression analyses indicated that CSC was associated with lower PTSS and depression only among women without a self-reported history of SV; this protective effect was not observed among those reporting SV. Findings suggest that women with self-reported SV experiences may require tailored mental health and psychosocial interventions to address their unique needs and barriers to support.