This article shows risk and protective factors for both physical and emotional intimate partner violence (IPV) against women. The study was carried out in a shanty town of Lima, Peru, which has a strong community organization. One hundred ninety-two women between 25 and 59 years old (M = 34.09, SD = 6.5) were interviewed; 44.3% had secondary education, 75.5% were housewives, and 94% lived with their partner. The measurement instrument was a survey especially developed for this project to explore occurrence of physical and emotional IPV and to identify factors associated with them; factors were classified in individual and relational levels according to the ecological nested model (ENM). A logistic regression analysis was used to test the associations; the results showed that for emotional IPV, men’s assertiveness was a protective factor, whereas their emotional instability and jealousy were risk factors. For physical IPV, there were no identified risks or protective factors. These results are presented and discussed.
AcevedoM. (2000). Battered immigrant Mexican women’s perspectives regarding abuse and help-seeking. Journal of Multicultural Social Work, 8, 243-282.
2.
AdamsS.CampbellR. (2005). Immigrant Latina’s conceptualizations of intimate partner violence. Violence Against Women, 11, 1341-1364. doi:10.1177/1077801205280191
3.
AlmgrenG. (2005). The ecological context of interpersonal violence: From culture to collective efficacy. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20, 218-234. doi:10.1177/08886260504267741
4.
BrowningC. (2002). The span of collective efficacy: Extending social disorganization theory to partner violence. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 833-850.
5.
CampbellJ. C.PughL. C.CampbellD.VisscherM. (1995). The influence of abuse on pregnancy intention. Women’s Health Issues, 5(4), 214-223.
6.
CapezzaN.ArriagaX. (2008). Factors associated with acceptance of psychological aggression against women. Violence Against Women, 14, 612-633. doi:10.1177/1077801208319004
Das DasguptaS. (2002). A framework for understanding women’s use of nonlethal violence in intimate heterosexual relationships. Violence Against Women, 8, 1364-1389. doi:10.1177/107780102237408
9.
FlakeD. (2005). Individual, family, and community risk markers for domestic violence in Peru. Violence Against Women, 11, 353-373.
10.
FlakeD.ForsteR. (2006). Fighting families: Family characteristics associated with domestic violence in five Latin American countries. Journal of Family Violence, 21, 19-29. doi:10.1077/s10896-005-9002-2
11.
GonzalesE.GavilanoP. (1999). ¿Es la pobreza una causa de violencia doméstica? [Is poverty a cause of domestic violence?]. In MorrisonA.LoretoM. (Eds.). El costo del silencio [The cost of silence] (pp. 35-48). Washington, DC: Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
12.
GoodmanL.FelsK.BorgesA.SingerR. (2009). When crises collide: How intimate partner violence and poverty intersect to shape women’s mental health and coping. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 10, 306-329. doi: 0.1177/1524838009339754
13.
GüezmesA.PalominoN.RamosM. (2002). Violencia sexual y física contra las mujeres en el Perú. Estudio multicéntrico de la OMS sobre la violencia de pareja y la salud de las mujeres [Sexual and physical violence against women in Peru. Multicentric study of the OMS about partner’s violence and women’s health]. Lima, Peru: Centro de la Mujer Peruana Flora Tristán; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Organización Mundial de la Salud.
14.
HeiseL. (1998). Violence against women: An integrate, ecological framework. Violence Against Women, 4, 262-290. doi:10.1177/1077801298004003002
15.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. (2006). Violencia conyugal físisca en el Perú [Physical marital violence in Peru]. Lima, Peru: Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática.
16.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Agencia de Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional, Fondo de Naciones Unidas para la Infancia, Measure Demographic
Health Survey+ & Macro International Inc. (2001). Encuesta demográfica y de salud familiar. ENDES—2000 [Demographic and Family Health Survey. ENDES—2000]. Lima, Peru: Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática.
17.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Agencia de Estados Unidos para el desarrollo Internacional, Programa Measure Demographic health Survey+ / ORC Macro International Inc. (2007). Encuesta demográfica y de salud familiar. ENDES Continua 2004-2006 [Demographic and Family Health Survey. ENDES Continua 2004-2006]. Lima, Peru: Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática.
18.
Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental Honorio Delgado—Hideyo Noguchi. (2002). Estudio Epidemiológico Metropolitano de Salud Mental: Informe general [Epidemiologic Metropolitan Study of Mental Health: General Report]. Revista Anales de Salud Mental, XVIII, 1-2.
19.
InsuaL.VidalL. (2006). Violencia sobre mujeres, niños y niñas [Violence against women, boys and girls]. Revista del Hospital Psiquiátrico de La Habana, 3(1).
20.
KaufmannG.JasinskiJ. (1998). Partner violence: A comprehensive review of 20 years of research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
21.
KeileyM.KellerP.El-SheikhM. (2009). Effects of physical and verbal aggression, depression and anxiety on drinking behavior of married partners: A prospective and retrospective longitudinal examination. Aggressive Behavior, 35, 296-312. doi:10.1002/ab.20310
22.
KlevensJ. (2007). An overview of intimate partner violence among Latinos. Violence Against Women, 13, 111-122. doi:10.1177/1077801206296979
23.
KlevensJ.ShelleyG.Clavel-ArcasC.BarneyD.TobarC.DuranE.. . .EsparzaJ. (2007). Latino’s perspectives and experiences with intimate partner violence. Violence Against Women, 13, 141-158. doi:10.1177/801206296980
24.
LabradorF.PazP.De LuisP.Fernández-VelascoR. (2005). Mujeres víctimas de la violencia doméstica [Women victims of domestic violence]. Madrid, Spain: Pirámide.
25.
LaranceL.Y. (2006). Serving women who use force in their intimate heterosexual relationships: An extended view. Violence Against Women, 12, 622-640. doi:10.1177/10778012062290240
26.
MattsonS.RodríguezE. (1999). Battering in pregnant Latinas. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 20, 405-422.
27.
NóblegaM.MuñozP. (in press). Factores asociados a la violencia intrafamiliar en una comunidad del distrito de Villa el Salvador [Associated factors to violence inside families in a community of Villa el Salvador]. Manuscript submitted for publication.
28.
PallittoC.CampbellJ.O’CampoP. (2005). Is intimate partner violence associated with unintended pregnancy? A review of the literature. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 6, 217-235. doi:10.1177/1524838005277441
29.
PisspaM. (2002). Complexity of patterns of violence against women in heterosexual partnership. Violence Against Women, 8, 873-900. doi:10.1177/107780102400388515
30.
RajA.SilvermanJ. (2002). Violence against women: The role of culture, context and legal immigrant status on Intimate Partner Violence. Violence Against Women, 8, 367-398. doi:10.1177/10778010222183107
31.
SaltzmanL.FanslowJ.McMahonP.ShelleyG. (2002). Intimate partner violence surveillance: Uniform definitions and recommended data elements (Version 1.0). Atlanta, GA: National Center of Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
StikleyA.TimofeevaI.SparénP. (2008). Risk factors for intimate partner violence against women in St. Petersburg, Russia. Violence Against Women, 14, 483-495. doi:10.1177/1077801208314847
34.
SwanS.SnowD. (2006). The development of a theory of women’s use of violence in intimate partner violence. Violence Against Women, 12, 1026-1045. doi:10.1177/1077801206293330
35.
TaftC.Bryant-DavisT.WoodwardH.TillmanS.TorresS. (2009). Intimate partner violence against African American women: An examination of the socio-cultural context. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14, 50-58. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2008.10.001
36.
ThompsonM.SaltzmanL.JohnsonH. (2003). A comparison of risk factors for intimate partner violence-related injury across two National Surveys on violence against women. Violence Against Women, 9, 438-457. doi:10.1177/1077801202250955
37.
VaizR.SpanóM. (2004). La violencia intrafamiliar, el uso de drogas en la pareja, desde la perspectiva de la mujer maltratada [Violence inside families, partner’s use of drugs from the battered woman perspective]. [Special issue]. Revista Latino Americana Enfermagem, 12. doi:10.1590/S0104-11692004000700020
38.
World Health Organization. (1999). Dando prioridad a las mujeres: Recomendaciones éticas y de seguridad para la investigación sobre la violencia doméstica contra las mujeres [Giving priority to women: Ethical and safety recommendations for research on domestic violence against women]. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
39.
World Health Organization. (2002). World report on violence and health. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
