Clustering of Obesogenic Behaviors Associated With Bullying Roles Among 100,794 Adolescents

Abstract

Obesogenic behaviors have been individually associated with bullying during adolescence. However, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and diet manifest themselves in synergy and even behavioral profiles in which positive and negative behaviors coexist can be more positively associated with psychosocial outcomes. The present study aimed to analyze the association between clusters of obesogenic behaviors and different bullying roles in Brazilian adolescents. This cross-sectional study used data from the Brazilian School-based Health Survey—PENSE, 2015. A total of 100,794 male and female adolescents of the ninth-grade elementary school participated in the study. Students responded to an electronic questionnaire. Clusters of obesogenic behavior consisted of physical activity, exposure to sedentary behavior, and diet, and the different roles in bullying were: participant, victim, bully, and bully–victim. Binary logistic regression with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was used for data analysis (p < .05). Multiple adjustments and complex sampling procedures were employed. Adolescents in the cluster “Health-promoting sedentary behavior and Diet” had reduced chances of participating in bullying (odds ration [OR] = 0.70; 95% CI [0.64, 0.76]), of being a victim (OR = 0.87; 95% CI = 0.76–0.99), and being the bully (OR = 0.65; 95% CI [0.59, 0.71]); and those from the cluster “Health-promoting physical activity and Diet” had reduced chances of participating (OR = 0.81; 95% CI [0.76, 0.87]), being a victim of bullying (OR = 0.86; 95% CI [0.76, 0.98]), being the bully (OR = 0.79; 95% CI [0.72, 0.85]), and being a bully–victim (OR = 0.74; 95% CI [0.61, 0.90]), when compared to those from the “health-risk” cluster in the adjusted analysis. Clusters of obesogenic behavior may reduce adolescent bullying: victim, bully, and bully–victim benefit when exposed to healthier behavioral profiles. The school setting must recognize bullying as a problem and therefore simultaneously promote multi-component interventions to tackle physical activity, sedentary behavior, and eating behavior. Outcomes other than obesity should be acknowledged when promoting obesogenic behaviors.

Keywords

bullying youth violence community violence cultural contexts violent offenders

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Alfonso-Rosa

R. M.

García-Hermoso

Sanders

Parker

Oriol-Granado

Arnott

del Pozo Cruz

(2020). Lifestyle behaviors predict adolescents bullying victimization in low and middle-income countries. Journal of Affective Disorders, 273, 364–374. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.065

Bamber

D. J.

Stokes

C. S.

Stephen

A. M.

(2007). The role of diet in the prevention and management of adolescent depression. 32(s1), 90–99. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-3010.2007.00608.x

Barbosa Filho

V. C.

Bandeira

A. D. S.

Minatto

Linard

J. G.

Silva

J. A. D.

Costa

R. M. D.

Manta

S.W.

Sá

S. A. M. D.

Matias

T. S.

Silva

K. S. D

. (2019). Effect of a multicomponent intervention on lifestyle factors among Brazilian adolescents from low human development index areas: A cluster-randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(2), 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020267

Biddle

S. J. H.

Ciaccioni

Thomas

Vergeer

(2019). Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: An updated review of reviews and an analysis of causality. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42, 146–155. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.011

Biswas

Scott

J. G.

Munir

Thomas

H. J.

Huda

M. M.

Hasan

M. M.

de Vries

T. M.

Baxter

Mamun

A. A.

(2020). Global variation in the prevalence of bullying victimisation amongst adolescents: Role of peer and parental supports. EClinicalMedicine, 20(100276), 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100276

Bleeker

James-Burdumy

Beyler

Dodd

A. H. A.

London

Westrich

Stokes-Guinan

Castrechini

(2012). Findings from a Randomized Experiment of Playworks: Selected Results from Cohort 1. Mathematica Police Research. https://www.mathematica.org/publications/findings-from-a-randomized-experiment-of-playworks-selected-results-from-cohort-1

Brasil. (2021). Guia de Atividade Física para a população brasileira. Departamento de Promoção da Saúde. Secretaria de Atenção Primária à Saúde. Ministério da Saúde. https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/guia_atividade_fisica_populacao_brasileira.pdf

Bull

F. C.

Al-Ansari

S. S.

Biddle

Borodulin

Buman

M. P.

Cardon

Carty

Chaput

J. P.

Chastin

Chou

Dempsey

P. C.

Dipietro

Ekelund

Firth

Friedenreich

C. M.

Garcia

Gichu

Jago

Katzmarzyk

P. T.

. . .Willumsen

J. F.

(2020). World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(24), 1451–1462. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955

Carter

Pascoe

Bastounis

Morres

I. D.

Callaghan

Parker

A. G.

(2021). The effect of physical activity on anxiety in children and young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 285, 10–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.026

10.

Chung

J. Y.

Sun

M. S.

Kim

H. J.

(2018). What makes bullies and victims in Korean elementary schools? Children and Youth Services Review, 94, 132–139. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.09.035

11.

Cohen

J. F.

Gorski

M. T.

Gruber

S. A.

Kurdziel

L. B.

Rimm

E. B.

(2016). The effect of healthy dietary consumption on executive cognitive functioning in children and adolescents: a systematic review. British Journal of Nutrition, 116(6), 989–1000. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516002877

12.

Deci

E. L.

Ryan

R. M.

(2000). The “What” and “Why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01

13.

Draghi

T. T. G.

Cavalcante Neto

J. L.

Rohr

L. A.

Jelsma

L. D.

Tudella

(2020). Symptoms of anxiety and depression in children with developmental coordination disorder: A systematic review. Jornal de Pediatría, 96(1), 8–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2019.03.002

14.

Draghi

T. T. G.

Cavalcante Neto

J. L.

Tudella

(2021). Symptoms of anxiety and depression in schoolchildren with and without developmental coordination disorder. Journal of Health Psychology, 26(10), 1519–1527. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105319878253

15.

Dumith

S. C.

Prazeres Filho

Cureau

F. V.

Farias Júnior

J. C. d.

Mello

J. B.

Silva

M. P. d.

Matias

T. S.

Lopes

W. A.

Magalhães

L. L.

Hallal

P. C.

(2021). Atividade física para crianças e jovens: Guia de Atividade Física para a População Brasileira. Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde, 26, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.12820/rbafs.26e0214

16.

Farrow

C. V.

Fox

C. L.

(2011). Gender differences in the relationships between bullying at school and unhealthy eating and shape-related attitudes and behaviours. 81(3), 409–420. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1348/000709910X525804

17.

Feldmann

L. R. A.

Mattos

A. P. d.

Halpern

Rech

Bonne

C. C.

Araujo

M. B.

(2012). Implicacoes psicossociais na obesidade infantil em escolares de 7 a 12 anos de uma cidade Serrana do Sul do Brasil. RBONE - Revista Brasileira de Obesidade, Nutrição e Emagrecimento, 3(15), 225–233. http://www.rbone.com.br/index.php/rbone/article/view/151

18.

Fitzpatrick

Burkhalter

Asbridge

(2019). Adolescent media use and its association to wellbeing in a Canadian national sample. Preventive Medicine Reports, 14(100867), 1–6. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100867

19.

Fox

C. L.

Boulton

M. J.

(2006). Friendship as a moderator of the relationship between social skills problems and peer victimisation. 32(2), 110–121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20114

20.

Gaffney

Farrington

Ttofi

(2019). Examining the Effectiveness of School-Bullying Intervention Programs Globally: A Meta-analysis. International Journal of Bullying Prevention, 1, 14–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-019-0007-4

21.

Gaffney

Ttofi

M. M.

Farrington

D. P.

(2021). What works in anti-bullying programs? Analysis of effective intervention components. Journal of School Psychology, 85, 37–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2020.12.002

22.

García-Hermoso

Hormazabal-Aguayo

Oriol-Granado

Fernández-Vergara

del Pozo Cruz

(2020). Bullying victimization, physical inactivity and sedentary behavior among children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 17(114), 1–10. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A636922323/AONE?u=capes&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=6a0b3f1b

23.

Garnett

B. R.

Becker

Vierling

Gleason

DiCenzo

Mongeon

(2016). A mixed-methods evaluation of the Move it Move it! before-school incentive-based physical activity programme. Health Education Journal, 76(1), 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896916652432

24.

Gonzalez Hernandez

Martínez Martínez

(2018). Práctica de actividad física, conducta prosocial y autoconcepto en adolescentes, conexiones en el contexto escolar. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 16(3), 555–577. https://doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v16i46.2235

25.

Guerrero

M. D.

Barnes

J. D.

Walsh

J. J.

Chaput

J. P.

Tremblay

M. S.

Goldfield

G. S.

(2019). 24-Hour movement behaviors and impulsivity. Pediatrics, 144(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-0187

26.

Hall-Lande

J. A.

Eisenberg

M. E.

Christenson

S. L.

Neumark-Sztainer

(2007). Social isolation, psychological health, and protective factors in adolescence. Adolescence, 42(166), 265–286.

27.

Hammami

Chaurasia

Bigelow

Leatherdale

S. T.

(2020). Exploring gender differences in the longitudinal association between bullying and risk behaviours with Body Mass Index among COMPASS youth in Canada. Preventive Medicine, 139, 1–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106188

28.

Harris

Crone

Hughes

Bird

(2022). Creating a social movement to engage communities in physical activity: A mixed methods study of motivations to engagement. PloS One, 17(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263414

29.

Himmelstein

M. S.

Puhl

R. M.

Watson

R. J.

(2019). Weight-based victimization, eating behaviors, and weight-related health in sexual and gender minority adolescents. Appetite, 141(104321), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104321

30.

Hoare

Skouteris

Fuller-Tyszkiewicz

Millar

Allender

(2014). Associations between obesogenic risk factors and depression among adolescents: A systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 15(1), 40–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12069

31.

Holbrook

H. M.

Voller

Castellini

Silvestri

Ricca

Cassioli

Ivanova

M. Y.

Hudziak

J. J.

(2020). Sport participation moderates association between bullying and depressive symptoms in Italian adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 271, 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.142

32.

Holubcikova

Kolarcik

Madarasova Geckova

Reijneveld

S. A.

van Dijk

J. P.

(2015). The mediating effect of daily nervousness and irritability on the relationship between soft drink consumption and aggressive behaviour among adolescents. International Journal of Public Health, 60(6), 699–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-015-0707-6

33.

Hormazábal-Aguayo

Fernández-Vergara

González-Calderón

Vicencio-Rojas

Russell-Guzmán

Chacana-Cañas

Del Pozo-Cruz

García-Hermoso

(2019). Can a before-school physical activity program decrease bullying victimization in disadvantaged children? The Active-Start Study. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 19(3), 237–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2019.05.001

34.

Iannotti

R. J.

Wang

(2013). Patterns of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and diet in U.S. adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(2), 280–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.03.007

35.

Jackson

D. B.

(2017). Diet quality and bullying among a cross-national sample of youth. Preventive Medicine, 105, 359–365. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.06.033

36.

Jiménez-Barbero

J. A.

Jiménez-Loaisa

González-Cutre

Beltrán-Carrillo

V. J.

Llor-Zaragoza

Ruiz-Hernández

J. A.

(2020). Physical education and school bullying: A systematic review. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 25(1), 79–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2019.1688775

37.

Katzmarzyk

P. T.

Powell

K. E.

Jakicic

J. M.

Troiano

R. P.

Piercy

Tennant

(2019). Sedentary behavior and health: Update from the 2018 physical activity guidelines advisory committee. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 51(6), 1227–1241. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001935

38.

Kim

Kimber

Boyle

M. H.

Georgiades

(2019). Sex differences in the association between cyberbullying victimization and mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation in adolescents. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 64(2), 126–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743718777397

39.

Koyanagi

Veronese

Vancampfort

Stickley

Jackson

S. E.

Shin

Haro

J. M.

Stubbs

Smith

(2020). Association of bullying victimization with overweight and obesity among adolescents from 41 low- and middle-income countries. Pediatric Obesity, 15(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12571

40.

Kristjansson

A. L.

Sigfusdottir

I. D.

Frost

S. S.

James

J. E.

(2013). Adolescent caffeine consumption and self-reported violence and conduct disorder. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(7), 1053–1062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9917-5

41.

Kuntsche

Pickett

Overpeck

Craig

Boyce

de Matos

M. G.

(2006). Television viewing and forms of bullying among adolescents from eight countries. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(6), 908–915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.06.007

42.

Kwasnicka

Dombrowski

S. U.

White

Sniehotta

(2016). Theoretical explanations for maintenance of behaviour change: A systematic review of behaviour theories. Health Psychology Review, 10(3), 277–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2016.1151372

43.

Landsberg

Plachta-Danielzik

Lange

Johannsen

Seiberl

Müller

M. J.

(2010). Clustering of lifestyle factors and association with overweight in adolescents of the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study. Public Health Nutrition, 13(10A), 1708–1715. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980010002260

44.

Leech

R. M.

McNaughton

S. A.

Timperio

(2014). The clustering of diet, physical activity and sedentary behavior in children and adolescents: A review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11(4), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-11-4

45.

Leech

R. M.

McNaughton

S. A.

Timperio

(2015). Clustering of diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour among Australian children: Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with overweight and obesity. International Journal of Obesity (2005), 39(7), 1079–1085. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.66

46.

Leigh-Hunt

Bagguley

Bash

Turner

Turnbull

Valtorta

Caan

(2017). An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness. Public Health, 152, 157–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2017.07.035

47.

Loch

A. P.

Astolfi

R. C.

Leite

M. A.

Papa

C. H. G.

Ryngelblum

Eisner

Peres

M. F. T.

(2020). Victims, bullies and bully-victims: prevalence and association with negative health outcomes from a cross-sectional study in São Paulo, Brazil. International Journal of Public Health, 65(8), 1485–1495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-020-01481-5

48.

Malaeb

Awad

Haddad

Salameh

Sacre

Akel

Soufia

Hallit

Obeid

Hallit

(2020). Bullying victimization among Lebanese adolescents: The role of child abuse, Internet addiction, social phobia and depression and validation of the Illinois Bully Scale. BMC Pediatrics, 20(520), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-020-02413-1

49.

Malta

D. C.

Porto

D. L.

Crespo

C. D.

Silva

M. M.

de Andrade

S. S.

de Mello

F. C.

Monteiro

Silva

M. A.

(2014). Bullying in Brazilian school children: analysis of the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE 2012). Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, 17(Suppl 1), 92–105. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4503201400050008

50.

Martin

C. A.

Cook

Woodring

J. H.

Burkhardt

Guenthner

Omar

H. A.

Kelly

T. H.

(2008). Caffeine use: Association with nicotine use, aggression, and other psychopathology in psychiatric and pediatric outpatient adolescents. Scientific World Journal, 8, 512–516. https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2008.82

51.

Matias

T. S.

Lopes

M. V. V.

de Mello

G. T.

Silva

K. S.

(2019). Clustering of obesogenic behaviors and association with body image among Brazilian adolescents in the national school-based health survey (PeNSE 2015). Preventive Medicine Reports, 16(101000), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.101000

52.

Matias

T. S.

Piggin

(2020). Physical activity promotion: Can a focus on disease limit successful messaging? Lancet Global Health, 8(10), e1263. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30355-7

53.

Matias

T. S.

Piggin

(2022). The unifying theory of physical activity. Quest, 74(2), 180–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2021.2024442

54.

Matias

T. S.

Silva

K. S.

Silva

J. A.

Mello

G. T.

Salmon

(2018). Clustering of diet, physical activity and sedentary behavior among Brazilian adolescents in the national school - based health survey (PeNSE 2015). BMC Public Health, 18(1283), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6203-1

55.

Maunder

R. E.

Crafter

(2018). School bullying from a sociocultural perspective. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 38, 13–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.10.010

56.

Méndez

Ruiz-Esteban

Ortega

(2019). Impact of the physical activity on bullying [Original Research]. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(1520), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01520

57.

Merrill

R. M.

Hanson

C. L.

(2016). Risk and protective factors associated with being bullied on school property compared with cyberbullied. BMC Public Health, 16(145), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2833-3

58.

O’Neil

Quirk

S. E.

Housden

Brennan

S. L.

Williams

L. J.

Pasco

J. A.

Berk

Jacka

F. N

. (2014). Relationship between diet and mental health in children and adolescents: a systematic review. American Journal of Public Health, 104(10), e31-42. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2014.302110

59.

Øksendal

Brandlistuen

R. E.

Holte

Wang

M. V.

(2019). Peer-victimization of young children with developmental and behavioral difficulties-A population-based study. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 44(5), 589–600. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsy112

60.

Øksendal

Brandlistuen

R. E.

Holte

Wang

M. V.

(2022). Associations between poor gross and fine motor skills in pre-school and peer victimization concurrently and longitudinally with follow-up in school age - Results from a population-based study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(2), 557–575. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12464

61.

Oliveira

M. M. d.

Campos

M. O.

Andreazzi

M. A. R. d.

Malta

D. C.

(2017). Características da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar - PeNSE. Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde, 26, 605–616. http://scielo.iec.gov.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-49742017000300605&nrm=iso

62.

Olweus

(2013). School bullying: Development and some important challenges. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9(1), 751–780. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185516

63.

Patte

K. A.

Qian

Leatherdale

S. T.

(2020). Predictors of one-year change in how youth perceive their weight. Journal of Obesity, 2020(7396948), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7396948

64.

Piercy

K. L.

Troiano

R. P.

Ballard

R. M.

Carlson

S. A.

Fulton

J. E.

Galuska

D. A.

George

S. M.

Olson

R. D.

(2018). The physical activity guidelines for Americans. JAMA, 320(19), 2020–2028. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.14854

65.

Primack

B. A.

Shensa

Sidani

J. E.

Whaite

E. O.

Lin

L. Y.

Rosen

Colditz

J. B.

Radovic

Miller

(2017). Social media use and perceived social isolation among young adults in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.010

66.

Rech

R. R.

Halpern

Tedesco

Santos

D. F.

(2013). Prevalence and characteristics of victims and perpetrators of bullying. Jornal de Pediatría, 89(2), 164–170. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedp.2012.09.004

67.

Roman

C. G.

Taylor

C. J.

(2013). A multilevel assessment of school climate, bullying victimization, and physical activity. Journal of School Health, 83(6), 400–407. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12043

68.

Salem

Jr. Litman

Kim

H. Y.

Gawrisch

(2001). Mechanisms of action of docosahexaenoic acid in the nervous system. Lipids, 36(9), 945–959. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-001-0805-6

69.

Sampasa-Kanyinga

Roumeliotis

(2014). Associations between cyberbullying and school bullying victimization and suicidal ideation, plans and attempts among Canadian schoolchildren. PloS One, 9(7), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102145

70.

Scarpa

Carraro

Gobbi

Nart

(2012). Peer-victimization during physical education and enjoyment of physical activity. 115(1), 319–324. https://doi.org/10.2466/06.05.10.Pms.115.4.319-324

71.

Shackleton

Jamal

Viner

R. M.

Dickson

Patton

Bonell

(2016). School-based interventions going beyond health education to promote adolescent health: Systematic review of reviews. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58(4), 382–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.12.017

72.

Shah

Rao

Inam

Jawed

Siiger

Adil

S. O.

Shafique

(2019). Healthy lifestyle as a preventive measure against victimization among school-going adolescents. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 25(9), 604–612. https://doi.org/10.26719/emh.19.007

73.

Sibold

Edwards

E. M.

O’Neil

Murray-Close

Hudziak

J. J.

(2020). Bullying environment moderates the relationship between exercise and mental health in bullied US children. Journal of School Health, 90(3), 194–199. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12864

74.

Smith

Jacob

Shin

J. I.

Tully

M. A.

Pizzol

López-Sánchez

G. F.

Gorely

T. J.

Yang

Grabovac

Koyanagi

(2021). Bullying victimization and obesogenic behaviour among adolescents aged 12 to 15 years from 54 low- and middle-income countries. Pediatric Obesity, 16(e12700), 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12700

75.

Spriggs

A. L.

Iannotti

R. J.

Nansel

T. R.

Haynie

D. L.

(2007). Adolescent bullying involvement and perceived family, peer and school relations: commonalities and differences across race/ethnicity. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(3), 283–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.04.009

76.

Spruit

Assink

van Vugt

van der Put

Stams

G. J.

(2016). The effects of physical activity interventions on psychosocial outcomes in adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 45, 56–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.006

77.

Tandel

K. R.

(2011). Sugar substitutes: Health controversy over perceived benefits. Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics, 2(4), 236–243. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-500x.85936

78.

Turagabeci

A. R.

Nakamura

Takano

(2008). Healthy lifestyle behaviour decreasing risks of being bullied, violence and injury. PloS One, 3(2), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001585

79.

Vaillancourt

. (2013). Do human females use indirect aggression as an intrasexual competition strategy? Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 368(1631), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0080

80.

Vaillancourt

Sharma

. (2011). Intolerance of sexy peers: intrasexual competition among women. Aggressive Behavior, 37(6), 569–577. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20413

81.

van Geel

Vedder

Tanilon

. (2014). Are overweight and obese youths more often bullied by their peers? A meta-analysis on the correlation between weight status and bullying. International Journal of Obesity, 38(10), 1263–1267. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2014.117

82.

Waasdorp

T. E.

Mehari

K. R.

Milam

A. J.

Bradshaw

C. P.

(2019). Health-related risks for involvement in bullying among middle and high school youth. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 28(9), 2606–2617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1260-8

83.

Williamson

Baker

Mutrie

Niven

Kelly

(2020). Get the message? A scoping review of physical activity messaging. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17(51), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-00954-3

84.

Zahedi

Kelishadi

Heshmat

Motlagh

M. E.

Ranjbar

S. H.

Ardalan

Payab

Chinian

Asayesh

Larijani

Qorbani

(2014). Association between junk food consumption and mental health in a national sample of Iranian children and adolescents: The CASPIAN-IV study. Nutrition, 30(11), 1391–1397. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2014.04.014

85.

Zurita Ortega

Aznar

Padial Ruz

Cortes

Martinez Martinez

. (2015). Aggressive and bullying from the perspective of, physical activity, place of residence and sex behavior among adolescents in Granada. Revista Complutense de Educacion, 26, 527–542. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_RCED.2015.v26.n3.43996

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.05 MB

0.04 MB

0.05 MB