Four Native American women livingin the majority culture were interviewed in a qualitative study, usingsnowball sampling, to explore their experiences concerningthe meaningof being Native and of being Native women. A constant comparative qualitative analysis revealed four themes reflectingthe women's experiences: “otherness”: conflictingdominant and Native cultural messages; Native traditions as strengths, particularly as taught by female elders early in life; and the formation of positive gender and ethnic identities.
References
1.
Barker-Collo, S. (1999). Reported symptomology of Native Canadian and Caucasian females sexually abused in childhood: Acomparison. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 747-760.
2.
Beauvais, F. (1998). American Indians and alcohol. Alcohol Health and Research World, 22, 253-259.
3.
Brown, E., & Gundersen, B. (2001). Organization and community intervention with American Indian tribal communities. In R. Fong & S. Furuto (Eds.), Culturally competent practice(pp. 299-312). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
4.
Brzuzy, S., Stromwall, L., Sharp, P., Wilson, R.,& Segal, E. (2000). The vulnerability of American Indian women in the new welfare state. Affilia, 15, 193-203.
5.
Choney, S., Berryhill-Paapke, E., & Robbins, R. (1995). The acculturation of American Indians: Developing frameworks for research and practice. In J. Ponterotto, J. Casas, L. Suzuki,& C. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook for multicultural counseling(pp. 73-92). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
6.
Cross, T., Earle, K., & Simmons, D. (2000). Child abuse and neglect in Indian country: Policy issues. Families in Society, 1, 49-58.
7.
Dalla, R., & Gamble, W. (2000). Mother, daughter, teenager—Who am I? Perceptions of adolescent maternity in a Navajo reservation community. Journal of Family Issues, 21, 225-245.
8.
Davis, L., & Srinivasan, M. (1994). Feminist research within a battered women's shelter. In E. Sherman & W. Reid (Eds.), Qualitative research in social work(pp. 347-357). New York: Columbia University Press.
9.
Dhooper, S., & Moore, S. (2001). Social work practice with culturally diverse people. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
10.
DuBray, W. (1985). American Indian values: Critical factor in casework. Social Casework, 66, 30-37.
11.
Edwards, E., Edwards, M., Daines, G., & Eddy, F. (1978). Enhancing selfconcept and identification with “Indianness” of American Indian girls. Social Work With Groups, 1, 309-318.
12.
Gilbert, D., & Franklin, C. (2001). Developing culturally sensitive practice evaluation skills with Native American individuals and families. In R. Fong & S. Furuto (Eds.), Culturally competent practice(pp. 396-411). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
13.
Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Chicago: Aldyne de Gruyter.
14.
Green, J. (1999). Cultural awareness in the human services: Amulti-ethnic approach (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
15.
Gustavsson, N., & MacEachron, A. (1997). Poverty and child placement: A new/old idea. Journal of Poverty, 1(2), 81-93.
16.
Hanson, W. (1980). The urban Indian woman and her family. Social Casework, 61, 476-483.
17.
Hartman, A. (1992). In search of subjugated knowledge. Social Work, 37, 483-484.
18.
Harvey, A. (1995). The issue of skin color in psychotherapy with African Americans. Families in Society, 76, 3-10.
19.
Hilgendorf, L. (1985). Transmitting tribal traditions. Children Today, 14(5), 30-33.
20.
Hogan, P.,& Siu, S. (1988). Minority children and the child welfare system: An historical perspective. Social Work, 33, 493-498.
21.
Hurdle, D. (1998). The health of Alaska Native women: Significant problems, emerging solutions. Journal of Poverty, 2(4), 47-61.
22.
Jackson, D. (1998). “This hole in our heart”: Urban Indian identity and the power of silence. American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 22, 227-254.
23.
Lewis, R.,& Gingerich, W. (1980). Leadership characteristics: Views of Indian and non-Indian students. Social Casework, 61, 494-497.
24.
Long, C.,& Nelson, K. (1999). Honoring diversity: The reliability, validity, and utility of a scale to measure Native American resiliency. In H. Weaver (Ed.), Voices of First Nations people: Human service considerations(pp. 91-107). New York: Haworth.
25.
Lowery, C. (1998). American Indian perspectives on addiction and recovery. Health and Social Work, 23, 127-135.
26.
Lowery, C. (1999). A qualitative model of long-term recovery for American Indian women. In H. Weaver (Ed.), Voices of First Nations people: Human service considerations(pp. 35-50). New York: Haworth.
27.
Lum, D. (1996). Social work practice and people of color. (3rd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
28.
Mannes, M. (1993). Seeking the balance between child protection and family preservation in Indian child welfare. Child Welfare, 72, 141-152.
29.
Marsiglia, F., Cross, S.,& Mitchell-Enos, V. (1998). Culturally grounded group workwith adolescent American Indian students. Social Work With Groups, 21(1-2), 89-102.
30.
Mihesuah, D. (1998). American Indian identities: Issues of individual choices and development. American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 22, 193-226.
31.
Moran, J. (1999). Preventing alcohol use among urban American Indian youth: The seventh generation program. In H. Weaver (Ed.), Voices of First Nations People: Human service considerations(pp. 51-67). New York: Haworth.
32.
Nagel, J., & Snipp, C. (1993). Ethnic reorganization: American Indian social, economic, political, and cultural strategies for survival. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 16, 203-235.
33.
Oetting, E., & Beauvais, F. (1991). Orthogonal cultural identification theory: The cultural identification of minority adolescents. International Journal of the Addictions, 25(5A-6A), 655-685.
34.
Peacock, B., Day, P., & Peacock, T. (1999). Adolescent gambling on a Great Lakes Indian reservation. In H. Weaver (Ed.), Voices of First Nations People: Human service considerations(pp. 5-17). New York: Haworth.
35.
Red Horse, J. (1980a). American Indian elders: Unifiers of Indian families. Social Casework, 61, 490-493.
36.
Red Horse, J. (1980b). Family structure and value orientation in American Indians. Social Casework, 61, 462-467.
37.
Red Horse, J., Lewis, R., Feit, M.,& Decker, J. (1978). Family behavior of urban American Indians. Social Casework, 59, 67-72.
38.
Robin, R., Rasmussen, J., & Gonzalez-Santin, E. (1999). Impact of childhood out-of-home placement on a southwestern American Indian tribe. In H. Weaver (Ed.), Voices of First Nations people: Human service considerations(pp. 69-89). New York: Haworth.
39.
Rubin, A.,& Babbie, E. (1997). Research methods for social work(3rd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
40.
Russell, G. (1997). American Indian facts of life: Aprofile of today's tribes and reservations. Phoenix, AZ: Russell.
41.
Sahay, S., & Piran, N. (1997). Skin color preferences and body satisfaction among South Asian-Canadian and European-Canadian female university students. Journal of Social Psychology, 137, 161-171.
42.
Sams, J. (1994). The thirteen original clan mothers: Your sacred path to discovering the gifts, talents and abilities of the feminine through the ancient teachings of the sisterhood. New York: Harper Collins.
43.
Schinke, S., Orlandi, M., Botvin, G., Gilchrist, L., Trimble, J., & Locklear, V. (1988). Preventing substance abuse among American-Indian adolescents: Abicultural competence skills approach. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35, 87-90.
44.
Schweitzer, M. (Ed.). (1999). American Indian grandmothers: Traditions and transitions. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
45.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
46.
Strong, P.,& VanWinkle, B. (1996). “Indian blood”: Reflections on the reckoning and refiguring of Native North American identity. Cultural Anthropology, 11, 547-576.
47.
Swigonski, M. (1994). The logic of feminist standpoint theory for social work research. Social Work, 39, 387-393.
48.
Waller, M., Risely-Curtiss, C., Murphy, S., Medill, A.,& Moore, G. (1998). Harnessing the positive power of language: American Indian women, a case example. Journal of Poverty, 2(4), 63-81.
49.
Walters, K. (1999). Urban American Indian identity attitudes and acculturation styles. In H. Weaver (Ed.), Voices of First Nations people: Human service considerations(pp. 163-178). New York: Haworth.
50.
Weaver, H. (1996). Social workwith American Indian youth using the orthogonal model of cultural identification. Families in Society, 77, 98-107.
51.
Weaver, H. (1997). Training culturally competent social workers: What students should know about Native people. Journal of Teachingin Social Work, 15(1-2), 97-111.
52.
Weaver, H. (1998a). Indigenous people in a multicultural society: Unique issues for human services. Social Work, 43, 203-211.
53.
Weaver, H. (1998b). Teaching cultural competence: Application of experiential learning techniques. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 17(1-2), 65-79.
54.
Weaver, H. (1999a). Indigenous people and the social workpr ofession: Defining culturally competent services. Social Work, 44, 217-225.
55.
Weaver, H. (1999b). Through indigenous eyes: Native Americans and the HIV epidemic. Health and Social Work, 24, 27-34.
56.
Weaver, H. (2000). Activism and American Indian issues, opportunities and roles for social workers. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 11, 3-22.
57.
Weaver, H. (2001). Organization and community assessment with First Nations people. In R. Fong & S. Furuto (Eds.), Culturally competent practice(pp. 178-195). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
58.
Weaver, H., & White, B. (1997). The Native American family circle: Roots of resiliency. Journal of Family Social Work, 2, 67-79.
59.
Weaver, H., & Yellow Horse Brave Heart, M. (1999). Examining two facets of American Indian identity: Exposure to other cultures and the influence of historical trauma. In H. Weaver (Ed.), Voices of First Nations people: Human service considerations(pp. 19-31). New York: Haworth.
60.
Weibel-Orlando, J. (1999). Powwow princesses and gospelettes: Crossgenerational enculturation in American Indian families. In M. Schweitzer (Ed.), American Indian grandmothers: Traditions and transitions(pp. 181-202). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
61.
Yellow Bird, M. (2001). Critical values and First Nations peoples. In R. Fong& S. Furuto (Eds.), Culturally competent practice(pp. 61-74). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
62.
Yellow Horse Brave Heart, M. (1999). Gender differences in the historical trauma response among the Lakota. Journal of Health and Social Policy, 10(4), 1-21.
63.
Yellow Horse Brave Heart, M. (2001). Culturally and historically congruent clinical social workassessment with Native clients. In R. Fong& S. Furuto (Eds.), Culturally competent practice(pp. 163-177). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
