Integrated approaches to environmental planning and management are being widely advocated in the literature and by management organizations. Terms such as integrated resources management, ecosystem management, and integrated environmental management have emergedfrom several different fields. This literature reveals concurrence on several substantive elements and some common views on the procedural elements. An operational model to help guide practitioners is currently lacking, but one might emerge through (1) more empirical investigations, (2) greater transfer of knowledge from social sciencefields to the natural resource fields, (3) the incorporation and refinement offrameworksfor collaboration, and (4) increased understanding of institutional changes required for coordinated decision making.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AACM and Centre for Water Policy Research
. 1995. Enhancing effectiveness of catchment management planning. Canberra: Australian Department of Primary Industries and Energy.
2.
Agee, James K.
, and Darryll R Johnson. 1988a. A direction for ecosystem management. See Agee and Johnson 1988b.
3.
Agee, James K.
, and Darryll R Johnso,eds. 1988b. Ecosystem management for parks and wilderness. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
4.
Alexander, Ernest R.1993. Interorganizational coordination: Theory and practice. Journal of Planning Literature7, 4: 328-343.
5.
Alexander, Ernest R.
.1984. After rationality what? A review of response to paradigm breakdown. Journal of the American Planning Association50, 1: 62-67.
6.
Allee, David J.
, Leonard B. Dworsky, and Ronald M. North, eds. 1981. Unified river basin management, symposium proceedings. Minneapolis, MN: American Water Resources Association.
7.
Allen, T.F.H.
, and T. W Hoekstra. 1992. Toward unified ecology. New York: Columbia University Press.
8.
Anacostia Restoration Team
. 1992. A commitment to restore our home river. Washington, DC: Anacostia Watershed Restoration Committee.
9.
Arnstein, Sherry R.1969. A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners35, 4: 216-224.
10.
Australian Local Government Association
. 1993. Integrated local area planning. Deakin: Australian Local Government Association.
11.
Banfield, Edward C.1973. Ends and means in planning. See Faludi 1973.
12.
Bartlett, Robert V.1990. Comprehensive environmental decision making: Can it work? See Vig and Kraft 1990.
13.
Baum, Howell S.1983. Planners and public expectations. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.
14.
Behan, R. W.1990. Multiresource forest management: Aparadigmatic challenge to professional forestry. Journal of Forestry88, 4: 12-18.
15.
Black, Alan
. 1968. The comprehensive plan. See Goodman and Freund 1968.
16.
Bollens, Scott A.1992. State growth management: Intergovernmental frameworks and policy objectives. Journal of the American Planning Association58, 4: 454-466.
17.
Bom, Stephen M.
, and Richard D. Margerum. 1993. Integrated environmental management: Improving the practice in Wisconsin. Madison: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
18.
Born, Stephen M.
, and William Sonzogni. 1995. Towards integrated environmental management: Strengthening the conceptualization. Environmental Management19, 2: 167-183.
Branch, Melville C.1985. Comprehensive city planning: Introduction and explanation. Chicago: American Planning Association.
21.
Branch, Melville C.
.1983. Comprehensive planning: General theory and principles. Pacific Palisades, CA: Palisades Publishers.
22.
Breithaupt, James
. 1980. 208 and land use planning. See Lamb 1980.
23.
Briassoulis, Helen
. 1989. Theoretical orientations in environmental planning: An inquiry into alternative approaches. Environmental Management13,4: 381-392.
24.
Bryson, John
. 1988. Strategic planningfor public and nonprofit organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
25.
Bryson, John M.
, and Robert C. Einsweiler, eds. 1988. Strategic planning: Threats and opportunitiesfor planners. Chicago: American Planning Association.
26.
Bryson,John M.
, and William D. Roering. 1988. Applyingprivate-sector strategic planning in the public sector. See Bryson and Einsweiler 1988.
27.
Biihrs, Ton
. 1991. Strategies for environmental policy co-ordination: The New Zealand experience. Political Science43, 2: 1-29.
28.
Burchell, Robert W.
, and George Sternlieb, eds. 1978. Planning theory in the 1980's. New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research.
29.
Burton, John R.
1991. Integrated catchment management and its links with public works facilities. Paper presented at the Asia-Pacific Public Works Congress, September 5, Brisbane, Australia.
30.
Burton, John R.
. 1988. Catchment management in Australia. Civil Engineering Transactions30, 4: 145-152.
31.
Burton, John R.
. 1986. The total catchmnent concept and its application in New South Wales. Paper presented at the Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium Proceedings, November 25-27, Brisbane, Australia.
32.
Cairns, John, Jr.1991. The need for integrated environmental systems management. See Cairns and Crawford 1991.
33.
Cairns, John, Jr.
, and Todd V. Crawford, eds. 1991. Integrated environmental management. Chelsea, MI: Lewis.
34.
Caldwell, Lynton K.1963. Environment Anew focus for public policy. Public Administration Review23 (September): 138-139.
35.
Caulfield, Henry P., Jr.1989. The conservation and environmental movement: An historical analysis. In Environmental politics and policies: Theories and evidence, James P. Lester, ed. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
36.
Caulfield, Henry P., Jr.1984. U.S. water resources development policy and intergovernmental relations. In Western public lands: The management of natural resources in a time of declining federalism, John G. Francis and Richard Ganzel, eds. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Allanheld.
37.
Chapin, F. Stuart, Jr.1965. Urban land use planning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
38.
Clark, Tim W.
, Elizabeth Dawn Amato, Donald G. Whittemore, and Ann H. Harvey. 1991. Policy and programs for ecosystem management in the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem: An analysis. Conservation Biology5, 3: 412-422.
39.
Clark, Tim
, and Steven Minta. 1993. Greater Yellowstone'sffuture: Prospects for ecosystem science, management, and policy. Moose, WY: Homestead Publishing.
40.
Cliff, Edward P.
1960. Multiple-use management on the national forests of the United States. Paper presented at the Fifth World Forestry Conference, August 29-September 10, Seattle, Washington.
41.
The Conservation Foundation
. 1985. New perspectives in pollution control. Washington, DC: The Conservation Foundation.
42.
Cortner, Hanna J.
, and Margaret Ann Moote. 1994. Trends and issues in land and water resources management: Setting the agenda for change. Environmental Management18, 2: 167-173.
43.
Cowan, Edward R.
, John R. Vallentyne, and Tom Muir. 1988. Political and ecological systems: Integrity? Special Publication 90-4. Ann Arbor, MI: Great Lakes Fisheries Commission.
44.
Dalton, Linda
. 1989. Emerging knowledge about planning practice. Journal of Planning Education and Research9, 1: 29-44.
45.
Davidoff,Paul
. 1973. A dvocacy and pluralism in planning. See Faludi 1973.
46.
DeGrove, John M.1984. Land, growth and politics. Chicago: American Planning Association.
47.
DiStefano, Thomas
. 1984. Interorganizational conflict: A review of an emerging field. Human Relations37, 5: 351-366.
48.
Dodge, D. P.
, and R. M. Biette. 1992. River protection in Ontario, Canada: A case for holistic catchment management. In River conservation and management, P. J. Boon, P. Calow, and G. E. Petts, eds. New York: John Wiley.
49.
Dorcy, Anthony H. J.
1995. Catchment governance for sustainability: Collaborating to put principles into practice. Paper presented at the Australia-New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science Congress, September 24-27, Newcastle, Australia.
50.
Dorcy, Anthony H. J.1987. The myth of interagency cooperation in water resources management. Canadian Water Resources Journal12, 2: 17-26.
51.
Downs, Peter W.
, Kenneth J. Gregory, and Andrew Brookes. 1991. How integrated is river basin management?Environmental Management15, 3: 299-309.
52.
Duerr, William A.1990. Forestry as a system. Journal of Forestry88, 4: 19-22.
53.
Dwivedi, O. P.1988. Man and nature: An holistic approach to a theory of ecology. The Environmental Professional10, 1: 8-15.
54.
Dyckman, John W.1969. The practical uses of planning theory. Journal of the American Institute of Planners35, 5: 298-300.
55.
Easton, K. W.
, J. A. Dixon, and M. M. Hufschmidt, eds. 1986. Watershed resources management: An integratedframework with studiesfrom Asia and the Pacific. Honolulu, HI: East-West Center, Westview Press.
56.
Eckhert, Philip C.
, Kathleen Haines, Timothy J. Delmont, and Ann M. Pflaum. 1988. Strategic planning in Hennepin County, Minnesota: An issue management approach. See Bryson and Einsweiler 1988.
57.
Edgmon, Terry D.1980. Is 208 planning a technical process? See Lamb 1980.
58.
Ericksen, Neil J.1990. New Zealand water planning and management: Evolution or revolution? See Mitchell 1990b.
59.
Etzioni, Amitai
. 1973. Mixed scanning: A "third" approach to decision making. See Faludi 1973.
60.
Faludi, Andreas
, ed. 1973. A reader in planning theory. Oxford, UK: Pergamon.
61.
Field, Donald R.
1996. Parks and neighboring communities: Asymbiotic relationship. Paper presented at the Parks and Protected Areas Workshop, January 23-25, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.
62.
Finkelstein, Charles
. 1974. Planning and politics: A staff perception of the Lake Tahoe Regional Planning Agency. Davis: University of California, Davis, Institute of Governmental Affairs.
63.
Fisher, Roger
, and William Ury. 1981. Getting to yes: Negotiating agreement without giving in. New York: Penguin.
64.
Fletcher, Katherine
. 1990. Protecting Puget Sound: An experiment in regional governance. Washington Law Review65, 2: 359-375.
65.
Fligtner, Gary R.
, Douglas D. Speers, and Nicholas A. Dodge. 1981. Columbia River: Responsible river management through interagency coordination. See Allee et al. 1981.
66.
Forester, John
. 1989. Planning in theface of power. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Francis, George
. 1986. Great Lakes governance and the ecosystem approach: Where next?Alternatives13, 3: 61-70.
69.
Friedmann, John
. 1973. Retracking America: A theory of transactive planning. New York: Anchor.
70.
Friedmann, John
, and Robin Bloch. 1990. American exceptionalism in regional planning, 1933-2000. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research14, 4: 576-601.
Gilbert, Vernon C.1988. Cooperation in ecosystem management. See Agee and Johnson 1988b.
73.
Glass, James
. 1979. Citizen participation in planning: The relationship between objectives and techniques. Journal of the American Planning Association45, 2: 180-189.
74.
Glassford, Peggy A.
, Dennis W Dreher, and Robert M. Bartels. 1993. Butterfield Creek watershed management: An interagency approach. EPA Publication No. 840-R-94-002. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
75.
Goldfarb, William
. 1994. Watershed management: Slogan or solution?Environmental Affairs21, 3: 483-509.
76.
Goodman, William I.
, and Eric C. Freund, eds. 1968. Principles and practice of urban planning. Washington, DC: International City Managers' Association.
77.
Gray, Barbara
. 1989. Collaborating: Finding common ground for multiparty problems. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
78.
Gray, Barbara
, and Donna J. Wood. 1991. Collaborative alliances: Moving from practice to theory-Part I. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science27, 1: Special issue.
79.
Gregg, Frank
. 1989. Irrelevance and innovation in water policy: Lessons from the WRPA. In Redefining national water policy: New roles and directions, Stephen M. Born, ed. Bethesda, MD: American Water Resources Association.
80.
Gregg, Frank
, Stephen M. Born, William B. Lord, and Marvin Waterstone. 1991. Institutional response to a changing water policy environment. Tucson: University of Arizona, Water Resources Research Center.
81.
Grinlinton, David P.1992. Integrated resource management: A model for the future. Environmental Planning and Law journal9, 1: 4-19.
82.
Grumbine, R. Edward
. 1994. What is ecosystem management?Conservation Biology8, 1: 27-38.
83.
Grumbine, R. Edward
.1991. Cooperation or conflict? Interagency relationships and the future of biodiversity for U.S. parks and forests. Environmental Management15, 1: 27-37.
84.
Guruswamy, Laksham
. 1989. Integrating thoughtways: Re-opening of the environmental mind?Wisconsin Law Review2: 463-537.
85.
Hall, George R.1963. The myth and reality of multiple use forestry. Natural Resources Journal3, 2: 276-290.
86.
Harris, H. J.
, P. E. Sager, S. Richman, V. Harris, and C. J. Yarbrough. 1987. Coupling ecosystem science with management: A Great Lakes perspective from Green Bay, Lake Michigan, USA. Environmental Management11, 5: 619-625.
87.
Harris, H. J.
, R E. Sager, C. J. Yarbrough, and H. J. Day. 1987. Evolution of water resource management: A Laurentian Great Lakes case study. International Journal of Environmental Studies29, 1: 53-70.
88.
Harris, Larry
. 1984. The fragmented forest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
89.
Harris, Larry
, and John Eisenberg. 1989. Enhanced linkages: Necessary steps for success in conservation of faunal diversity. In Conservationfor the twenty-first century, David Western and Mary C. Pearl, eds. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
90.
Haskell, Elizabeth H.
, and Victoria S. Price. 1973. State environmental management. New York: Praeger.
91.
Hatcher, Kathryn J.1981. A systems view of integrated water resource management. In Unified river basin management: Stage II, David J. Allee, Leonard B. Dworsky, and Ronald M. North, eds. Minneapolis, MN: American Water Resources Association.
92.
Healy, Patsy
, Glen McDougall, and Michael J. Thomas. 1982. Theoretical debates in planning: Towards a coherent dialogue. In Planning theory: Prospects for the 1980s, Patsy Healy, ed. Oxford, UK: Pergamon.
93.
Hicks, Bruce B.
, and Thomas G. Brydges. 1994. Forum: A strategy for integrated monitoring. Environmental Management18, 1: 1-12.
94.
Innes,Judith E.1995. Planningtheory'semergingparadigm: Communicative action and interactive practice. Journal of Planning Education and Research14,3: 183-189.
95.
Innes, Judith E.
1993. Planning through consensus building A new perspective on the comprehensive planning ideal. Paper presented at the 36th Annual Conference of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning, October 28-31, Philadelphia, PA.
96.
Innes, Judith
, Judith Gruber, Michael Neuman, and Robert Thompson. 1994. Coordinating growthand enr tal management through consensus building. Berkeley: California Policy Seminar.
97.
Jandt, Fred
. 1985. Win win negotiating: Turning conflict into agreement. New York: John Wiley.
98.
Jarobe, Kenan Patrick
. 1986. The structural approach to planning and policy making. In Interdisciplinary planning: A perspective for the future, Milan J. Dluhy and Kai Chen, eds. New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research.
99.
Johnson, Darryll R.
, and James K. Agee. 1988. Introduction to ecosystem management. See Agee and Johnson 1988b.
100.
Julian, David A.1994LPlanning for collaborative neghborhood problemsolving: A review of the literature
. Journal of Planning Literature9, 1:3-13.
101.
Keiter, Robert B.
1993. Beyond the boundary line: Ecosystems and law on the public domain. Paper presented at A New Era for the Western Public Lands, September 19-21, Natural Resources Law Center, Boulder, CO.
102.
Keiter, Robert B.
.1988. Natural ecosystem management in park and wilderness areas: Looking at the law. See Agee and Johnson 1988b.
103.
Kraft, Michael E.
, and Norman J. Vig. 1990. Environmental policy from the seventies to the nineties: Continuity and change. See Vig and Kraft 1990.
104.
Kramer, Randall A.1991. Decision analysis as a tool in integrated environmental management. See Cairns and Crawford 1991.
105.
Krumholz, Norman
, Janice Cogger, and John Linner. 1978. Make no big plans: Planning in Cleveland in the 1970s. See Burchell and Sternlieb 1978.
106.
Krutilla, John V.
, and Otto Eckstein. 1958. Multiple purpose river development. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
107.
Lamb, Berton L.
, ed. 1980. Water quality administration: A focus on Section 208. Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Science.
108.
Landre, Betsy K.
, and Barbara A. Knuth. 1993. Success of citizen advisory committees in consensus-based water resource planning in the Great Lakes Basin. Society and Natural Resources6, 3: 229-257.
109.
Lang, Reg
. 1986a. Achieving integration in resource planning. See Lang 1986b.
110.
Lang, Reg
.1986b. Integrated approaches to resource planning and management. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary Press, The Banff Centre School of Management.
111.
Lang, Reg
.1986c. Introduction. See Lang 1986b.
112.
Levi, Daniel
, and Sara Kocher. 1995. The spotted owl controversy and the sustainability of rural communities in the Pacific Northwest. Environment and Behavior27, 5: 631-649.
113.
Lichtman, Pamela
, and Tim W. Clark. 1994. Rethinking the "vision" exercise in the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem. Society and Natural Resources7, 5: 459-478.
114.
Lindblom, Charles E.1979. Still muddling, not yet through. Public Administration Review39,6:517-526.
115.
Lindblom, Charles E.1973. The science of "muddling through." See Faludi 1973.
116.
Loh, Douglas K.
, and Edward J. Rykiel, Jr.1992. Integrated resource management systems coupling expert systems with data-base management and geographic information systems. Environmental Management16,2: 167-177.
117.
Lord, William B.1979. Conflict in federal water resource planning. Water Resources Bulletin15, 5: 1226-1235.
118.
Lotspeich, F. B.1980. Watersheds as thebasic ecosystem: This conceptual framework provides a basis for a natural classification system. Water Resources Bulletin16, 5: 581-586.
119.
Maguire, Lynn A.
, and Lindsley G. Boiney. 1994. Resolving environmental disputes: A framework incorporating decision analysis and dispute resolution techniques. Journal of Environmental Management42,1: 31-48.
120.
Margerum, Richard D.
1996. Getting past yes: The implementation barriers of collaboration. Paper presented at the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning/Association of European Schools of Planning, Joint International Congress,July25-28, Toronto, Ontario.
121.
Margerum, Richard D.1995. Examining the practice of integrated environmental management Towards a conceptual model. Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Urban and Regional Planning.
122.
Margerum, Richard D.
1994. Planning roles in watershed management and the effect of a new Clean Water Act. Paper presented at the 37th Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning Conference, November 2-6, Tempe, AZ.
123.
Margerum, Richard D.
, and Stephen M. Born. 1995. Integrated environmental management: Moving from theory to practice. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management38, 3: 371-391.
124.
McConnell, Grant
. 1954. The conservation movement past and present. Western Political Science Quarterly7, 3: 463-478.
125.
McHarg, Ian
. 1969. Design with nature. Garden City, NJ: Natural History Press.
126.
Mitchell, Bruce
. 1990a. Integrated water management. See Mitchell 1990b.
127.
Mitchell, Bruce
ed. 1990b. Integrated water management: International experiences and perspectives. London: Belhaven.
128.
Mitchell, Bruce
.1987. A comprehensive-integrated approach for water and land management. Armidale, Australia: University of New England Press.
129.
Mitchell, Bruce
.1986. The evolution of integrated resource management. See Lang 1986b.
130.
Mitchell, Bruce
, and Malcolm Hollick. 1993. Integrated catchment management in western Australia: Transition from concept to implementation. Environmental Management17, 6: 735-7743.
131.
Moote, Margaret A.
, Sabrina Burke, Hanna J. Cortner, and Mary G. Wallace. 1994. Principles of ecosystem management. Tucson: University of Arizona, Water Resources Research Center.
132.
Muckleston, Keith
. 1990. Integrated water management in the United States. See Mitchell 1990b.
133.
Mfiller, F. G.1982. Environmental management: Issues of an integrated planning approach. In Integrated physical, socio-economic and environmental planning, Yusef J. Ahmad and Frank G. Miiller, eds. Dublin, Ireland: Tycooly International.
134.
North, Ronald M.
, Leonard B. Dworsky, and David J. Allee. 1981. Editors' introductory notes and summary. In Unified river basin management: Stage II, David J. Allee, Leonard B. Dworsky, and Ronald M. North, eds. Minneapolis, MN: American Water Resources Association.
135.
Odum, Eugene P.1986. Introductory review: Perspective of ecosystem theory and application. In Ecosystem theory and application, Nicholas Polunin, ed. New York: John Wiley.
136.
Odum, Eugene P.1977. The emergence of ecology as a new integrative discipline. Science195: 1289-1293.
137.
Odum, Eugene P.1969. The strategy of ecosystem development. Science164: 262-270.
138.
O'Neill, R. V.1991. The systems approach to environmental assessment. See Cairns and Crawford 1991.
139.
Ostrom, Elinor
. 1986a. An agenda for the study of institutions. Public Choice48: 3-25.
140.
Ostrom, Elinor1986b. Amethod of institutional analysis. In Guidance, control, and evaluation in the public sector, Franz Xavier Kaufmann, Giandomenco Majone, and Vincent Ostrom, eds. New York: Walter de Gruyter.
141.
Pajak, Paul
. 1992. Developing integrated fisheries objectives for land and water resource management: The Milwaukee River experience. American Fisheries Society Symposium13, 2: 175-196.
142.
Parker, Francis H.
, Thomas E. Peddicord, and Thad L. Beyle. 1975. Integration and coordination of state environmental programs. Lexington, KY: The Council of State Governments.
143.
Peattie, Lisa R.1978. Politics, planning and categories: Bridging the gap. See Burchell and Sternlieb 1978.
144.
Petak, William J.1981. Environmental management: A system approach. Environmental Management5, 3: 213-224.
145.
Petak, William J.1980. Environmental planning and management: The need for an integrative perspective. Environmental Management4, 4: 287-295.
146.
Pinchot, Gifford
. 1947. Breaking new ground. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
147.
Plummer, N. W.
, and Eugene Hinds. 1981. Management of the upper and lower Colorado River basins: An integrated effort. In Unified river basin management, symposium proceedings, David J. Allee,Leonard B. Dwosky, and Ronald M. North, eds. Minneapolis, MN: American Water Resources Association.
148.
Price, Martin F.1990. Temperate mountain forests: Common-pool resources with changing, multiple outputs for changing communities. Natural Resources Journal30, 3: 683-707.
149.
Queensland Department of Primary Industries
. 1995. Integrated catchment management: Guidelinesfor obtaining endorsement and supportfor catchment coordinating committees. Brisbane, Australia: ICM and Landcare Unit, Queensland Department of Primary Industries.
150.
Rabe, Barry G.1986. Fragmentation and integration in stateenvironmental management. Washington, DC: The Conservation Foundation.
151.
Risser, Paul G.1985. Toward a holistic management perspective. Bioscience35, 7: 414-418.
152.
Rowe, Stan J.1992. The ecosystem approach to forestland management. The Forestry Chronicle68, 2: 222-224.
153.
Runte, Alfred
. 1979. National parks: The American experience. Lincoln: The University of Nebraska Press.
154.
Saha, S. K.
, and C. J. Barrow. 1981. Introduction. In River basin planning, S. K. Saha and C. J. Barrow, eds. New York: John Wiley.
155.
Salwasser, Hal
. 1991. In search of an ecosystem approach to endangered species conservation. In Balancing on the brink of extinction: The Endangered Species Act and lessons for the future, Kathryn A. Kohm, ed. Washington, DC: Island Press.
156.
Schott, Eric J.
, David L. Fluharty, and Thomas M. Leschine. 1991. Puget Sound nonpoint source pollution management as a problem in water quality governance. Seattle: State of Washington Water Research Center.
157.
Selin, Steve
, and Deborah Chavez. 1995. Developing a collaborative model for environmental planning and management. Environmental Management19, 2: 189-195.
158.
Selznick, Phillip
. 1949. TVA and the grass roots. New York: Harper Torchbooks.
159.
Slobodkin, L. B.
, and D. E. Dykhuizen. 1991. Applied ecology, its practice and philosophy. See Cairns and Crawford 1991.
160.
Slocombe, D. Scott
. 1993. Environmental planning, ecosystem science, and ecosystem approaches for integrating environment and development. Environmental Management17, 3: 289-303.
161.
South Florida Water Management District
. 1993. Surface water improvement and management (SWIM) plan updatefor Lake Okeechobee. West Palm Beach: South Florida Water Management District.
162.
Strong, Douglas H.1984. Tahoe, an environmental history. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
163.
Susskind, Lawrence
, and Jeffrey Cruikshank. 1987. Breaking the impasse: Consensual approaches to resolving public disputes. New York: Basic Books.
164.
Tahoe Regional Planning Agency
. 1992. TRPA perspective. Quarterly Newsletter of the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, Fall.
165.
Taylor, Johnathan
, and Nina Burkardt. 1993. Introduction: The Greater Yellowstone ecosystem: Biosphere reserves and economics. Society and Natural Resources6, 2: 105-108.
166.
Teclaff, Ludwik A.
, and Eileen Teclaff. 1987. International control of cross-media pollution: An ecosystem approach. Natural Resources Journal27, 1: 21-53.
167.
Thomas, Paula S.1990. An integrated approach to water resources management: The Carrol County, Maryland, story. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation45, 2: 259-261.
168.
Thomas, R. L.
, J. R. Vallentyne, K. Ogilvie, and J. D. Kingham. 1988. The ecosystems approach: Astrategy for the management of renewable resources in the Great Lakes basin. In Perspectives on ecosystem managementfor the Great Lakes, Keith Lynton Caldwell, ed. Albany: SUNY.
169.
Trim, Alan H.1990. Integration of long-term fish kill data with ambient water quality monitoring and application to water quality management. Environmental Management14, 3: 389-396.
170.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
. 1992. The watershed protection approach: Annual report 1991. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA.
171.
van Beek, Johannes L.1981. Planning for integrated management of the Atchafalaya River basin: Natural system viability and policy constraints. See Allee et al. 1981.
172.
Van Riet, W F.
, and J. Cooks. 1990. An ecological planning model. Environmental Management14, 3: 339-348.
173.
Vig, Norman J.
, and Michael E. Kraft, eds. 1990. Environmental policy in the 1990s: Toward a new agenda. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
174.
Waller, Peter P.1975. The reduced planning approach for regional development programs in lagging regions. In Action oriented approaches to regional development planning, Avrom Bendavid-Val and Peter P. Waller, eds. New York: Praeger.
175.
Walther, Pierre
. 1987. Against idealistic beliefs in the problem-solving capacities of integrated resource management. Environmental Management11, 4: 439-446.
176.
Weatherford, Gary D.
n.d. From basin to "hydrocommons": Integrated water management without regional governance. Western Water Policy Project Discussion Series Paper No. 5. Boulder: University of Colorado School of Law, Natural Resources Law Center.
177.
Wengert, Norman
. 1981. A critical review of the river basin as a focus for resources planning, development, and management. See Allee et al. 1981.
178.
White, Gilbert F.1957. A perspective of river basin development. Law and Contemporary Problems22, 2: 157-187.
179.
Wilkinson, Charles F.1992. Crossing the next meridian: Land, water, and thefuture of the West. Washington, DC: Island Press.
180.
Wilkinson, Charles F.
, and H. Michael Anderson. 1987. Land and resource planning in the nationalforests. Washington, DC: Island Press.
181.
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
. 1995. 1994 Wisconsin water quality report to Congress. Madison: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
182.
Wood, Donna J.
, and Barbara Gray, eds. 1991a. Collaborative alliances: Moving from practice to theory-Part II. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science27, 2: Special issue.
183.
Wood, Donna J.
, and Barbara Gray, eds. 1991b. Towards a comprehensive theory of collaboration. See Wood and Gray 1991a.
