Abusive Relationship and Its Associated Factors Between Deployed and Un-Deployed Veterans in College

Abstract

This study is to examine the effect of student veteran status on abusive relationships, namely, emotional, physical, and sexual abuse. In addition, this study divided student veterans into two groups, deployed and un-deployed veterans, to see whether two groups demonstrate different results on abusive relationships. Logistic regression models were employed as a statistical strategy using the 2011-2014 American College Health Association National College Health Assessment II (ACHA-NCHA-II) data. The results found that deployed veterans were more likely to experience physical abuse, while un-deployed veterans were more likely to experience emotional abuse. Student veterans did not show any significant relationship with sexual abuse regardless deployment experience. It would be appropriate to consider the results of this study to address abusive relationships among student veterans, which help them to not only adjust college life but also succeed in careers and have healthy family relationships.

Keywords

student veteran deployment abusive relationship emotional abuse physical abuse sexual abuse

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Ackerman

DiRamio

Mitchell

R. L. G.

(2009). Transitions: Combat veterans as college students. New Directions for Student Services, 2009(126), 5-14.

Albright

D. L.

Fletcher

K. L.

Pelts

M. D.

Taliaferro

(2017). Use of college mental health services among student veterans. Best Practices in Mental Health, 13(1), 66-80.

American College Health Association. (2006a). American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment (ACHA-NCHA) Spring 2004 Reference Group data report (abridged). Journal of American College Health, 54, 201-212. doi:10.3200/JACH.54.4.201-212

American College Health Association. (2006b). American College Health Association National College Health Assessment (ACHA-NCHA) Spring 2005 Reference Group data report (Abridged). Journal of American College Health, 55, 5-16. doi:10.3200/JACH.55.1.5-16

American College Health Association. (n.d.-a). About ACHA-NCHA. Retrieved from http://www.acha-ncha.org/overview.html

American College Health Association. (n.d.-b). Generalizability, reliability, and validity analysis. Retrieved from http://www.acha-ncha.org/grvanalysis.html

American Council on Education. (n.d.). Promising practices in veterans’ education: Outcomes and recommendations from the success for veterans award grants. Retrieved from http://www.acenet.edu/news-room/Documents/Promising-Practices-in-Veterans-Education.pdf

Berkowitz

(1992). College men as perpetrators of acquaintance rape and sexual assault. Journal of American College Health, 40, 175-181.

Blosnich

J. R.

Kopacz

M. S.

McCarten

Bossarte

R. M.

(2014). Mental health and self-directed violence among student service members/veterans in postsecondary education. Journal of American College Health, 63, 418-426.

10.

Bonar

E. E.

Bohnert

K. M.

Walters

H. M.

Ganoczy

Valenstein

(2014). Student and nonstudent National Guard service members/veterans and their use of services for mental health symptoms. Journal of American College Health, 63, 437-446.

11.

Burnett

S. E.

Segoria

(2009). Collaboration for military transition students from combat to college: It takes a community. Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 22, 53-57.

12.

Campbell

(2002). Health consequences of intimate partner violence. The Lancet, 359, 1331-1336.

13.

Campbell

Jones

A. S.

Dienemann

Kub

Schollenberger

O’Campo

. . . Wynne

(2002). Intimate partner violence and physical health consequences. Archives of Internal Medicine, 162, 1157-1163.

14.

Church

T. E.

(2009). Returning veterans on campus with war related injuries and the long road back home. Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 22, 43-51.

15.

Cunningham

(2012). Veterans’ post-secondary education: Keeping the promise to those who serve. Hinckley Journal of Politics, 13, 14-20.

16.

Daly

D. D.

Garrity

B. K. F.

(2013). From boots on the ground to seats in the classroom: An assessment of institutional structure and veteran students. American Journal of Business Research, 6, 5-17.

17.

DiRamio

Ackerman

Mitchell

R. L.

(2008). From combat to campus: Voices of student-veterans. NASPA Journal, 45, 73-102.

18.

Drummet

A. R.

Coleman

Cable

(2003). Military families under stress: Implications for family life education. Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 52, 279-287. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2003.00279.x

19.

Everitt

Rabe-Hesketh

(2006). Handbook of statistical analyses using Stata (4th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall.

20.

Fortney

J. C.

Curran

G. M.

Hunt

J. B.

Cheney

A. M.

Valenstein

Eisenberg

(2016). Prevalence of probable mental disorders and help-seeking behaviors among veteran and non-veteran community college students. General Hospital Psychiatry, 38, 99-104.

21.

Germain

Shear

M. K.

Hall

Buysse

D. J.

(2007). Effects of a brief behavioral treatment for PTSD-related sleep disturbances: A pilot study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 627-632. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.04.009

22.

Grimes

Meehan

Miller

Mills

S. E.

Ward

M. C.

Wilkinson

N. P.

(2011). Beyond the barricade: A holistic view of veteran students at an Urban University. Journal of the Student Personnel Association at Indiana University, 62-74.

23.

Hamilton

(2012). Statistics with STATA: Version 12 (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

24.

Hinton

D. E.

Hofmann

S. G.

Pitman

R. K.

Pollack

M. H.

Barlow

D. H.

(2008). The panic attack—posttraumatic stress disorder model: Applicability to orthostatic panic among Cambodian refugees. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 37, 101-116.

25.

Hoffman

K. L.

Demo

D. H.

Edwards

J. N.

(1994). Physical wife abuse in a non-western society: An integrated theoretical approach. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56, 131-146.

26.

Hoglund

M. W.

Schwartz

R. M.

(2014). Mental health in deployed and nondeployed veteran men and women in comparison with their civilian counterparts. Military Medicine, 179, 19-25.

27.

Klaw

E. L.

Demers

A. L.

Da Silva

(2014). Predicting risk factors for intimate partner violence among post-9/11 college student veterans. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31, 572-597.

28.

Lamarche

L. J.

De Koninck

(2007). Sleep disturbance in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: A review. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68, 1257-1270. doi:10.4088/JCP.v68n0813

29.

Lighthall

(2012). Ten things you should know about today’s student veteran. Thought & Action: The NEA Higher Education Journal, 28, 80-89. Retrieved from https://www.stress.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/2012-TA-Lighthall.pdf

30.

Long

J. S.

Freese

(2014). Regression models for categorical dependent variables using Stata (3rd ed.). College Station, TX: Stata Press.

31.

López

O. S.

Springer

S. B.

Nelson

J. B.

(2016). Veterans in the college classroom. Adult Learning, 27, 143-151.

32.

Milliken

C. S.

Auchterlonie

J. L.

Hoge

C. W.

(2007). Longitudinal assessment of mental health problems among active and reserve component soldiers returning from the Iraq war. Journal of the American Medical Association, 298, 2141-2148.

33.

Min

(2016). Sexual violence related to alcohol consumption among gay/lesbian and bisexual college students. Journal of substance abuse & alcoholism, 4(2), 1050. Retrieved from https://www.jscimedcentral.com/SubstanceAbuse/substanceabuse-4-1050.pdf

34.

Molina

Morse

(2015). Military-connected undergraduates: Exploring differences between national guard, reserve, active duty, and veterans in higher education. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.

35.

Monson

C. M.

Taft

C. T.

Fredman

S. J.

(2009). Military-related PTSD and intimate relationships: From description to theory-driven research and intervention development. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 707-714.

36.

Moon

T. L.

Schma

G. A.

(2011). A proactive approach to serving military and veteran students. New Directions for Higher Education, 2011(153), 53-60.

37.

National Center for Education Statistics. (2002). Nontraditional Undergraduates (NCES 2002–012), by Choy, S. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2002/2002012.pdf

38.

Norman

S. B.

Rosen

Himmerich

Myers

U. S.

Davis

Browne

K. C.

Piland

(2015). Student veteran perceptions of facilitators and barriers to achieving academic goals. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 52, 701-712.

39.

Oreopoulos

Petronijevic

(2013). Making college worth it: A review of the returns to higher education. The Future of Children, 23, 41-65.

40.

Osborne

N. J.

(2013). Veteran ally: Practical strategies for closing the military-civilian gap on campus. Innovative Higher Education, 39, 247-260.

41.

Petri

Jenson

Day

Gotto

(2016). Transition and the troubled giant: Opportunities for colleges and universities to invest in veterans. Journal of Veteran Studies, 1, 1-32.

42.

Pieters

Italiano

Offermans

A.-M.

Hellemans

(2010). Emotional, physical and sexual abuse—The experiences of women and men. Brussels, Belgium: Institute for Equality of Women and Men. Retrieved from http://igvm-iefh.belgium.be/sites/default/files/downloads/41%20-%20Dark%20number_ENG.pdf

43.

Radford

A. W.

(2010). Military service members and veterans in higher education: What the new GI bill may mean for postsecondary institutions. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.

44.

Riggs

D. S.

Caulfield

M. B.

Street

A. E.

(2000). Risk for domestic violence: Factors associated with perpetration and victimization. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 1289-1316.

45.

Rouse

L. P.

Breen

Howell

(1988). Abuse in intimate relationships. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 3, 414-429.

46.

Rudd

M. D.

Goulding

Bryan

C. J.

(2011). Student veterans: A national survey exploring psychological symptoms and suicide risk. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42, 354-360.

47.

Sigelman

C. K.

Berry

C. J.

Wiles

K. A.

(1984). Violence in college students’ dating relationships. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 14, 530-548.

48.

Tuescher

Protopopescu

Pan

Tracy

Butler

Goldstein

. . . Silbersweig

D. S.

(2011). Differential activity of subgenual cingulate and brainstem in panic disorder and PTSD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 251-257.

49.

Vacchi

D. T.

(2012). Considering student veterans on the twenty-first-century college campus. About Campus, 17(2), 15-21.

50.

Wise

(2011). An exploration of a first year experience course to meet the needs of veteran and other non-traditional college students (Dissertations, Theses and Capstone Projects. 447). Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/etd/447

51.

Wolfe

Wekerle

Reitzel-Jaffe

Lefebvre

(1998). Factors associated with abusive relationships among maltreated and nonmaltreated youth. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 61-85.