Despite high levels of competence and dedication among health care professionals, human error causes many deaths each year. Unlike other industries, however, the health care industry treats mistakes as personal failures of the clinician instead of system-related issues. To assist patients, their families, and clinicians, healing institutions should improve error-prevention systems, while embracing a more accepting view of human fallibility.
ChristensenJFLevinsonWDunnPM. The heart of darkness: the impact of perceived mistakes on physicians. J Gen Intern Med. 1992;7:424–431.
2.
LawrenceD.Is medical care obsolete? Speech presented at the National Press Club; July 14, 1999; Washington DC.
3.
BrennanTALeapeLLLairdNMIncidence of adverse events and negligence in hospitalized patients: results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study I. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:370–376.
4.
LeapeLLBrennanTALairdNThe nature of adverse events in hospitalized patients: results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study II. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:377–384.
5.
LeapeL. The fallacies of failure. Hosp Health Netw. July 1998;72:14.
6.
BlumenthalD. Making medical errors into “medical treasures.”JAMA. 1994;272:1867–1868.
7.
American Medical Association. Principles of Medical Ethics. Chicago: American Medical Association; 1996.
8.
WuAWCavanaughTAMcPheeSJTo tell the truth: ethical and practical issues in disclosing medical mistakes to patients. J Gen Intern Med. 1997;12:770–775.
9.
LapeCP. Disclosing medical mistakes [letter]. J Gen Intern Med. 1998;13:283–284.
10.
HilfikerD. Facing our mistakes. N Engl J Med. 1984;310:118–122.
11.
LeapeLL. Error in medicine. JAMA. 1994;272:1851–1857.
12.
WuAWFolkmanSMcPheeSJDo house officers learn from their mistakes?. JAMA. 1991;265:2089–2094.
13.
NewmanMC. The emotional impact of mistakes on family physicians. Arch Fam Med. 1996;5:71–75.
14.
LevineS. Physician leaders: an oxymoron?. TPMG Forum. July-August 1998;10:1.
15.
FiestaJ.The Law & Liability: A Guide for Nurses. New York: Wiley; 1983.
16.
LevinsonWDunnPM. A piece of my mind: coping with fallibility. JAMA. 1989;261:2252.
17.
MuerierCEVincentCAParmarDG. Nurses' responses to severity dependent errors: a study of the causal attributions made by nurses following an error. J Adv Nurs. 1998;27:349–354.
18.
MeurierCEVincentCAParmarDG. Learning from errors in nursing practice. J Adv Nurs. 1997;26:111–119.
19.
WolfeS. When caregivers endanger patients. RN. 1998;61:28–33.
American Nurses Association. Code for Nurses with Interpretive Statements. Washington, DC: American Nurses Association; 1985. ANA publication G-56.
22.
LockeJ.An Essay Concerning Human Understanding in Four Books. London: Printed for Tho. Basset; 1690. Taken from: BartlettJBeckEM, ed. Bartlett's Familiar Quotations: A Collection of Passages, Phrases and Proverbs Traced To Their Sources in Ancient and Modern Literature. Part 9. 14th ed, rev and enl. Boston, Mass: Little, Brown & Co; 1968:372.
23.
FuquaRAStevensKR. What we know about medication errors: a literature review. J Nurs Qual Assur. 1998;3:1–17.