Effective planning and implementation of programs and projects has been a consistent problem in third world countries, and never more so than in programs concerned with social development or poverty. Problems stemfrom the administrative structures and styles of implementing bureaucracies that make programs inaccessible to the poor or unresponsive to their needs. Three mechanisms for making program planning and implementation more responsive are social analysis, citizen participation, and decentralization. After analyzing the administrative context in which planning and implementation of programs takes place, this article surveys the large and scattered literature on the arguments for and against these three approaches to reform.
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