Abstract
HISTORY/THEORY/ADMINISTRATION
10. Planning History
10-2 HISTORY OF PLANNING
38-8303
concentrated disadvantage. Homeownership. Public policy. Racial inequality. Redlining.
In the 1930s, the federal Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) created maps of American cities that were used to restrict investment in minority neighborhoods, leaving a durable mark on redlined neighborhoods. Since the 1990s, place-based policies are one tool the federal government has used to reinvest in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Do these programs target historically redlined neighborhoods—and to what effect? In this article, we combine data on federal place-based initiatives from 1990 to 2015 and historical HOLC maps to answer these questions. Results indicate that formerly redlined areas received substantially more funding than areas graded more favorably, indicating concentrated investment in neighborhoods that had experienced disinvestment. Federal place-based funding was associated with increased property values in formerly redlined areas, but also reductions in the share of Black homeowners, suggesting racial disparities in who benefits from rising property values. We conclude by discussing the potential and the challenges of place-based policy to address urban inequality.
11. Concepts of Planning
11-1 APPROACHES (COMPREHENSIVE/STRATEGIC/COLLABORATIVE)
38-8304
Affordability. Affordable housing. Income. Measurement. Race.
Significant scholarly and policy debate has focused on the measurement of affordable housing, with emphasis on what is an appropriate threshold of affordability. However, this threshold is only one component of affordable housing measurement, with accurate and substantively appropriate measurements of income and households also being needed. In this study, I produce a series of estimates of affordable housing among low-income households in the United States under unique combinations of income, providers of income within the household, and thresholds of affordability. I find that these alternative measures yield a broad range of estimates ranging from a majority of households (69.8%) to a low of 20.2%. When examining how individual criteria affect estimates, I find that focusing on wage income alone and using residual income both drastically influence estimates. Ethnoracial disparities are also affected, with alternative measurements often muting—but never completely explaining—disparities between White and non-White households.
38-8305
architectural heritage. Geographic information systems. Mudejar architecture. non-destructive testing. preventive conservation. standardization.
Non-destructive testing (NDT) for the diagnosis of heritage buildings has proved to be one of the most sustainable approaches in the field of preventive conservation. Nevertheless, the comprehensive management of NDT information is complex, often resulting in a poorly optimized use of the data. This contribution aims to propose a method for integrating NDT data in a standardized way into simplified digital information models, produced using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This method is applied to the plasterwork located in the Courtyard of the Maidens, which are elements with an enormous historic-artistic value in the Royal Alcazar of Seville (Spain), a significant UNESCO monument. For this purpose, a multi-scale web GIS-based model has integrated the NDT information from the plasterworks, such as ambient conditions, damage mapping, C-Shore Hardness, Superficial Humidity, Infrared thermography (IRT), Digital Image Processing (DIP) and Ground Penetration Radar (GPR). The combined georeferencing of the data from the various measurements and their simultaneous visualization has enabled the detection of vulnerable areas in the complex. The results are easily accessible for managers, and additionally show the analytical potential of the research approach, thereby allowing a quick diagnosis and hierarchization of tasks.
38-8306
by-product. research collaborations. self-reflexive consciousness. Urbanization.
This interventions essay deploys the notion of the (non)urban human to address the conundrums associated with identifying spaces, operations and entities outside of urbanization’s planetary encompassment. In the piece, the objective of which is to call for a programme of prospective research collaborations, it seeks to explore domains of intersection among that which appears ‘left out’ of urbanization’s purported advantages, that whose time has yet to come, and forms of the human that exceed the possibilities of self-reflexive consciousness and free will. The essay draws upon the temporalities, rhythms, spatial arrangements and sensoria generated through histories of blackness and ‘natural worlds’ and their interactions, to posit extensionality—a dispersal of bodies and their capacities into more reciprocal and mutual enactments with the earthly surrounds—as a generative by-product of extended urbanization.
11-2 PLANNING THEORIES
38-8307
Households. Housing. Housing Policy Debate. Neighborhoods.
This issue of Housing Policy Debate unites a set of eight articles focused either on how housing policy interacts with neighborhoods (for example by shaping neighborhood change, or by exposing households to neighborhoods with different levels of opportunity) or on the relationship between housing and safety. As these articles demonstrate, the two topics are far from mutually exclusive. Both perceived safety and observed crime rates are rooted in neighborhood-level conditions like social capital and cohesion, concentration of poverty, and access to jobs and other forms of opportunity. But rather than merely accepting existing theories of how housing, neighborhoods, and safety interact, many of the articles gathered here aim to test whether and to what extent housing interventions can actually reshape our social environment and protect us from harm.
38-8308
Charter of Athens . Quito Papers. Urbanism. urbanist ideals. Urbanization.
In this essay, I undertake a critical analysis of the UN-Habitat publication, The Quito Papers. I begin by unpacking the representation within The Quito Papers of the Charter of Athens of 1941 as an outcome of CIAM IV in 1933. Here, the ways in which the authors centralize the Charter of Athens within their critique of contemporary urbanization is critically analysed. Ultimately, I argue that what emerges is a simplification of the complex intertwining of urbanization and urbanist ideals. Based on this, I situate what is presented in The Quito Papers as alternative imaginaries—centred largely on European ideals of urbanism—within the context of urban change since the 1970s. This includes a discussion of the manner in which these ideals are promoted within urbanist discourse, including the role of the authors themselves in their engagement with UN-Habitat. Finally, I situate some of the arguments contained in The Quito Papers within current debates in urban theory. I contend that the relationship between processes of urbanization and the ideals of modernist urbanism are more genealogical than direct. Furthermore, I argue that it is through this relationship that broader power dynamics and their resultant inequalities can be further examined and challenged.
38-8309
collaborative behaviour. collaborative intention. megaprojects. Organization. theory of planned behavior.
In megaprojects, the collaboration of all stakeholders reflects effective relationship management and is a key to project success. This research explores how collaborative behaviour among stakeholders in megaprojects is formed from a social-psychological perspective to improve the quality of collaboration. Based on the theoretical model of planned behaviour, this study established a conceptual framework for the formation mechanism for collaborative behaviour through a comprehensive literature review. The hypotheses of the model were statistically validated by using data collected from questionnaires of 235 respondents within the Chinese construction industry. The results showed that benefit perception attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control had a positive contribution to the collaborative intention and collaborative behaviour among stakeholders in megaprojects. Risk perception attitudes have a hindering effect on collaborative intention. Megaproject culture moderates the relationship between psychosocial factors and collaborative intention, thereby affecting stakeholders’ choice of collaborative behaviour. Collaborative intention plays a partially or completely mediating role between psychosocial factors and collaborative behaviour. The findings provide theoretical and practical implications for increasing the collaborative intentions of stakeholders and facilitating their selection of positive collaborative behaviours in megaprojects.
11-3 ETHICS AND VALUES
38-8310
Assessment. coordinated access. coordinated entry. homeless persons. Homelessness. Housing. prioritization.
Coordinated access and coordinated entry systems have become central features in community responses to homelessness in Canada and the United States. Coordinated systems assess individuals and families experiencing homelessness on their needs, prioritize them based upon these needs, and then match them to appropriate housing. Despite the widespread implementation of coordinated systems, there have been few evaluations of the effectiveness of these systems. The current article fills this knowledge gap by providing an overview of the evidence and a critical commentary on the four pillars of coordinated systems—(a) access, (b) assessment, (c) prioritization, and (d) matching and referral—and presenting a critique of current practices. Using the policy streams framework, the critique demonstrates that the components of coordinated systems lack a strong evidence base and that there is little evidence that coordinated systems improve individual-level outcomes such as length of stay in housing. Further, current coordinated system practices, particularly assessments, may be contributing to inequitable access to housing. Limitations of the critique and considerations for implementation are discussed.
11-4 PLANNING EDUCATION
38-8311
building management. COVID-19 pandemic. education buildings. IEQ monitoring. Indoor environmental quality. natural ventilation. occupants’ satisfaction.
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the fact that air quality is essential in buildings. In the case of educational buildings, teaching activities were moved to an online format during the 2020/2021 academic year, with only activities such as exams remaining face-to-face. This strategy required the development of protocols to ensure that classrooms were safe spaces. This study assesses the impact of these protocols in the indoor environmental conditions of educational buildings in Southern Spain. For this purpose, a measurement campaign was carried out at the Fuentenueva Campus of the University of Granada. The results show that the protocols have guaranteed effective ventilation. However, other indoor environmental variables have also been affected, including the satisfaction of users during exams due to temperature, relative humidity (RH) and noise. The highest levels of satisfaction were related to indoor lighting, while the highest levels of dissatisfaction were related to the indoor thermal environment. Among the main causes of dissatisfaction were draughts and outdoor noise, directly related to natural ventilation protocols during the pandemic. Based on these findings, current pandemic protocols should be revised and redesigned to minimize the impact on student satisfaction and perceived learning performance from the identified environmental sources in this research.
11-5 APPLICATIONS/TECHNIQUES
38-8312
building information modelling. Digital building permit. digital tools. process modelling.
Building permitting plays a significant role in life cycles of buildings because without a building permit a legal construction fails. However, digitalization in building permit, authorities is rare in a global context and issuing a building permit is primarily a manual and time-consuming process. In current research approaches on digital building permits, the focus lays on the digitalization of building-related regulation checks. Even if the approaches cover an important step in the building permit process, other significant steps such as administrative processes are neglected. In preliminary research, a building permit process model for structuring action-oriented elements was developed and transferred and applied to a Building Information Modelling (BIM)-oriented and process-based web application prototype, which serves as a basis. An empirical study – using qualitative expert interviews in a building permit authority in South Tyrol (Italy) – was conducted to simulate a BIM-oriented building permit review as well as to investigate the building permit processes thoroughly. The results show a classification of the information needed for digital tools supporting the building permit process, building permit processes of the case study authority, and the digital tools used. In the discussion, knowledge gained from a comparison between other building permit processes is presented alongside considerations for follow-up research.
11-6 NEGOTIATION/MEDIATION/DISPUTE RESOLUTION
38-8313
buyouts. Climate adaptation. Disaster. HMGP. literature review. organized retreat.
With the onset of climate change resulting in more frequent hazard events and coastal inundation, communities are considering buyouts as a tool for climate adaptation. Despite a growing body of research, there has never been a systematic review of the literature on buyout programs, although our ability to implement buyouts successfully relies on a thorough understanding of buyout policy, design, implementation, and impacts. In this systematic literature review of voluntary buyouts in the United States, we distill key learnings, identify remaining gaps, present avenues for future research, and make policy recommendations. We find that the buyout literature is nascent, but coalesces around the topics of buyout experience, buyout practice and implementation, housing policy, flood reduction, and justice and equity. Recommendations for future research include an increased emphasis on theory, the contexts in which buyouts occur, longitudinal studies, and more explicit recognition of researcher and disciplinary bias.
38-8314
community wealth building. Opportunity hoarding. resource hoarding. urban inequality. Urban policy.
To account for the extensive inequalities manifest within urban (or metropolitan) areas in the United States, the idea of “opportunity hoarding” has garnered increasing salience. When applied to explain urban inequalities, the focus of opportunity hoarding is on places—especially how residents of affluent, predominantly White residential neighborhoods or political jurisdictions are able to secure a plethora of opportunities for themselves and especially their children, at the expense of those living in less privileged places. I interrogate the account of American urban inequalities embedded within the idea of opportunity hoarding, finding it to be limited in significant ways. In light of these findings, I discuss what a superior account of urban inequalities might look like, and suggest how this account points toward potentially more efficacious strategies to attack these inequalities, perhaps ushering in a more just future for American cities and metros.
38-8315
Housing. Neighborhoods. Segregation.
David Imbroscio offers a useful pushback against groupthink among scholars studying neighborhood opportunity, even if I quibble with the details. Imbroscio sometimes conflates problem definition with solution feasibility, and ultimately points to some solutions to economic inequality that may be even less feasible than those offered by the opportunity enthusiasts. Further, the broader problems of economic inequality are well known to housing scholars, but often lie outside their scope and expertise. Imbroscio does push the field to put community wealth building institutions and options more central to housing and neighborhood scholarship and policy, which bridges macroeconomic issues with neighborhood inequality ones.
11-7 CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
38-8316
Citizenship. city-regional planning. Economic development. policymaking.
City regions are significant sites of economic development, policymaking, and everyday living. Yet in many countries they are weakly institutionalized and therefore lack established democratic practices. This article is based on a study exploring citizen participation in city-regional planning in Finland, where traditional participatory means have largely failed to invite and involve citizens. The analysis approaches city regions relationally, as evolving processes with a changing spatial shape and scope. Through the notion of lived citizenship, including the dimensions of status, practices and acts, the article reveals how the dominant ideas of citizenship in city-regional planning hide from view elements that are significant for citizen participation. Whereas people’s rights to participation can largely be fulfilled on a territorial basis in municipalities and states through legal membership in political communities, in the context of weakly institutionalized city-regional planning such status-based forms of participation are typically not available. This vagueness has created an image of a missing city-regional citizenry, which the article sets out to challenge and rework through the notion of issue-based participation as lived citizenship.
38-8317
Climate change. housing. Older adults. Planning. senior housing. Well-being.
How do older people’s living environments influence their vulnerabilities to climate change? Much has been written about the physiological consequences of climate change for older individuals, particularly the dangers of increased incidence of severe heat. Less is known about how older people’s residential settings moderate their exposure to climate stressors, their particular sensitivities to the effects of climate change, or their capacities to respond to extreme events or adapt to long-term environmental changes. Drawing on literature in English, with a focus on work relevant to the United States, we examine how the housing, neighborhood, and urban or rural contexts in which older people live shape their experiences of climate change, moderating their exposure to risks related to climate change, sensitivity to those events and trends, and their capacities to adapt and recover. Older people face multiple life changes, making prioritizing climate readiness more challenging. They are also diverse, with different vulnerabilities and perceptions of risks and the ability to manage them. This paper lays out an agenda where additional research can inform policy and planning efforts aimed at reducing older individuals’ risk and building the capacity to adapt to climate change. The agenda includes understanding specific vulnerabilities and how older people and their housing providers are already responding.
12. Policy and Planning Administration
12-1 AGENCY DECISION MAKING
38-8318
community wealth building. Opportunity hoarding. resource hoarding. urban inequality. Urban policy.
I offer a rejoinder to the five responses to my article, “Beyond Opportunity Hoarding,” generously provided by Professors Bates, Dawkins, Ellen, Greenlee, and Lens. I argue it is imperative we face soberly three central problematics looming over the current debate: a) the enormity and profoundness of America’s urban problems; b) the failure of the Opportunity Project to address these problems; and c) the reasons for this failure. I conclude by reiterating the need for an alternative strategy (or a new Project) to advance equality and justice, one built around a robust and large-scale program of Community Wealth Building. I discuss Community Wealth Building’s appropriateness as an area of inquiry and engagement for housing researchers and practitioners, and I consider the challenges confronting its feasibility in light of several salient (and hopeful) political and social developments unfolding in contemporary urban America.
12-3 FISCAL PLANNING/BUDGETING
38-8319
customary tenure. housing. housing finance. low-income households. Mortgages.
High mortgage repayment-to-income ratios and unavailability of adequate and secured collateral are major setbacks for low-income households in accessing housing finance. This notwithstanding, few studies have examined housing finance strategies that are available to low-income households within a secondary city context amidst the complexities of customary land tenure. This study examined the housing finance strategies adopted by low-income households in Kumasi, Ghana and suggested alternative strategies under informal tenure. The mixed methods approach was adopted, using a survey of randomly selected households and semi-structured interviews of financial institutions. From the data analyses, the findings suggest that low-income households are priced out of formal mortgage markets, and hence they relied on the incremental building process. This approach is unsustainable and inefficient because it takes longer periods to complete, and such houses lack basic sanitary amenities. To mitigate the situation, there is the need for government social housing drives using cheaper and locally produced building materials as a long-term measure. In the short-term, urban poor can rely on rental housing options for their housing needs. There is also the need to create serviced neighborhoods in the peri-urban fringes of the city to supply cheaper and accessible housing parcels for the poor.
38-8320
fiscal capacity. Maintenance spending. myopic behaviour. political fragmentation.
Taking advantage of a novel data set on maintenance in Norwegian local governments, a comparison was made between norms for good maintenance and actual maintenance spending. Although a sizeable minority complies with the norm, the average maintenance spending is well below the norm. A theoretical model is developed to guide the empirical analysis of the determinants of maintenance. It emphasizes the roles of fiscal capacity, fiscal distress, and political fragmentation. The empirical analysis reveals that high fiscal capacity (measured by local government revenue) and little fiscal distress (measured by rainy-day funds) are associated with a high priority of maintenance spending. However, political fragmentation that reflects myopic behaviour is associated with low maintenance priorities. The results are robust and become stronger when outliers and small local governments are omitted.
38-8321
bio-based materials. challenges. Circular construction. opportunities. up-scaling.
Construction projects using emerging bio-based materials have been realized over the past ten to fifteen years within Europe. Bio-based buildings utilize properties of natural materials to regulate internal environments, particularly fluctuations in temperature and relative humidity. Despite individual exemplar projects demonstrating functional performance and long-term operational cost savings, there hasn’t been a proliferation of commercial or domestic bio-based projects. With a growing shift towards circular economy construction, bio-based buildings could be readily adopted to meet this development. This study evaluates barriers faced by bio-based materials, making the upscaling of production and a breakthrough into mainstream construction challenging. Evaluation was achieved through senior professionals with experience in bio-based construction participating in semi-structured interviews based on core categories of finance, knowledge, and policy. Challenges include the upscaling of production by manufacturers of emerging materials, inconsistencies in life cycle assessment, material certification and accreditation, vested interests in the construction industry, and concerns regarding initial costs, availability, and knowledge of products. Potential solutions for upscaling bio-based construction are identified and include increased case studies, positive legislation, regional economic regeneration, the wellness agenda, long-term economic sustainability, and engagement with established construction companies. This insight has informed the procurement process, material evaluation, and adoption of policy.
38-8322
fiscal revenue targets. house price growth. political task.
China’s administrative system practices a unique phenomenon of setting fiscal revenue targets that are often regarded as political tasks by local government officials. As land is the core resource of local government, land finance becomes the best strategy for local governments facing high fiscal revenue targets. With rising land value, house prices will continue to rise. Thus, the fiscal revenue target is an important political factor affecting house price growth, but the existing literature does not attend to this point. This article uses panel data on 35 large and medium-sized cities in China from 2011 to 2016 to study the influence of local fiscal revenue targets on house prices and its underlying mechanism. The results show that these targets are an important political factor in driving up house prices, and the intervening mechanism is local land finance. As gross domestic product per capita increases, the influence of fiscal revenue targets on house prices declines. Conversely, in areas where housing purchases are restricted and house prices are controlled, the influence of fiscal revenue targets on the fiscal burden for the public increases.
12-4 POLICY ANALYSIS
38-8323
COVID-19 pandemic. Evaluation. Homelessness. Policy. shelter.
This study analyzes the COVID-19 homelessness response in King County, Washington, in which people were moved out of high-density emergency shelters into hotel rooms. This intervention was part of a regional effort to de-intensify the shelter system and limit the transmission of the virus to protect vulnerable individuals experiencing homelessness. This study used quantitative and qualitative methods to describe the experiences of and outcomes on individuals who were moved from shelters to noncongregate hotel settings. The study highlights a new approach to shelter delivery that not only responded to the public health imperatives of COVID-19, but also indicated positive health and social outcomes compared to traditional congregate settings. The findings establish an evidence base to help inform future strategic responses to homelessness as well as to contribute to the broader policy conversations on our nation’s response to homelessness.
38-8324
Community development. Policy analysis. Poverty. Public housing.
Public housing is a key federal investment, yet it has suffered severe underfunding and decay. HOPE VI sought to transform public housing by improving housing quality, deconcentrating poverty, and enhancing economic opportunities. Using rigorous quasi-experimental methods and an array of geocoded annual national administrative data from 1990 to 2016, we evaluated the effects of HOPE VI redevelopment on neighborhood composition and resources. After matching HOPE VI and control census tracts, we used a new flexible conditional difference-in-differences technique to estimate average treatment effects on the treated, accounting for varying treatment start dates and durations. Results show that HOPE VI redevelopment decreased tract poverty by 2.9 percentage points, an effect that remained relatively stable through 10 years postredevelopment, and increased median household incomes with no indication of rising affluence. These effects were most pronounced in high-poverty and predominantly Black tracts, and where public housing experienced more costly redevelopment or transitioned to mixed-income. HOPE VI redevelopments did not affect racial composition or the presence of institutional resources, social services, or commercial resources (e.g., grocery stores, restaurants). Results suggest partial success of HOPE VI. Additional policy levers are necessary to increase public housing residents’ access to neighborhood services that promote economic opportunities and well-being.
38-8325
Community development. Housing Policy Debate. Neighborhoods. social mixing.
Since its inception three decades ago, Housing Policy Debate has distinguished itself from other scholarly journals by publishing explicit debates on current topics related to housing, neighborhoods and community development. This month’s issue offers an exemplar of this forum format: “Beyond Opportunity Hoarding.” David Imbroscio engages deeply with one of the core conventional wisdoms of contemporary housing policy in both the U.S. and Western Europe: We can make substantial gains in socioeconomic opportunity by opening up affluent neighborhoods to less-advantaged households and achieving a stable “social mix.” He raises a host of important challenges that advocates for this position (me included) will ignore at their peril. Five members of our Editorial Board—Lisa Bates, Casey Dawkins, Ingrid Ellen, Andrew Greenlee, and Mike Lens—offer a tantalizing variety of responses. On behalf of Housing Policy Debate, I thank all the Forum authors for their thoughtful and thought-provoking comments.
38-8326
community-engaged scholarship. eviction. housing court. New Orleans. procedural knowledge. renters’ rights.
During the legal eviction process, tenants tend to lack procedural knowledge about how courts operate and how to argue their case. Uneven access to this information tends to result in less favorable outcomes for tenants, including a mark on the tenant’s record that severely limits future housing opportunities. However, there are few—if any—quantitative studies that systematically examine the relationship between knowledge distribution and eviction case outcomes. This article focuses on the unique efforts of a New Orleans-based renters’ rights organization to contact residents facing eviction and provide them with informative resources on the eviction process. We follow the court outcomes of 267 cases, and analyze them using a quasi-experimental approach and a series of weighted logistic regressions. For tenants who were contacted, we observe a 13% reduction in the probability of receiving a rule absolute judgment than among those who were not contacted. Direct forms of contact (e.g., a telephone conversation) tend to have stronger associations with positive court outcomes than indirect forms (e.g., sending a postcard).
38-8327
aging in place. Housing policy. Long-term care. Older adults.
Population aging poses challenges to societies with regard to the provision of care for dependent seniors. One of the spheres broadly discussed in terms of long-term care is housing policy. The focus of this article is the analysis of housing policy in Poland, with respect to demographical changes, and the ever increasing burden aging causes (i.e., problems with seniors’ ability to perform self-care and age in place). The analysis was based on the existing data and the sizable transdisciplinary body of international comparative housing policy literature. The effectiveness of housing policy in the context of care services depends on its integration with the social assistance and health care system and the size of the housing stock, along with the family’s caring potential.
38-8328
China. City Master Plans. Planning. Polycentricity. sustainable development. urban transition.
Polycentricity is promoted as an ideal urban form to achieve sustainable and balanced development, and it has been widely adopted by planners in China, especially in large cities. However, the rhetoric about polycentricity has rarely been interrogated in planning research in terms of scales, contextuality, power and rationality. To fill this gap, we carried out a Foucauldian discourse analysis in our research to interpret the nature of polycentric practice in City Master Plans, using Tianjin as a case study. Through an analysis of how the discourse of polycentricity is being deployed in planning documents, we develop two principal arguments in this article. First, the conceptual substance of polycentricity evolved alongside the urban transition process in China, and its discursive practice involved multiple scales and spatial elements. Secondly, rather than being mere technocratic practice, the production and legitimation of distinct discourses of polycentricity is an articulation of multi-scalar power involving various stakeholders, which is disguised and justified by the planning profession.
12-5 POLITICS AND PLANNING
38-8329
disaster recovery. Housing. Hurricane Irma. Relocation. Sea level rise.
Despite the growing literature on sea level rise (SLR), the current understanding of how SLR risks influence postdisaster relocation remains limited. This paper addresses this knowledge gap by examining how local leaders (i.e., public officials and community leaders) perceive: (a) resident relocation decisions in a disaster-affected community that is also vulnerable to SLR; and (b) the role of SLR in residents’ relocation decisions. Based on the case of Monroe County, Florida, which was affected by Hurricane Irma in 2017, our findings suggest that local leaders perceive residents’ relocation decisions as being driven by predisaster challenges that were exacerbated by conditions in the aftermath of the hurricane—specifically: the lack of affordable housing, low wages, and high cost of living. Leaders believe that SLR-related risks have little/no direct influence on relocation decisions; instead, they suggest that the community’s focus is on the next storm and community members’ short-term needs.
12-6 MUNICIPAL/PUBLIC SERVICES
38-8330
Aging. Built environment. disability. Housing. Public opinion. Regulatory policy.
Americans commonly want to stay in their current homes as they age, but few houses accommodate the physical impairments that aging often brings. One public policy tool to gradually make the housing stock more age- and disability-friendly is a “visitability” mandate—a requirement that new dwellings meet specific design standards that make them minimally usable by people with mobility limitations. Using original, nationally representative survey data from 2020, this paper analyzes public opinion about visitability mandates. Specifically, it analyzes who has relatively warmer versus cooler feelings toward people who benefit from visitability mandates. The data indicate that Americans on average feel warmly toward visitability mandate beneficiaries, but these sentiments differ by ideology, party identification, gender, age, self-assessed health status, and health experiences. Because public opinion influences the political viability of policy ideas, these findings have applied relevance for city planners, architects, home builders, public administrators, and elected officials.
38-8331
cost of emergency shelter. Homelessness. temporary housing.
This study merged data from the 2015 Housing Inventory Count, a list of temporary housing programs serving homeless persons nationally, and the Internal Revenue Service Form 990 tax filings for nonprofit organizations that same year. Matching records were used to develop estimates of various organizational measures per bed, adjusting for outliers, including revenues by source, expenditures by type, number of employees, employee compensation, and number of volunteers. Average values of these measures per bed by program type and by target population were extrapolated to the overall inventory to generate sector-wide estimates. Based on various measures of central tendency and after addressing outliers, a best guess of total revenues for nonprofit temporary housing providers is estimated at approximately $8.5 billion in 2015. As many as 160,000 people are employed by nonprofit shelters, or 0.4 persons per bed, with average annual compensation of approximately $24,000. Universal bed coverage for unsheltered persons is estimated to cost an additional $3.3–$4.5 billion annually.
38-8332
homeownership. land use/zoning. Municipalities.
Owning a home profoundly shapes Americans’ economic and political lives and preferences. A wide body of housing policy research suggests that homeowners receive favorable treatment from public policy at all levels of government. We know virtually nothing, however, about the descriptive representation of renters and homeowners. This paper combines a novel data set of over 10,000 local, state, and federal officials with administrative data on property records to assess the descriptive representation of renters and homeowners in the United States. We find that renters are starkly underrepresented by a margin of over 30 percentage points—a gap that persists across a variety of institutional and demographic contexts. Public officials are substantially more likely to own single-family homes that are more valuable than other homes in their neighborhoods. Collectively, these findings suggest deep representation inequalities that disadvantage renters at all levels of government.
13. Planning Law and Legislation
13-1 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
38-8333
Equity. Governance. hoarding. opportunities. Racism.
In his argument for a rereading of opportunity hoarding and related policy prescriptions, David Imbroscio provides evidence for the misdiagnosis of elements of the problem vis-à-vis the entry and exit hypotheses consequentially resulting in limited effectiveness of common “prescribed treatments” for this behavior. His way forward focuses on a fundamental rebalancing of the instruments through which wealth is distributed to create more parity—a breaking up of the hoard. Thinking about his argument, I offer three additional premises that ask us to look more closely at how we treat the symptoms of opportunity hoarding, in a way that reflects the power of the mechanisms that sustain it.
13-2 LAND USE CONTROLS
38-8334
Decentralization. England and China. Housing policy. Land.
This cross-cultural study provides important insight into the decentralization of affordable housing in the community/family sector in England and China regardless of the different land ownership. It particularly highlights the land element in housing and welfare systems across the Global North and South that are ignored in the literature. Although England and China have different land and housing contexts (such as ownership), the existing literature highlights how they have been undermined by the Right to Buy policy and processes of financialization and argues that new forms of social organizations are needed to resist these pressures. One of the crucial findings was the similar pathway of land governance for housing in England and China since the 1970s. Meanwhile, decentralization of power for housing development was sufficient for stakeholders (from the state to the market, the third sector, and the community/family sector) to engage in affordable housing provision and development, but not a necessary condition for collaborative housing to respond to in these two countries.
38-8335
Climate change. Hazards. housing cooperatives. land tenures. manufactured housing. mobile homes.
Residents of manufactured housing communities (MHCs) are disproportionately vulnerable to both hazards and displacement. The cooperative ownership model of resident-owned communities (ROCs) pioneered by ROC USA helps MHC residents resist displacement, but little research assesses how cooperative tenure impacts hazard vulnerability. To fill this gap, we conduct a spatial analysis of 234 ROC USA sites; analyze the co-op conversion process; and interview ROC USA staff, technical assistance providers, and resident co-op leaders. Although ROC USA communities, like other MHCs, face elevated exposure and sensitivity to hazards, we find that ROC USA’s model supports communities’ adaptive capacity by increasing access to financial resources, bridging formal and informal knowledge and skills, and improving social and institutional capacity. This networked cooperative model represents a scalable form of transformative adaptation by enabling low-income communities to address the underlying causes of uneven hazard vulnerabilities that are intensifying under climate change. We close with public policy and programmatic recommendations to enhance and expand this model.
38-8336
Civic health. Gentrification. land use/zoning.
Civic health presents an understudied aspect of the gentrification/public health dynamic. When gentrification occurs, community connections and engagement may decline for remaining residents. We turn this question around, however, considering how opposition to proposed land-use changes seen as gentrifying may stimulate civic health, evidenced by emergence of a cohesive opposition effort. Our analysis highlights the context in which community opposition may fend off the deleterious impact of gentrification on public health. Our investigation proceeds through two case studies in San Antonio, Texas, in which a low-income community opposed zoning changes perceived as threats. Through an assessment of the public record (media coverage and City Council hearing archives), we create a baseline framework of association that may be generalized to future studies. In both cases, the threat fostered elements of civic health, driven by both organized and newly formed groups, and premised on concerns about dislocation, sense of place, and historic/cultural destruction. Concerning impact, we found mixed results. Trailer park tenants facing displacement lacked the resources to prevail. On the other hand, opponents of a mixed-use development partially replacing aging public housing lost their initial rezoning battle, but eventually prevailed through stronger resources and foundational arguments.
38-8337
carcinogens. Gentrification. health disparities. racial residential segregation. Transportation. transportation.
Neighborhood disadvantage erodes residents’ mental and physical health. But whether rapid reductions in disadvantage spurred by gentrification attenuate or exacerbate these effects remains unknown due to mixed theoretical expectations and empirical results. To help clarify these dynamics, I propose a novel hypothesis that casts gentrification as a carcinogen. As neighborhoods receive inflows of affluent, White residents, influxes of private vehicles may come with them. In turn, stationary residents become exposed to higher vehicular emissions, and their risk of cancer—especially lung cancer—climbs. As an initial empirical test of these theoretical possibilities, I link Urban Displacement Project data identifying Los Angeles County neighborhoods that gentrified during the 2000s to tract-level data on vehicle ownership and cancer risk profiles—the latter from the Environmental Protection Agency’s National Air Toxics Assessment. Descriptive regressions that include a lagged dependent variable and municipal fixed effects suggest gentrifying tracts’ levels of cancer risk factors increased by ~0.5 standard deviations more than those of disadvantaged neighborhoods that did not gentrify. Sobel tests of mediation indicate nearly half of this association may be explained by a pathway related to increasing vehicle density. The study thus motivates future research leveraging individual-level data and quasi-experimental methods to solidify whether gentrification is indeed a carcinogen.
38-8338
corporate landlords. eviction. extended-stay. pandemic.
Research on evictions has found that large landlords are associated with higher absolute and relative numbers of evictions, and pandemic-period filings have brought additional scrutiny to large landlords and corporate landlords in particular. However, not all large landlords are equivalent, and some may be more likely to evict based on the submarkets in which they operate, and the pandemic has likely altered these relationships. This study examines trends in evictions and filings associated with two particular submarkets, extended-stay and single-family rentals, through an analysis of case-level data covering the Las Vegas metropolitan area. Through a series of multivariate analyses, I find that extended-stay properties are associated with higher eviction rates than other multifamily properties during the 12-month period immediately preceding the pandemic. Extended-stay landlords are even more likely to file and evict during the first 12-months of the pandemic. The results are mixed for single-family rentals. Corporate and other large landlords are generally more likely to file and evict prior to the pandemic, but several are no more likely or even far less likely to evict compared to smaller landlords during the pandemic. This study concludes with implications for policy and research.
13-3 REAL ESTATE LAW
38-8339
Africa. Commodity. postcolonial cities. Real estate. Urban development.
Africa’s major cities are experiencing dramatic transformation as a result of growing real estate investment. This article explores whether existing theories can explain the dynamics of urban redevelopment in an African context, and how African cases can inform new theorizations of real estate driven urban transformation. Examining the utility of theories of gentrification and speculative urbanism for understanding urban redevelopment in Accra, Ghana, it argues that urban redevelopment in this city has been shaped by its particular (post)colonial history of state land acquisition and urban planning. Rather than simply identifying empirical variation on established theories, however, the article draws on recent research on commodity frontiers to propose an original theorization of urban redevelopment in Accra in terms of the production of a ‘real estate frontier’. This real estate frontier is characterized by the incremental and contested commodification of state land to enable the growth of the real estate sector in the city. The article concludes by calling for a comparative research agenda to better understand real estate frontiers globally.
13-4 LIABILITY
38-8340
cost-burdened households. Economic growth. Housing. housing affordability. housing policy reform. US metropolitan areas.
The U.S. has a chronic shortage of reasonably-priced housing. Decades of policy and program intervention at federal, state, and local levels has not substantively alleviated this problem. Consequently, alarmingly high proportions of the population spend over 30% of their income on housing costs and are deemed housing cost-burdened. Housing cost-burdened households have a much lower quality of life than those that are not. Thus, the housing affordability problem is a serious social concern. Is this problem also holding back the U.S. economy? I explore whether the lack of reasonably-priced housing adversely impacted per capita gross domestic product (GDP) growth in the 100 most populous metro areas of the country. I use publicly available data for three time points (2000, 2010, and 2015) and changes in the proportion of cost-burdened households in metros as the experimental variable. I find that decreases in housing affordability had a statistically significant negative effect on economic growth in these metros. Over 80% of the national GDP is generated in U.S. metros, and increasing housing affordability there may help grow the U.S. economy. Therefore, policies to increase housing affordability, long seen as a social imperative, may well be an economic imperative also.
38-8341
Homelessness. housing. Policy. underserved.
Hotel housing was an intervention implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic to reduce the spread of the virus among people experiencing homelessness. Individuals living in congregate shelter or unsheltered settings in New Haven, Connecticut, were relocated into two hotels at the start of the pandemic. In this paper we characterize and explore the experiences of 18 individuals who were moved to hotels. Participants shared that the hotels, as opposed to other settings, provided stability through having a consistent room, access to important amenities, and a sense of privacy and safety. This allowed individuals to gain more control in their lives and make changes that benefitted their health and well-being. The findings suggest that the model of shelter utilized during the pandemic may have important benefits for supporting people who are experiencing homelessness.
13-5 SOCIAL POLICY LAW
38-8342
collective efficacy theory. Homeownership. mortgage denial. mortgage lending. neighborhood crime. social problems.
A persistent goal of United States housing policy is homeownership, an achievement emblematic of the American Dream. Homeownership also plays an essential role in stabilizing communities and protecting neighborhoods from crime, as documented in the extensive communities and crime literature. For most Americans, homeownership is achieved via mortgage lending, but few studies examine the link between housing policy and crime. The present study investigates an unexplored aspect of mortgage lending which is concentrated in disadvantaged communities of color: mortgage denials. In this analysis of Boston, Massachusetts, neighborhoods, results demonstrate that mortgage denials have a positive relationship with neighborhood crime and that this relationship is partially explained by the impact of mortgage denials on community social problems. The concluding discussion proposes that mortgage denials contribute to neighborhood marginalization and estrangement. Policy implications address the Community Reinvestment Act and access to lenders, and areas of future research are also discussed.
14. Planning and Society
14-2 DISCRIMINATION/DESEGREGATION/INTEGRATION
38-8343
eviction. filing fees. Policy.
Eviction is a common and consequential event in the lives of tenants and is shaped by the legal environments in which it takes place. In this study, we show that eviction filing fees, or the amounts of money it costs landlords to begin formal evictions, have a large effect on eviction practices. Specifically, fees that are higher by $76 (one standard deviation) lead to lower eviction filing rates by 1.71 percentage points (0.26 standard deviations) and lower eviction judgment rates by 0.49 percentage points (0.19 standard deviation). Filing fees affect not only the rate but also the purpose of filing, as lower fees make landlords more likely to file serially against the same tenants as a form of rent collection. Each of these effects appears to be disproportionately large in majority-Black tracts, suggesting that low filing fees have disparate impacts on Black renters. These findings contribute to our understanding of the legal basis of housing insecurity and the racialization of eviction practices in the United States.
38-8344
Housing platforms. housing policy. housing search. neighborhood stratification. residential segregation.
Online platforms have become an integral component of the housing search process in the United States and other developed contexts, but recent studies have demonstrated that these platforms offer uneven representation of different neighborhoods. In this study, we use listings covering the 50?largest U.S. metropolitan areas to assess how GoSection8, a platform uniquely focused on affordable housing and voucher-assisted households, compares with the “mainstream” alternatives of Craigslist, Apartments.com, and Zillow. Through descriptive and regression analyses of the housing and neighborhoods represented on these websites and a new way of measuring the distribution of rental housing opportunities, we advance a multisource perspective on the role of online information exchanges in housing search processes. Specifically, we find that GoSection8 and mainstream alternatives capture spatially segmented information about housing markets, with GoSection8 ads representing units that are more affordable but also more constrained to higher-poverty neighborhoods where assisted households are already concentrated. The findings suggest that disadvantaged households are potentially funneled toward high-poverty, isolated neighborhoods by the operation of stratified information systems available for online housing searches.
38-8345
childhood obesity. food environment. Gentrification. Public housing.
While advocates argue that gentrification changes the neighborhood food environment critical to children’s diet and health, we have little evidence documenting such changes or the consequences for their health outcomes. Using rich longitudinal, individual-level data on nearly 115,000 New York City children, including egocentric measures of their food environment and BMI, we examine the link between neighborhood demographic change (“gentrification”), children’s access to restaurants and supermarkets, and their weight outcomes. We find that children in rapidly gentrifying neighborhoods see increased access to fast food and wait-service restaurants and reduced access to corner stores and supermarkets compared to those in non-gentrifying areas. Boys and girls have higher BMI following gentrification, but only boys are more likely to be obese or overweight. We find public housing moderates the relationship between gentrification and weight, as children living in public housing are less likely to be obese or overweight.
14-3 SPECIAL POPULATIONS/SOCIAL WELFARE
38-8346
Africa. Climate change. Economy. Urban growth.
The aim of this symposium is to examine the situation of the creative economy in cities—specifically cities of sub-Saharan Africa. In this introduction we set out the case for the need to ‘re-describe’ the (much derided) phenomenon of the creative city. This task requires clarification of what is understood in academe and policy communities by the term ‘creative economy’, the pronounced growth of this sector, particularly in the global South, and its particular urban character. Secondly, in the face of conceptual and policy confusion we argue for the actually existing, and growing, importance of the urban creative economy. Thirdly, with this ground clearing achieved, we seek to frame, and focus on, the emergence of new research on the urban creative economy. Finally, we use the evidence from the symposium contributions to argue for a reformulation of the creative economy within African sub-Saharan urbanization.
38-8347
Chicago. Housing. Mortgages. racial segregation. redlining.
How did institutionalized discriminatory lending policies implemented under the guidance of the Federal Housing Administration (FHA)’s mortgage risk maps impact neighborhood trajectories? Have these spatially restrictive credit designations influenced home value, homeownership, and racial segregation? Using the FHA mortgage risk map of Chicago, Illinois, for new loan guarantees as a case study, I measure outcomes between credit zones and compare these risk regions with the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) Residential Security Maps, which represent post hoc measures of mortgage risk and were likely not directly used in loan activities. For areas excluded from FHA loan guarantees, the results suggest a negative impact on home values and homeownership rates and weakly decreased segregation between 1940 and 1980. They also suggest an overcorrection of home values, an undercorrection of homeownership, and an increase in racial segregation in excluded neighborhoods between 1980 and 2010 when these areas may have experienced capital reinvestment. In comparison with the HOLC map, the effects on tracts in Chicago rated worst by the FHA are clearer and suggest a more significant impact during the period of discriminatory mortgage lending.
14-4 URBAN SOCIOLOGY
38-8348
Commonwealth. Gentrification. Political theory. social mobility. social rights. Urbanism.
This interventions forum presents a debate on Margaret Kohn’s The Death and Life of the Urban Commonwealth. Four contributors from different disciplinary backgrounds discuss and critique Kohn’s book, which offers an exploration of the political in an age of modern urbanism. Building on theories of solidarism and social rights, Kohn puts forth a set of new arguments about how the city might be a more governable commonwealth. Her book lays bare some of the great contradictions inherent in questions of the distribution of wealth and space in the metropolis. It builds on classical and current political theory and philosophy, theories of justice, and debates on gentrification and social mobility. The reviewers appreciate the great contribution the book is making to current debates in urban politics, geography and law, but they also point to significant areas for further debate along various lines as laid out by the author. Kohn concludes the debate with a response to the critical interventions.
38-8349
generative adversarial network. generative adversarial network. housing dispersal. machine learning. rapidly developing metropolis. Urban growth.
Housing dispersal in emerging cities should be investigated as it occurs to achieve a better understanding of future housing dispersal. In this study, housing preferences are analyzed in Doha Metropolitan Area based on Gordon’s theory. Machine learning (especially the generalized adversarial network) is utilized to predict the future urban growth of the city. The housing dispersal of expatriates is visualized in the predicted urban growth map of Doha city based on an investigation of housing supply trends, household income levels, government vision, and census data. The study proves the feasibility of this approach for managing urban growth in emerging cities worldwide. It is a robust solution to the increasing imbalance in the urban morphology of metropolitan cities. The conclusions drawn from the broad-spectrum housing dispersal findings of this study will inform policymakers and planners regarding the realities of spatial patterns and future urban growth.
38-8350
density. environmental crises. Ethnography. Housing. social-material processes. urban density.
Despite being a foundational concept in urban studies and practice, urban density has remained relatively immune to critical study. In the midst of contemporary global housing and environmental crises, density has become an even more paradigmatic, almost common-sense urban category and planning idiom. This article interrogates urban density as a socio-material epistemology, as a knowledge form and practice about people, things and their mutual entailments. Based on archival and ethnographic research among city planning networks in Bogotá, Colombia, I draw attention to the political projects that are encoded in the supposedly technical physics and aesthetics of urban densification. Far from a stable, descriptive category, actors actively mobilize density to reimagine and craft urban worlds. The article tracks the shifting deployments of density in Bogotá from the middle of the twentieth century to the present, from approaches aimed at removing urban crowds and stimulating modern densities to recent projects aimed at regulating densification and rendering it more inclusionary. The article’s grounded ethnographic analysis critically illuminates the ways in which the grammar of density—as a taken-for-granted metric of urban transformation and an ideology of socio-materiality—both shapes and limits the praxis of urban politics.
14-6 CRIME/DELINQUENCY
38-8351
abandoned property. Crime. demolition.
Scholars argue that housing abandonment increases area criminal activity. The link between abandoned properties and crime has led to the assumption that demolition of abandoned properties will stymie criminal activity and thus improve neighborhood safety. Although cities spend millions of federal and local funds on demolitions every year, very little research has explored the empirical effects of demolitions on crime. Does demolition lead to a reduction in nearby crime? This study answers this question by quantifying the relationship between abandoned building demolition programs and nearby crime using a difference-in-difference approach on 559 abandoned buildings demolished in Kansas City, Missouri, between 2012 and 2016. This study finds that demolition of abandoned properties does not have any significant impact on nearby violent and property crime. This analysis shows that a change in nearby crime is attributable to differences in nearby socioeconomic and housing characteristics, rather than to the demolition of abandoned properties.
14-7 HEALTH/EDUCATION/SOCIAL SERVICES
38-8352
Gentrification. Neighborhood change. neighborhood health. racial stratification. urban inequality.
Gentrification is associated with decreases in neighborhood poverty and crime, increases in amenities and services, among other benefits—all identified as structural determinants of health. However, gentrification is also associated with population-level replacement of the existing community, or threats thereof. Combining census data from the ten largest MSAs in the U.S. with tract-level estimates from the CDC-PLACES Project from 2013–14 to 2017–18, we explore how the changing socioeconomic conditions in gentrifying neighborhoods correlate with changes in neighborhood health. We find significant differences between gentrifying and non-gentrifying neighborhoods in their associations with neighborhood health. The sociodemographic changes occurring in gentrifying neighborhoods generally correspond with simultaneous decreases in aggregate health risk behaviors and negative health outcomes. However, these changes are heterogeneous and complex. Whether and how neighborhood health changes alongside other components of neighborhood change depends on whether gentrification occurs in majority Black, Hispanic, or White neighborhoods. Our findings provide preliminary evidence that the changes accompanying gentrification extend to neighborhood health, but the direction of influence varies by neighborhood composition, type of sociodemographic change, specific health outcome, and spatial spillover. We discuss theoretical implications for future work addressing the mechanisms driving changes in neighborhood health, and potential approaches that differentiate policy responses.
38-8353
Community development. Gentrification. Health. Housing.
Gentrification has been one of the most controversial and elusive concepts in the housing, community development, urban, and public health literatures in the last two decades (Brown-Saracino, Citation2017; Smith et al., Citation2020). Despite a voluminous literature, some pressing gentrification questions remain. What is it? What drives it? What are its effects, and what intervening factors mediate its impact on distinct community types and populations? In this special issue, we bring together a diverse set of authors and quantitative and qualitative papers focused on gentrification’s influence on various health outcomes.
38-8354
electroencephalogram (EEG). Human behavior. Retail design. store layout. virtual reality.
A novel approach was used to evaluate the impact of retail store layouts on consumer responses, by triangulating subjective feedback, behavioural data and electroencephalogram (EEG) data in the context of a virtual environment. Participants (n=45) were assigned to one of three store layout conditions. While there were no significant differences in participants subjective/conscious evaluations of the layout complexity, they demonstrated reduced product-recall scores, and greater cognitive workload in visual/spatial-processing brain regions, in store environments with more complex layouts. This study explores the correlation between perceived visual complexity and perceived store attractiveness and examines how pleasure and processing fluency mediate this relationship. The results demonstrate a strong association between these factors, with processing fluency playing a more significant role in mediating the effect (78%) compared to pleasure (22%). Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the psychological factors that influence consumer perceptions of store environments. The findings demonstrate the value of an EEG/VR-based approach in studying human behaviour during the building design process for identifying neural mechanisms and responses that self-reported feedback may obscure. The result of this study has implications for building designers and retailers, suggesting that simpler store layouts might be more effective in terms of product recall and reduced cognitive workload.
38-8355
COVID-19 pandemic. Glasgow. School of Social and Political Sciences. UK. University of Glasgow. urban studies.
Issues of domestic space standards and occupancy levels rarely receive much attention in debatesabout UK housing and planning policies. This is exemplified by examining the history of space andoccupancy standards as applied in England, demonstrating that standards have been under-specified, partial in coverage, and applied inconsistently. The outcomes are seen in theproduction of relatively small homes, overcrowding and (perversely) extensive under-occupation, residential dissatisfaction and mobility. Evidence for the health and wellbeingimpacts of space shortages highlights the consequences for infectious diseases, particularlyrespiratory illness, mental health and stress, and educational attainment. Moreover, themediating and moderating roles of domestic space upon the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemicshow the crucial importance of space and occupancy standards for health, wellbeing andlearning in a future where more time is spent at home. Areas of future research are identifiedwhich together could help address a probable underestimate of the current health sector costsof inadequate domestic space, this being an important lever for policy action. Such evidence,including crucially more from the UK itself, has an important role to play if stronger, moreeffective policies are to be developed and implemented in this area in future.
38-8356
Affordability. HUD (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development). Low-income housing.
The high proportion of income that poor families spend on housing can have deleterious consequences for a child’s healthy development. This article asks whether the increased affordability provided by government housing assistance translates into benefits for children. Do assisted housing parents spend more on child enrichment, leading in turn to their children’s healthier development relative to similar income-eligible families not receiving government housing assistance? We use longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), the PSID’s Child Development Supplements, and the PSID-Assisted Housing Database and apply propensity weights and instrumental variables to address selection. Sample sizes are 205 children in the assisted housing group and 470 children in the unassisted group. We find convincing evidence that assisted housing parents invest more in their child’s enrichment than their unassisted counterparts do. These investments benefit their children’s cognitive achievement and overall health, with less consistent effects on socioemotional adjustment.
38-8357
Built environment. healthcare facilities. infusion treatment. outpatient oncology. patient experience. supportive design.
This article examines key aspects of built environment that shape the experience of patients undergoing intravenous anti-cancer treatment within outpatient settings. Eighteen patients or former patients participated in a series of in-depth interviews across two healthcare sites and two consumer groups in Victoria, Australia. Interviews were semi-structured with questions exploring the meaning and significance of patient experience of the hospital-built environment, as well as architectural aspects important for their wellbeing. Following a systematic thematic analysis, four themes highlighting the main contributions of contemporary healthcare design to patients’ experiences were synthesized. This ranged from the role of built environment in shifting negative expectations and inducing positive impressions, to its role in breaking up the intensity of treatment when feeling overwhelmed and provoking engagement in activities beyond treatment and being sick. The discussion also considers the role of built environment in attending to patients’ individual needs and treatment-related vulnerabilities. The findings expand existing theories of a supportive healthcare environment with further understanding of its potential constituent elements. They point to a refined, and more comprehensive, conceptual understanding of the way the built environment may promote wellbeing.
38-8358
household panel data. Housing quality. self-rated health.
Housing is an important expression of prosperity for a society and a determinant of health and well-being. Despite the fact that the housing industry, which has faced rapid transformation and growth in Turkey since the 2000s, has made many people homeowners, being a homeowner alone does not ensure the subjective well-being of individuals. The conditions of individuals’ houses are also significant for their well-being. Accordingly, the Survey on Income and Living Conditions covering the years 2014–2017 was used to determine whether inequalities in housing conditions are linked to health problems among households. An index that measures the housing conditions of 5,549 households was devised and its effects on self-rated health, along with other socioeconomic indicators, were examined using a random-effects ordered logistic model. The findings indicate that the quality of housing enhances self-rated health in Turkey. More specifically, improved housing conditions tend to increase the likelihood of individuals being healthier. As the results show that inequality in housing conditions has a significant effect on general health, alongside education, gender, and marital status, housing policies should not only focus on the affordability of housing but should also take social welfare indicators into account.
38-8359
Displacement. Gentrification. health disparities. Inequality. Mediation.
Gentrification yields a variety of effects, yet the mechanisms linking gentrification to health are unclear. Although quantitative research has helped to identify some patterns, the processes whereby neighborhood dynamics impact health are layered and span multiple levels of health—individual, family, and community. According to research describing large-scale drivers of health, inequality (e.g., income and social) is a significant risk factor for worse health, morbidity, and mortality. Drawing from an inequality-health framework, this paper explores how inequality created by gentrification (e.g., segregated pockets of wealth alongside relative deprivation) harms health and well-being. The current study presents findings from lower-income African American women across 20?U.S. cities, and examines pathways by which gentrification increases inequality and stress for residents living in gentrifying areas. Results indicate that gentrification contributes to both direct (e.g., material scarcity) and indirect (e.g., displacement, distrust, lack of belonging) pathways that impact health, supporting mediation via four major pathways. Implications for further research, theorization, and policy are discussed.
38-8360
Gentrification. health outcome. Inclusionary housing. Racial inequality.
This study explores whether inclusionary housing (IH) is a mediating factor that explains the connection between gentrification and health outcomes at the city level. The research relies on new nationwide IH data from Grounded Solutions Network, data from the City Health Dashboard to measure health outcomes, and U.S. Census data to quantify the stage and scope of gentrification. Applying both descriptive methods and regression models, we find that the association between gentrification and health is mixed: the scope of recent gentrification in a city is associated with higher prevalence of diabetes and hypertension, but also with better access to healthy food. The positive effect of gentrification on better access to healthy food, however, is not observed for the Black population. The presence of IH is positively associated with all three health outcome measures. In addition, the association between IH and health outcomes is stronger than, and independent from, the association between recent gentrification and health outcomes. The results support health benefits of IH programs and imply the need for proactive and race-conscious affordable housing policy interventions to foster better population health outcomes.
38-8361
Auckland urban renewal. decision-making. Health. New Zealand.
The quality of the indoor environment in dwellings is a key contributing factor to occupants’ health. Existing studies have largely focused on establishing frameworks on healthy homes in directing housing policies and improving housing quality. However, there is little research investigating how occupants understand the notion of a healthy home and what elements they consider to be important for a healthy home. This is particularly the case in the New Zealand context. To address this gap, a questionnaire was undertaken consisting of 296 Aucklanders, probing the critical housing features that occupants believe affect the healthiness of a home. The results revealed that 1) the presence of mould and dampness, 2) a lack of thermal insulation and 3) the characteristics of sanitation facilities were the top three most concerning health-related risk factors. Factor analysis categorised 15 critical factors into three groups, namely: 1) sick building syndrome features; 2) water supply and sanitation features; and 3) thermal comfort features. The findings provide insights into the features occupants considered to be closely related to the healthiness of their homes. Occupants’ perspectives can be considered by policy makers, housing agencies and housing developers in their decision-making tools to enhance building performance and community. wellbeing.
14-8 PLANNING AND GENDER/RACE/ETHNICITY
38-8362
birth outcomes. Gentrification. low birth weight. preterm birth. small-for-gestation.
There is inconsistent evidence whether gentrification, the increase of affluent residents moving into low-income neighborhoods, is detrimental to health. To date, there is no systematic evidence on how gentrification may matter for a range of birth outcomes across cities with varying characteristics. We utilize California’s Birth Cohort File (2009–2012), decennial census data, and the American Community Survey (2008–2012) to investigate the relationship of gentrification to outcomes of preterm birth, low birth weight, and small for gestational age across California. We find that socioeconomic gentrification is uniformly associated with better birth outcomes. Notably, however, we find that only places specifically experiencing increases in non-White gentrification had this positive impact. These associations vary somewhat by maternal characteristics and by type of gentrification measure utilized; discrepancies between alternative measurement strategies are explored. This study provides evidence that socioeconomic gentrification is positively related to birth outcomes and that the race-ethnic character of gentrification matters, emphasizing the continued need to examine how gentrification may impact a range of health and social outcomes.
38-8363
Black. Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition. credit attributes. Hispanic. mortgage transition.
Homeownership rates have been slow to recover since the financial crisis. Minority groups such as Blacks and Hispanics have been particularly slow to transition to homeownership. Using uniquely constructed anonymized household panel data obtained from a credit bureau, we find that Blacks and Hispanics were, respectively, one half and two thirds as likely as Whites to transition to mortgage ownership between 2012 and 2018. We analyze the role of credit attributes, among other factors, in explaining the racial/ethnic gap in transition to mortgage ownership by 2018 for a sample of individuals who were nonmortgage holders in 2012. Using the Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition technique for nonlinear equations, we find that racial/ethnic differences in credit attributes explain a large portion of the White–minority gap in the transition rates. However, there are key differences in experience across the two minority groups. Whereas racial/ethnic differences in geographic location contribute substantially to the White–Hispanic gap in the mortgage transition rate, racial/ethnic differences in household composition and income growth matter more in explaining the White–Black gap in the mortgage transition rate. Lastly, we find there is considerable heterogeneity across states in the contribution of credit attributes and geography to the White–minority gap in the transition rate.
38-8364
Discrimination. Homelessness. housing. Inequality. Race. racial disparities. Racism. Segregation.
People of color or mixed race account for more than half of all people experiencing homelessness, despite comprising less than a quarter of the total population in the United States. What are the primary drivers of this severe racial concentration of homelessness? Through a literature review of historical and contemporary research, this article highlights the extensive history of homelessness among Black, Latinx, and Native American communities and finds evidence for racialized pathways into homelessness. The literature points to three primary systems of stratification that drive racial disparities in homelessness: racial economic inequality, housing discrimination and residential segregation, and the homeless response system. These findings suggest that homelessness is tightly interwoven with institutions and social systems that maintain racial hierarchy. Structural policies that address socioeconomic and racial inequality are more likely than current approaches to make substantial progress in reducing racial disparities in homelessness.
38-8365
Housing tenure. middle housing. segregation. Zoning.
The city of Minneapolis recently changed its zoning to allow two- and three-family houses in formerly single-family zones, in part with the goal of furthering racial integration. To test whether this policy approach holds promise, we assemble digital zoning data covering the Minneapolis–St. Paul metro area and quantify the relationship between different types of residential zoning and racial and ethnic shares of neighborhood populations. Controlling for neighborhood location, we find that a neighborhood zoned for middle housing, such as Minneapolis’ triplexes, has a non-White population share that is 14 percentage points higher than that of a single-family zoned neighborhood. A neighborhood zoned for multifamily housing has a non-White population share 21 percentage points higher. This is consistent with the argument that upzoning single-family zones to allow middle and multifamily housing can promote racial integration. Our method can be easily replicated in other regions as data become available.
38-8366
fintech lending. Mortgages. Neighborhoods. racial disparities. subprime lending.
Little is known about racial patterns in fintech mortgage lending, despite evidence of racial disparities in the broader mortgage market. This study leverages 2015–2017 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data to assess disparities in lending outcomes between White and non-White applicants and between neighborhoods of varying racial composition in the United States’ 200 largest metropolitan areas at fintech and traditional lenders. Results of a series of binary logistic regression models suggest disparities in rates of loan approvals between White and similarly qualified non-White applicants are substantively small overall, but lower at fintech lenders relative to traditional lenders, most substantially for Latinos. Non-White applicants are more likely to receive subprime terms relative to similarly qualified White applicants at both lender types, and disparities in rates of subprime loan receipt between Black and similarly qualified White applicants are greater at fintech lenders than traditional lenders. Neighborhood racial composition has a mixed but substantively small impact on approval rates at both lender types. However, both lender types distribute subprime credit to non-White neighborhoods at significantly higher rates than to White neighborhoods. Findings suggest fintech lending contributes to racial and spatial disparities in subprime mortgage lending and warrants increased scrutiny from regulators.
38-8367
Harassment sexism. stereotype. women in construction.
Globally, the construction industry presents a cause of concern for the wellbeing of its workforce. Mental health issues in the industry are on the rise, and literature trends are beginning to recognize this. However, women have been widely neglected from such literature. Thus, this paper aims to identify future research directions on the mental health of women in construction through a review of current related publications. The mental health review is approached from three lenses: challenges, consequences, and wellbeing outcomes. A total of 27 peer-reviewed English-language articles published from 2010 onwards are analysed and cross-examined. In each mental health study, the ‘challenges’, ‘workplace consequences’, and ‘wellbeing outcomes’ experienced by women in construction are highlighted. Within these three categories, 58 concerns are identified. The review reveals that the proportion of issues faced by on-site professionals is significantly larger than that of other construction occupations. Furthermore, the categories ‘workplace consequences’ and ‘wellbeing outcomes’ lack research compared with ‘challenges’. Lastly, there is little evidence of cause-and-effect analysis between the challenges, consequences, and wellbeing of women in construction to uncover systems-based connections between these concerns. The paper provides an insight into these issues that will inform future research investigations and quantifications.
15. Development Planning
15-1 COMMUNITY AND NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT
38-8368
Guangzhou. hierarchical linear modeling. neighborhood attachment. neighborhood deprivation. Poverty.
Housing reform since the 1990s has created a new sociospatial structure in Chinese cities. However, neighborhood deprivation remains one of the key challenges for urban housing policies. This study investigates the relationship among perceived neighborhood characteristics, deprivation, and attachment, based on a survey of 59 neighborhoods across Guangzhou, China. We adopt an objective approach to measure the index of multiple deprivation (IMD) on the neighborhood scale. The descriptive statistics indicate that while residents in deprived neighborhoods generally report lower level of perceived neighborhood physical environments and neighborhood attachment, their evaluations of neighborhood social environments are not necessarily lower. Results from the hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) show that perceived housing conditions, perceived neighborhood environment, neighborhood ties, and sense of security are significantly correlated with neighborhood attachment. Furthermore, the moderation analysis reveals that the effect of perceived housing conditions on neighborhood attachment is stronger in more deprived neighborhoods. We propose that residents’ subjective feelings, timely and direct measurement of IMD, and context-based strategies should be used in urban housing policies to reduce the negative impacts of neighborhood deprivation.
38-8369
Employment. Moving to Opportunity. Neighborhood effects. selection bias. within-study comparison.
Although nonexperimental studies find robust neighborhood effects on adults, such findings have been challenged by results from the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) residential mobility experiment. Using a within-study comparison design, this article compares experimental and nonexperimental estimates from MTO and a parallel analysis of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). Striking similarities were found between nonexperimental estimates based on MTO and PSID. No clear evidence was found that different estimates are related to duration of adult exposure to disadvantaged neighborhoods, nonlinear effects of neighborhood conditions, magnitude of the change in neighborhood context, frequency of moves, treatment effect heterogeneity, or measurement, although the uncertainty bands around our estimates were sometimes large. Another possibility is that MTO-induced moves might have been unusually disruptive, but results are inconsistent for that hypothesis. Taken together, the findings suggest that selection bias might account for evidence of neighborhood effects on adult economic outcomes in nonexperimental studies.
38-8370
homeowner association. neighborhood governance. Neighborhoods. Sense of community. urban China.
Living in homeowner association (HOA) neighborhoods is a new residential experience in China. Associated with housing privatization in the 1990s, HOAs have been established to promote private governance features as their counterparts do in western contexts. However, the role of HOAs and their social implications are still debatable in urban China. Against this background, this study examines the sense of community in HOA neighborhoods, using data from a large-scale household survey in Wenzhou, China. The results reveal that neighborly interaction persists in HOA neighborhoods and crucially influences the sense of community. In addition to neighborly interaction, residents’ participation in HOAs has become a new source of the sense of community. Residents’ usage of the services provided in HOA neighborhoods can also enhance the sense of community.
38-8371
Data-based urbanism. Income. Regional development. urban studies. Urbanism.
In this essay I use Surabaya as a case study to argue that today’s data-based urbanism excludes people from the city. Data-based urbanism differs from the revolutionary and counterrevolutionary urbanisms of the past in Surabaya that included people: the revolutionary form enabled the low-income majority of the kampung neighbourhoods to capture the ‘city as a whole’ through infrastructure, while the counterrevolutionary form enabled that majority to capture the city in parts through their kampungs. To make the aforementioned points I give the concept of heterotopia a Southern context that brings the low-income majority to the foreground of urban studies.
38-8372
multilevel logistic regression. Neighborhood change. neighborhood inequality.
Scholars have recently reported the rise of neighborhoods at the extremes of the income distribution—both affluent and poor neighborhoods—and the loss of middle- or mixed-income neighborhoods. As the majority of studies on neighborhood change have focused on the cyclical process of neighborhood change, especially for poor or disadvantaged neighborhoods, this study contributes to the literature by exploring the mechanisms of affluent and poor neighborhoods’ persistence in their economic status over time. First, this research descriptively shows that affluent and poor neighborhoods within the 100 largest U.S. metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) as of 2010 were likely to retain their economic status during the 2000s, whereas other, relatively middle-income neighborhoods presented more diverse economic transitions. Second, by employing multilevel regression models, this research finds that several ecological and structural factors heterogeneously affect affluent and poor neighborhoods. The results suggest that affluent neighborhoods tend to respond more effectively to the decline process generated by ecological, economic, and structural forces than poor neighborhoods do. This study contributes to the urban neighborhood change scholarship by integrating different theoretical perspectives from the social science literature to understand how neighborhoods at the extremes of the income distribution are likely to persist in their economic status.
15-3 REGIONAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
38-8373
Economy. policy mechanisms. political discourses. Regional development.
The European Union’s flagship Cohesion Policy faces evidence of dubious economic effectiveness and growing political and philosophical critiques of the very ideals of furthering European integration. This article examines ambitions for territorial cohesion as they have been operationalized through regional development in Wales. We argue that a potential alternative to the failed realization of territorial cohesion lies in the principles of spatial justice. While territorial cohesion has typically emphasized the redistribution of funds to ‘lagging’ regions, spatial justice, as we define it, is premised upon enabling regions to assert their own capacity to act and pursue positive visions of regional futures, consider the implications of space and scale for the achievement of justice, and define well-being, development and the ‘good life’ in ways that reflect regional priorities. We examine three ways in which recent political discourses and policy mechanisms in Wales resonate with these ideals. We focus on attempts to envision a progressive Welsh future, develop alternative spaces and scales of governance, and redefine and pluralize understandings of progress and well-being. The article concludes by reflecting on the practical and conceptual implications of rescaling spatial justice to regional contexts.
38-8374
China. Conservation. ecological migration. ecological territorialization. Urban ecology. urban greening.
Across contemporary China, city governments are unevenly territorializing peri-urban villagers’ land and housing by creating new urban ecological conservation sites. I analyze this emerging form of what I call ‘ecological territorialization’ through three interrelated spatial practices: comprehensive urban–rural planning, peri-urban ‘ecological migration’, and the distribution of institutional responsibility for conservation site financing, construction and management. Detailing this triad of territorializing practices renews attention to the relationship between conservation classifications that justify state intervention, uneven displacements of people from rural land and housing, and site-specific capitalizations that collectively consolidate urban government control over rural spaces. These practices emerge stochastically as state, private, and semi-state institutions capitalize on conservation projects in the context of legally and constitutionally underdefined land use rights and ecological land designations. In the current post-socialist moment of urban ‘greening’, these practices are key to producing frontiers of land-based accumulation and extending local state control across the peri-urban fringe. Urban ecological enclosures not only remake city-level state power but also shape rural people’s relationships to land, labor and housing.
16. International Planning
16-4 NATIONAL/REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
38-8375
global development. Green Masterplan. Housing. Political economy. post-genocide Rwanda . urban transformation.
This article connects nested narratives of change in post-genocide Rwanda to examine how ideas of multi-scaled crisis and programs of urban transformation take on greater developmental and distributional significance in a context of a complex political economy. Rwandan elites position the country as the ‘Singapore of Africa’ in their state developmental ambitions and environmental regulations, yet urban areas are reeling from the distributional impacts on services, land and affordable housing that these world-class ambitions carry with them—particularly in the space of the capital, Kigali, and its peripheries. In this article I examine a concatenation of global development expertise, national programs for state transformation, and local planning consequences as urban areas in the country are remapped. What role do programs for urban transformation play in not only remapping the city, but in reconfiguring the political economy of the post-conflict Rwandan nation-state? I examine three themes that interconnect on state transformation through urbanization in Rwanda—international planning expertise, state greening and urban peripheralization—and argue for greater contextual attention to the implications of planning in post-crisis geographies.
38-8376
China. governance. Investment. state-owned enterprise. urban investment and development companies (UIDCs).
While there is general acceptance that urban governance in China is entrepreneurial in nature, little has been written about the precise ways in which Chinese cities implement entrepreneurial policies. In this article we argue that the primary agents of urban entrepreneurialism in China are urban investment and development companies (UIDCs), known in Chinese as chengtou for short. We start by defining UIDCs as a category of state-owned enterprise, but one that is wholly owned by local (often city) governments. We note that in the literature UIDCs are generally recognized for their involvement in raising funds for projects and piling up hidden debts, but their multiple roles in urban development tend to be neglected. We introduce here four UIDCs that have been largely responsible for the transformation of Shanghai into a modern city spearheading Chinese state entrepreneurialism, and in doing so we delineate the full range of the activities of these urban business empires. We argue in particular that they represent a corporate involvement by the state in urban development—the state presenting itself in the guise of a market player, a corporate entity able to raise funds and act as if it were a private company. UIDCs are the driving force behind China’s urban entrepreneurialism and are without a clear parallel elsewhere.
38-8377
Champions. corporate social responsibility (CSP). Innovation. social innovation. social procurement. social value.
The construction industry is the primary focus for social procurement policies in many countries. However, there has been little research into the drivers of social procurement policy adoption in this industry. To help address this gap in research, this paper reports the results of semi-structured interviews with fifteen social procurement professionals who are implementing social procurement into the Australian construction industry. Results reveal interesting historical parallels with the implementation of environmental sustainability initiatives. However, social procurement has yet to become normalized. There appears to be a high level of homogeneity in industry practice and while there is considerable scope for innovation, this is constrained by the prescriptive and ‘top-down’ nature of social procurement policies in Australia which make it difficult for organizations to respond ‘bottom-up’ to actual community needs. It is concluded that the considerable untapped potential of social procurement policies to create social value currently depends on the intrapreneurial efforts of a small number of emerging social procurement professionals who are individually challenging the many institutional norms and practices which undermine the implementation of these policies into the construction industry.
16-5 DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
38-8378
developed city. developing countries. Heritage buildings. Maintenance. Management.
Heritage buildings (HBs) have been identified as iconic buildings vital to sustainable development. Unlike modern buildings that can be maintained without conserving cultural significance, HBs are typically symbols of cultural identity that necessitate specific maintenance management. While effective HB maintenance is critical, research on the influencing factors (IFs) of HB maintenance management (HBMM) is limited. This study investigated IFs in developed and developing regions, namely Hong Kong (HK) and Nigeria, to fill this research gap. First, a systematic literature review was conducted, which resulted in the identification of 17 IFs. Then, a questionnaire survey was conducted to solicit maintenance practitioners’ opinions on the effects of the IFs on HBMM. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to identify commonalities and disparities among 154 valid survey responses. The findings reveal that while the respondents agreed on some IFs’ importance, including international statutory protection guiding HB use, they held divergent opinions about other IFs, which include cultural/religious attachment to HBs. This study revealed the distinctiveness between HK and Nigeria regarding the factors influencing HBMM and provided insights for future researchers to further explore the understudied areas of HBMM. The study’s recommended measures can also help to improve and inform HBMM policy-making.
METHODOLOGY/QUANTITATIVE/ECONOMIC/QUALITATIVE
20. Methodology
20-1 MATHEMATICAL MODELS
38-8379
long-term indoor environment quality. mathematical assessment model. Monte Carlo method. post-occupancy evaluation. Probability distribution.
To overcome the difficulties in comparing enormous time series for indoor environmental parameters and make use of technological developments in previous research, this study considers environmental parameters from a new perspective, their probability density functions (PDFs). PDFs are combined with existing indoor environmental quality (IEQ) mathematical models to assess the long-term IEQ. Two methodologies were developed: probability distribution estimation of indoor environmental parameters and long-term IEQ distribution assessment based on the Monte Carlo method. The effectiveness of the developed methodologies was illustrated in a three-month IEQ assessment of an office. PDFs were obtained with specific mathematical expressions for the three-month air temperature, sound level and illuminance. The three-month distributions for thermal, visual, acoustic and overall environmental quality were presented using eight previous IEQ mathematical models. PDFs have the advantage of using only a few main parameters instead of an enormous time series to explain the behaviour and characteristics of environmental parameters. PDFs can also potentially determine the commonalities of environmental distributions for different buildings. The obtained IEQ distributions present a straightforward and comprehensive impression of the long-term IEQ, rather than a simple index.
20-2 INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY
38-8380
construction technology adoption. high prefabrication level technologies. Prefabricated construction technology. task-technology fit theory. the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology.
Prefabricated construction (PC) contributes to the sustainability of the construction sector, with higher levels of prefabrication providing better performance in theory. However, enterprises have great expectations for the performance of high prefabrication level technologies (HPLTs) but poor adoption behaviours in practice. To address this issue, this study explored the mechanisms of HPLTs adoption from the enterprise perspective, by complementing an integrated model that combines expectations and the fit between tasks and technologies, based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and the task-technology fit theory. The significance of paths affecting the adoption behaviour toward HPLTs was identified by the partial least squares structural equation modelling. The results show that adoption intention and task-technology fit are excellent predictors of adoption behaviour toward HPLTs. Social influence, facilitating conditions, task-technology fit, effort expectancy and task characteristics positively affect adoption intention, while performance expectancy is not found to influence adoption intention. The mediating effect analysis indicates that social influence currently has the largest indirect effect on adoption behaviour, followed by facilitating conditions and task-technology fit. The findings contribute to building a bridge between the expectations and adoption behaviours of HPLTs, and provide guidance for the effective promotion of HPLTs.
38-8381
Construction industry. digital technology. digitalization. fuzzy synthetic evaluation. readiness assessment.
Despite the benefits of digital technologies (DT) to enhance the performance of the construction industry, the implementation of DT in construction practice has lagged behind. Existing studies have extensively investigated the readiness of single DT, but with limited types of DT and a lack of practicability for construction practitioners. Based on a questionnaire survey, we developed a readiness model and a self-assessment tool for assessing DT readiness for construction companies. Among the 15 indicators of DT readiness surveyed, ‘organizational culture’, ‘leadership and top management support’ and ‘top management’s perception’ were identified as the three most critical indicators. Using factor analysis and fuzzy synthetic evaluation approaches, the readiness model incorporates 15 critical indicators within two groups, quantified weightings, membership functions and criticality indices. The self-assessment tool was developed and validated to assess DT readiness for construction companies based on objective weightings, pinpointing where changes are needed in response to technological disruptions and digitalization transformation. This study incorporates both individual and organizational indicators in a novel organizational DT readiness model and provides a self-assessment tool for construction organizations when adopting multiple DT. The research outcomes can assist the decision-making resources for construction companies to plan and monitor their DT adoption process.
20-3 STATISTICS/ECONOMETRICS
38-8382
data-driven statistical modelling. energy performance registry. Existing single-family houses. multicollinearity. real annual energy use. true energy savings.
Large-scale statistical studies on the gap between the real and regulatory energy use in residential buildings in Europe have shown that the regulatory calculation overestimated the real energy use, inflated true energy savings and undermined national energy policy making. Using data from 122,680 Flemish existing single-family houses, this research builds further on existing studies by contributing results for Flanders. The study also examines to what extent available aggregated variables explain the real annual total building energy use using statistical linear models and addresses the problem of multicollinearity and the importance of bootstrapped confidence intervals for model quality control. The overestimation of the real total energy use (and potential energy savings) by the Flemish regulatory method is exceedingly large compared to studies from other EU countries. The Flemish labels prove very poor indicators of the real energy use. Statistical linear models explain up to 46.6% of all variability and indicate that a significant extent of multicollinearity had to be corrected. Half of the variability has been left unexplained and has to be attributed to variables that were not available and the fact that the data were insufficiently accurate. Future analysis will explore whether more complex models identify more evidence.
20-4 RESEARCH METHODS
38-8383
Demographics. Neighborhoods. Spatial.
This essay responds to David Imbroscio’s “Beyond Opportunity Hoarding: Interrogating Its Limits as an Account of Urban Inequities” by suggesting questions that researchers might ask about opportunity hoarding if they considered the concept through a Black epistemic lens. I propose that investigating cultural, cognitive, and psychological commitments to hoarding as a key feature of Whiteness and racial capitalism might lead to insights on how to divest from and ultimately dismantle these systems.
38-8384
1.5-generation immigrants. Generation Z. Gentrification. housing instability. Millennials. Well-being.
Gentrification is a growing problem that impacts immigrants, particularly in Southern California where housing costs continue to rise. This study examines how Millennials and Generation Z—an understudied group of 1.5-generation immigrants—are experiencing housing instability. Because Millennials and Generation Z immigrants have grown up in a housing crisis, they are disproportionately affected by rising housing costs and a lack of affordable housing, contributing to poor well-being. Findings from 30 semistructured interviews with 1.5-generation immigrants reveal that these long-term renters experience extreme housing burden, precarious housing conditions, and displacement. Participants self-reported that over time, the stress of being housing insecure and being discriminated against as an immigrant has affected their sense of belonging and emotional well-being. This study contributes to a better understanding of the consequences of gentrification on immigrants and points to the need to explore how housing instability creates adverse health outcomes for various populations.
38-8385
Circular construction. circular economy. Construction industry. Drivers. Pareto analysis. systematic review.
Circular economy (CE) is gaining traction in the construction industry, providing a responsible business model to decouple construction activities from excessive consumption of finite resources. This study conducted a systematic literature review to consolidate and conceptualize the factors that induce and enable construction organizations and stakeholders to adopt CE solutions in the construction industry. The analysis revealed 88 drivers of CE adoption in the construction industry, clustered into eight dimensions, comprising knowledge, organizational, environmental, social, business, regulatory, technological and supply chain drivers. The study further modelled the path dependencies and hierarchical structure of drivers of CE adoption in the construction industry. Thus, the findings provide a holistic insight into the factors inducing stakeholders to adopt CE in the construction industry. The model can provide decision support to develop integrated policies and targeted interventions to facilitate a successful transition to CE in the construction industry.
38-8386
Barriers. challenges. constraints. design for excellence. industrialized construction.
It is recognized that design for excellence (DfX) methods could deliver significant performance improvements in industrialized construction (IC) projects. However, DfX methods in IC projects in China have been stifled, and existing solutions have failed to deliver expected outcomes. This study investigated the significance of thirty-one challenges of implementing DfX methods in IC projects in China using a questionnaire survey of domain practitioners and academics. Statistical analysis showed that all the challenges were perceived as significant. The top five significant challenges are linked to limited systematic rules, required additional commitment, code compliance complexities, higher design costs, and requirements for continuous design performance evaluation. The study established four principal constraints: limited knowledge and organizational readiness, unsupportive entrenched industry practices, increased organizational financial burden, and deficits in bespoke technical requirements. Therefore, the study offers a fresh insight into the challenges of implementing DfX methods in IC projects in China. It provides supporting evidence for developing countermeasures to improve the wider implementation of DfX in IC projects. The investigated challenges contribute to the theoretical checklist of constraints to implementing DfX methods in IC projects and may form a useful basis for future research.
20-5 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
38-8387
circular economy. Circular procurement. construction sector. developing countries. Ghana. green procurement.
Circular procurement (CP) systems are fast evolving and recently, regarded as a ‘golden-ring’ to be leveraged in promoting the circular economy. However, it appears that the construction sector of developing countries is yet to make any significant adaptions and improvements to its existing procurement practice. In this paper, we examine the state of procurement practice in such countries for opportunities to develop and implement CP. Using case analysis from the Ghanaian context, evidence on the status quo of existing green procurement system is sought to ascertain gaps and similarities between practice, policy and targets needed for CP implementation. Qualitative methods comprising the use of secondary data and interviews with stakeholders from three public tendered projects were adopted, and results analysed to develop a conceptual framework for CP. The findings of the study reveal that government policy, circular strategy, circular sourcing and platforms are essential components that need to be developed for CP implementation. Hence, the developed framework proposes an integration of these aspects through the four-lenses of people, process, policy and technology. The output of this research provides a collective roadmap for policymakers, practitioners and academicians towards the attainment of more circular consumption patterns in emerging construction markets.
38-8388
contextual social determinants of health. Gentrification. Mobility.
This study examines exposure to four contextual Determinants of Health (cDOH): healthcare access (Medically Underserved Areas), socioeconomic condition (Area Deprivation Index), air pollution (Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM 2.5) and Particulate Matter 10 (PM 10)), and walkability (National Walkability Index) among residents of gentrifying and not gentrifying lower income neighborhoods in central cities for the 100 largest metropolitan regions in the US using their location in 2006 and 2019 based on individual level consumer trace data. Individuals who lived in gentrifying neighborhoods as of 2006 had more favorable cDOH in terms of MUA, ADI and Walkability Index and similar levels of pollution. Between 2006 and 2019, they experienced worse changes in MUAs, ADI, and Walkability Index but a greater improvement in exposure to air pollutants. The negative changes are driven by movers, while stayers actually experience a relative improvement in MUAs and ADI and larger improvements in exposure to air pollutants. The findings indicate that gentrification may contribute to health disparities through changes in exposure to cDOH through mobility to communities with worse cDOH among residents of gentrifying neighborhoods although results in terms of exposure to health pollutants are mixed.
38-8389
high-rise construction. modular construction. Modular integrated Construction. offsite construction. socio-technical system.
Modular construction has been widely promoted with numerous benefits, but the promotion has largely been for low- to medium-rise buildings. The implementation of high-rise modular buildings in high-density cities remains limited. This paper aims to investigate modular adoption in high-rise high-density cities by examining drivers, constraints and strategies with the case of modular integrated construction in Hong Kong. The research was carried out through a literature review, expert interviews and a questionnaire survey with key stakeholders. The most important drivers were identified to be faster construction and shortened project duration, financial incentives, better quality control, policy initiative and promotion and improved workers’ well-being. The most significant constraints were found to be over-stringent regulations, limited codes and standards, limited capable suppliers and contractors, logistics challenges and loss of saleable areas. The most important success strategies were identified relating to financial incentives, standards and codes, technical solutions, transport regulations and prioritized adoption in public housing. A systems framework is proposed to address the complexity of modular adoption within social, technological, economic, supply chain and regulatory contexts. The findings should help accelerate the adoption of modular methods in high-rise high-density cities and contribute a systematic approach to informing future research into modular construction.
21. Population
21-3 PROJECTIONS/FORECASTS
38-8390
Cohabitation. coresidency. immigrant groups. private housing. residential behavior. Segregation. social housing.
A single family occupying one residential unit is the typical residential arrangement in cities of the Global North. However, specific communities tend to practice coresidency, wherein several families share the same residential unit. In this study, we evaluate immigrant groups’ coresidency tendencies in London’s East End Whitechapel neighborhood, through a door-to-door survey and interviews. We differentiate between horizontal and vertical family structures and find that a sizable percentage (44.4%) of the residential units were shared by two or more families. At the neighborhood level, we show that the segregated residential pattern of groups was correlated with the pattern of coresidency, indicating that the uneven spatial concentration of ethnic groups led to high densities of families in specific parts of Whitechapel. The interviews reveal that coresidency is not merely a result of economic constraints but also a residential preference reflecting the need for cohabitation with extended family members.
21-4 MIGRATION
38-8391
China. exclusion. Housing. housing policy. inclusion. Migrants.
China is rapidly urbanizing, with hundreds of millions of migrants leaving villages for cities. Under the discriminatory Household Registration (Hukou) System, migrants have been denied urban welfare benefits. The Chinese government has been promoting inclusive urbanization with significant policy changes in recent decades, yet its impact on migrants is not clear. This article examines whether housing is becoming more inclusive to migrants in Chinese cities. A review of recent policy changes at both central and local levels shows that although central housing policy is becoming more inclusive of migrants, local governments have largely remained exclusionary and exercise selective inclusion—allowing only migrants who meet additional, strict requirements to access subsidized housing. The empirical analyses, using two waves of the China Migrants Dynamic Survey, reveal that few migrants have access to subsidized housing despite the policy changes. Institutional barriers continue to exclude migrants from subsidized housing, although many barriers have become less important over time. It is clear that housing discrimination persists, and housing inclusion remains a distant dream for most migrants in China. This research highlights exclusion based on an important but uncommon birth-ascribed status defined by the government and provides a multiscalar perspective on the inclusion of domestic migrants.
38-8392
China. exclusion. Housing. housing policy. inclusion. Migrants.
China is rapidly urbanizing, with hundreds of millions of migrants leaving villages for cities. Under the discriminatory Household Registration (Hukou) System, migrants have been denied urban welfare benefits. The Chinese government has been promoting inclusive urbanization with significant policy changes in recent decades, yet its impact on migrants is not clear. This article examines whether housing is becoming more inclusive to migrants in Chinese cities. A review of recent policy changes at both central and local levels shows that although central housing policy is becoming more inclusive of migrants, local governments have largely remained exclusionary and exercise selective inclusion—allowing only migrants who meet additional, strict requirements to access subsidized housing. The empirical analyses, using two waves of the China Migrants Dynamic Survey, reveal that few migrants have access to subsidized housing despite the policy changes. Institutional barriers continue to exclude migrants from subsidized housing, although many barriers have become less important over time. It is clear that housing discrimination persists, and housing inclusion remains a distant dream for most migrants in China. This research highlights exclusion based on an important but uncommon birth-ascribed status defined by the government and provides a multiscalar perspective on the inclusion of domestic migrants.
22. Economics
22-1 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH
38-8393
Africa. Cultural policy. Gentrification. Urbanism.
Creative cities and culture-led development discourses have come under increasing scrutiny as elite-centric economic development agendas tend to trump ‘civic creativity’ ideals as imagined by Charles Landry. In South Africa, culture-led development and cultural policy tends to primarily mimic that of the global North, largely focusing on culture as a catalyst for economic and property development. Public art commissioning processes tend to focus on decorative projects as part of urban upgrading, which are often associated with ensuing gentrification and displacement of the urban poor. In contrast to focusing on these kinds of regeneration strategies, this article investigates Dlala Indima, a hip-hop-led graffiti project in a rural township in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. This article situates graffiti as a critical social and spatial practice to argue that this case challenges normative cultural planning paradigms. Dlala Indima’s work is an alternative approach to cultural development by and for young people who are usually marginalized by the mainstream practice of culture-led economic development. The project challenges dominant creative cities and culture-led development discourses in three ways: first, it challenges the normative processes of regeneration; secondly, it grounds participatory practice; and finally, it shifts participation from ‘tyranny to transformation’ through the ubuntu of hip-hop, the notion of ubuntu being based on the communitarian notion of ‘ubuntu, ngubuntu ngabantu’—‘I am because you are’.
22-4 PUBLIC FINANCE AND TAXATION
38-8394
China. happiness. housing affordability. housing policy. political discourse.
Although government-led housing affordability policy is an important issue worldwide, there has been little research on how local governments’ commitment to such policy affects people’s subjective well-being or happiness. By combining the analysis of textual information from provincial governments’ annual working reports and microdata from four waves of the China Household Finance Survey (CHFS), this article empirically explores the relationship between political discourses of provincial governments’ committment to housing affordability policies (HAPC) and residents’ self-reported happiness. Our results suggest that Chinese urban residents’ happiness is higher when the local government promises greater dedication to housing affordability improvement; however, this phenomenon existed only in the early 2010s, and the relationship between HAPC and residents’ happiness was insignificant in the mid-2010s, and even became negative in the late 2010s. In addition, we also find that the the association between HAPC and residents’ happiness differs among population groups. We conclude the article with discussions of the implications of the findings for housing policymaking and urban governance.
22-5 FORECASTING
38-8395
Discrimination. fair housing. mobilities. poverty concentration. segregation. Vouchers.
An elusive goal of the Housing Choice Voucher program is to provide more—and better—locational choices for recipient households. Yet landlord discrimination can be a barrier, particularly in areas of greater opportunity. Using a difference-in-difference design with different comparison groups, we evaluate the effectiveness of source-of-income discrimination laws in 31 jurisdictions enacting such laws between 2007 and 2017 in improving locational outcomes for voucher households. We find evidence that such laws lead to more upwardly mobile moves (or greater improvement in neighborhoods) among existing voucher holders who move. Specifically, existing voucher holders who move post enactment experience greater reductions in neighborhood poverty rates and in voucher household shares. We also find that after SOI laws pass, voucher holders move to neighborhoods with larger white population shares than their original neighborhoods. Effects are modest, but they hold for households whose head is Black as well as for families with children, two groups who may face greater challenges in housing markets. We do not find any change in the characteristics of the neighborhoods where new voucher holders lease up after the passage of SOI laws, but this may be confounded by compositional change in the neighborhoods where successful voucher holders originate.
38-8396
brute force parametric analysis. Climate-resilient façade. digital form-finding. genetic optimization. performance-based design.
The contribution presents the results of an applied research aimed at developing an operative methodology and its corresponding data-driven and user-friendly computational workflow for the design of climate-resilient building façade (CRBF) able to adapt to the variation of the environmental conditions through morphology configuration. The research consists of an expansion of an already defined computational workflow proposed to design performance-based architectures and applicable in the early stage of the design process. As far as the façade design is concerned, the contribution foresees to obtain a series of intermediate objectives that contribute to the achievement of optimized design solutions for unitized multifunctional façades which presents different benchmark parameters in relation to the specific design phase and the climate zones in which the façade can be located. The research proposes a case study located in Abu Dhabi (sub-tropical, arid climate) to explore the relationship described above. The research was carried out in two consequential phases, early-stage and mid-stage, involving various benchmarks and different optimization processes that all together describe the complexity of building façade. The design of modular and parametrically façade demonstrates the reliability of the proposed methodology in ensuring benchmarks achieving and optimizing performative aspects, defined according to site’s climate analysis.
22-6 SPATIAL ANALYSIS/MODELS
38-8397
crime attractors and detractors. Land use. Neighborhoods. property crimes (robbery and burglary). Zoning.
This research article seeks to identify how the type of land use affects the number of robberies and burglaries in Mexico City. Also, it searches for the factors that promote and prevent these crimes in urban settlements, specifically at the neighborhood level in two places: street and home, which are public and private spaces. We run a log-linear ordinary least squares regression model, and some of the results are interesting. With slight differences in the significance of the control variables, it can be inferred that neighborhoods with a predominantly mixed land use tend to concentrate higher rates of street robbery (violent and nonviolent) but lower rates of home burglaries. Additionally, our model’s evidence suggests that public transport stops, public schools, convenience stores, clandestine garbage dumps, and bars and restaurants are attractors of pedestrian robbery; meanwhile, convenience stores are detractors of home robberies and burglaries. Against what many studies suggest, the variable of pawnshops per square kilometer had no statistically significant effect on any robbery or burglary rate.
38-8398
Agglomeration. Gentrification. India. informality. land tenures. postcolonial cities. Southern urbanism. Urban theory.
This article argues that the theoretical invisibility of non-privatized land tenures constitutes a failure of the urban imaginary, which restricts the ability to forge less commodified urban futures. The article explicates two attributes of non-privatized land—fungibility and combinatoriality—that produce an urban land nexus capable of fostering pro-poor agglomeration economies and generating socialities that exceed the model of the separative self that is hegemonic in more propertied settings. Fungibility, it shows, externalizes supportive economies of production and reproduction into surrounding neighborhoods by shifting the boundaries and terms of usufruct without cadastral oversight or regulation. Combinatoriality—a hybrid formulation of combined territories and combined territorialities—describes overlapping forms of access to land or demarcations of legitimate land use, either competitive or reciprocal. Together, these two attributes of non-privatized land systems produce a propinquity requirement for economic production, or a social density and liveliness more limited in privatized land markets. Through a diagnostic analogy with the simple reproduction squeeze characteristic of subsistence agrarian settings, it charts how an urban spatial reproduction squeeze—felt globally in dense, rising-rent environments across the global North and South—generates subsistence needs that mixed-tenure environments are uniquely capable of fulfilling and that can provide inspiration for radical housing struggles elsewhere.
22-7 ECONOMIC THEORY
38-8399
architectural design. Cross-laminated timber. diffusion of innovation. green building product. partial least squares-structural equation modelling.
Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is a quasi-rigid composite engineered timber product that can assist the building industry in reducing embodied carbon emissions. The adoption of CLT in architectural design is of great importance to help to achieve China’s dual carbon goals. This study aims to understand the factors and their effects on influencing architects’ intentions to adopt this low-carbon building technology. It applied the theory of diffusion of innovation (DOI), incorporated architects’ innovativeness and material properties of cross-laminated timber and used partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) to construct an adoption model. The adoption of CLT was found to depend on architects’ novelty seeking and independent judgement making as well as the trialability, observability, relative advantage and riskiness. Observability had the most significant impact on the intention to use cross-laminated timber, followed by trialability, riskiness and relative advantage. It is imperative to increase the extent to which CLT can be observed and experienced by design professionals, to increase the publicity of its benefits, and to address barriers to uptake. Significant differences were found between architects with different years of work experience, which will help to develop tailored strategies for better promoting cross-laminated timber in China.
22-8 WELFARE ECONOMICS
38-8400
citizenship by investment program . House prices. Immigration. Istanbul. Istanbul.
Citizenship by investment (CBI) programs have recently garnered significant academic and media attention. Turkey introduced such a program in 2017 that offers citizenship in exchange for investment in residential property. Through the program, thousands of foreigners, mainly from the Middle East and Asia, have purchased houses, particularly in Istanbul. Foreigners’ share of total houses sold in Istanbul almost sextupled and exceeded 10% of total sales. This study estimates the short-run impact of relatively wealthy foreigners on the residential property prices in Istanbul investing to buy a Turkish passport. It finds that the Turkish CBI program positively impacts house prices by 2% in the districts, which are likely to be favored most by immigrant investors.
38-8401
Domestic violence. safe housing. systems advocacy.
Domestic violence (DV) survivors often encounter serious barriers navigating between housing and homelessness (H/H), coordinated entry (CE), and DV service systems to access safe housing. This study examined an innovative program that deployed DV coordinators as systems change agents liaising between H/H services, DV programs, and CES to increase survivors’ safe housing access. Five listening sessions were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide to explore key stakeholders’ perspectives about the potential impact of he DV coordinator program. Transcripts were thematically coded and then member checked. Primary themes included: (a) training, consultation, and brokering relationships to advance systems reforms; (b) adapting to community contexts; and (c) bringing survivors’ voices to funders and policymakers. Cross-sector training was an important program outcome. However, meaningful systems changes were not likely to occur through training activities alone. Community partners benefited from responsive real-time consultation, as well as coaching and support to address survivors’ needs in a trauma-informed manner. Relationship building and networking encouraged cross-sector collaborations and creative pragmatic solutions to complicated survivor needs. Findings underscored the complementary nature of direct service and systems advocacy and the importance of having service providers, like DV housing navigators working parallel with DV systems change advocates.
PHYSICAL/ENVIRONMENTAL
30. Housing and Real Estate
30-1 HOUSING/REAL ESTATE POLICY
38-8402
housing adjustment. housing satisfaction. Jakarta. rent arrears. social housing.
This study examines the relationship between housing satisfaction and low-income tenants’ willingness to pay rental fees in government-owned rental apartments (GORAs), a form of social housing in Indonesia. Despite their sophisticated physical features and affordable rents, GORAs have experienced mounting arrears that burden the provincial maintenance budget. This situation contradicts the assumption that better quality housing will increase housing satisfaction and reduce the amount of rent nonpayment. By examining the situation in one GORA in Jakarta, Indonesia, this study reveals that the well-designed physical features of GORAs do not necessarily increase housing satisfaction, because the prototypical design’s failure to accommodate aspects of the residents’ sociocultural context and the prohibition of adjustments to the units diminish residents’ financial capacity and their social ties. Consequently, their poor level of housing satisfaction contributes to the mounting levels of arrears. This study recommends a comprehensive review of existing housing policy to better accommodate residents’ desired sociocultural activities and their potential means of generating revenue, thereby improving residents’ welfare and potentially reducing the total amount of rent arrears.
38-8403
Canada. Climate change. global record. Housing. Housing Policy Debate.
June of 2023 was the hottest month on Earth since record-keeping began in the 1800s—that is, until July 2023 once again shattered the global record. Canada experienced its worst wildfire season in modern history, muffling New York City in an eerie orange fog. Meanwhile, Phoenix, Arizona, logged 31 consecutive days of temperatures over 110 degrees Fahrenheit, making access to air-conditioned shelter a matter of life and death. It seems timely, then, to collect seven recent articles dealing with links between housing and climate change in this issue of Housing Policy Debate.
38-8404
COVID-19 pandemic. eviction. Housing. moratoria. pandemic. Public health.
This article provides the first comprehensive description of federal and state housing policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Beginning on March 13, 2020, the federal government, 43 states, the District of Columbia, and five American territories issued eviction moratoria that varied in terms of justification, the stage(s) of eviction frozen, the duration and source of protections, and the eligible population. There were cross-state differences in implementation of the two federal eviction moratoria and in additional renter-supportive measures. Although eviction moratoria were largely justified on public health grounds, protections were lifted or weakened prior to control of the pandemic. Moratoria—especially those that froze the earliest stages of the eviction process—significantly reduced eviction filings. The descriptive and analytic framework detailed here provides researchers and practitioners with the tools to advance, evaluate, and refine renter protection strategies that serve to safeguard communities from housing loss.
38-8405
housing affordability. Housing Policy Debate. Policy. residential mortgage.
Housing Policy Debate was originally established by Fannie Mae, a private company chartered by the U.S. government to provide stability and expanded access in the residential mortgage market. It was meant to fill a need for rigorous policy research and debate in response to the American mortgage crisis and housing affordability challenges of the 1980s (Danielsen, Citation2015). Yet even from its earliest days, the journal recognized the need to understand issues related to housing policy and finance arising elsewhere in the world. Today, a large share of submissions come from abroad; in 2022, only 38% of original manuscripts came from U.S.-based authors, with the remainder originating principally from China, Turkey, Australia, and Canada, but also from Colombia, Malaysia, Qatar, and 25 other countries. The journal’s readership is also international, with more than a third of full-text downloads occurring outside of North America.
38-8406
FEMA. Hurricane María. postdisaster planning. postdisaster reconstruction. Puerto Rico. vulnerable populations.
In the months after Hurricane María’s devastation of Puerto Rico, press outlets and advocacy groups documented how Puerto Rico’s experience with housing repair and reconstruction programs was rife with complaints and inconsistencies regarding approval of applications and denial of support, especially among vulnerable communities. These problems are not unique to Puerto Rico and have been frequently raised by numerous communities in the United States that have endured disasters. This article contributes to the critical task of revealing postdisaster damages and reconstruction trends through a detailed examination of housing and personal property damages and benefits received through the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)’s Individual Assistance (IA) Program after Hurricane María. It also shows which municipalities were most affected and have the greatest housing needs. We demonstrate that, in the aggregate, poor or geographically vulnerable households were not likely to be underserved. Nonetheless, poor households are left with a greater burden in the form of pending housing needs after aid relief has been allocated, rendering them more vulnerable to being displaced. Furthermore, households that lacked clear tenure status were unable to access IA aid because of administrative and procedural burdens.
38-8407
China. housing. housing affordability. transformations.
China is at a critical stage of rebuilding its housing policy framework to address the rising housing affordability crisis the country now faces. The four decades of housing reform, characterized by privatization and marketization, have significantly improved the overall living conditions of urban households, but also led to rising housing costs, deteriorated housing affordability, and increased housing inequality in many Chinese cities (Fang et al., Citation2020; Huang & Li, Citation2014). The housing reform also led to profound social and spatial transformations in Chinese cities (Huang & Li, Citation2014).
38-8408
Great Recession. housing affordability. material hardship. neighborhood conditions. residential satisfaction. Well-being.
Millions of households face housing affordability problems as house prices and rents rise faster than incomes. Yet little is known about how high housing expenditures affect well-being. Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, we examine the relationship between housing cost burden, material hardship, and residential satisfaction after the Great Recession. We find that households with higher housing cost burdens were more likely to experience some form of material hardship, controlling for other variables. The probability of material hardship increased with cost burden for households spending up to 50% of their income on housing. However, households that spend more than half of their income on housing are no more likely to experience material hardship than households who spend around 50%. We find some evidence that families with children trade high housing costs for improvements in housing conditions. The findings provide empirical support for using housing cost burden as a measure of affordability and suggest higher housing cost burdens may contribute to decreased well-being through multiple forms of material hardship but also may have threshold effects.
30-2 CONSTRUCTION/MAINTENANCE/HOUSING AND BUILDING CODES
38-8409
building’s setbacks. detached house. Satisfaction. thermal comfort. visual privacy.
Currently, there is a growing interest in enhancing building regulations in Jordan since it has a direct impact on the quality of the built environment and then on individuals’ life. Human satisfaction is connected with comfort level in several aspects, including thermal, physical, psychological, and personnel. Such a relation required a comprehensive and integrated vision to be analysed in general and in conservative culture as Jordan in specific. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the impact of buildings’ setbacks on thermal comfort and visual privacy for residential development, which has been classified into four categories based on assigned land use. Field observation and spatial analysis were done for the research setting. The relation between thermal comfort and visual privacy in a detached house was tested by using primary data that was conducted through an online survey from 254 respondents. Research data were analysed using multinomial regression analysis showing that the level of satisfaction correlates with setbacks; a higher level of satisfaction resulted from better thermal comfort and visual privacy with larger setbacks. However, this contradicts principles of sustainability that appreciate intensification guidelines to reduce sprawl. So, there is a need to revise building codes to improve the level of satisfaction and well-being.
38-8410
Canada. eviction. eviction prevention. social and affordable housing. Vulnerability.
Evictions are a common contributing factor to homelessness and are experienced overwhelmingly by vulnerable populations, including low-income households, single parents, and minority groups. At the same time, social and affordable housing providers serve increasingly vulnerable populations. Although all evictions are potentially problematic, those that occur in social and affordable housing can carry particularly severe consequences. Little research exists on evictions in social and affordable housing, and there is even less on eviction prevention practices in this sector. This project seeks to fill this research gap by exploring emerging eviction prevention practices in social and affordable housing in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Our findings show that evictions are a complicated process for both tenants and housing providers, and most commonly occur because of rent arrears. Housing providers try to prevent evictions, and toward this end, they have adopted four broad eviction prevention practices, centered on financial management, regular communication with tenants, provision of tenant supports, and community development. However, housing providers are often constrained in their ability to prevent evictions, in particular by human resource and financial limitations. These challenges lead to complex negotiations between housing providers’ social mandates to provide affordable housing to vulnerable households and their regulatory and operational environments.
38-8411
Affordable housing. community land trust (CLT). Gender. Housing tenure. Race. social housing.
Relying on market-based housing policies has been inadequate to meet the need for affordable and sustainable housing and has heightened disparities in the housing system, especially along lines of race and gender. Community land trusts (CLTs) promise more equitable ways of providing stable, secure, and affordable housing for those marginalized in market-based housing. Yet there has been limited research comparing CLT housing with mainstream tenures. Using data from the first sample survey of CLT owners (N = 216) that includes comparison groups of market owners (N = 142) and renters (N = 130) drawn from similar low- and moderate-income populations, we find that those who purchase CLT homes are similar demographically to renters but compared with market owners are more likely to be Black and from households headed by women. We find no difference between CLT and market-rate homeowners in terms of benefits often attributed to homeownership, specifically financial well-being, stability, and a sense of house as home. CLT owners report having more time and resources to pursue desired activities than do market owners. Despite their demographic similarity to CLT owners, renters fare worse on all of these dimensions. We conclude with policy recommendations for housing tenures that provide permanent affordability, greater social equality and greater democratic resident control.
38-8412
housing. mixed methods. Neighborhoods. New urbanism. qualitative methods. Transportation.
Rail transit impacts on adjacent neighborhoods are contested. Through the lens of New Urbanism and sustainable urban development, this article offers a critical analysis of different perceptions of neighborhood changes occurring after the opening of a new light rail line in Charlotte, North Carolina. We conducted 15 interviews with representatives in planning, transportation, and real estate; 11 focus groups with 75 residents living close to a light rail station; and a content analysis of 86 local news articles. Although the various stakeholders do not represent homogeneous groups, light rail investments and associated neighborhood changes are typically viewed positively by planners, developers, and local media but have received mixed responses from residents. We tie this into a broader discussion about putting New Urbanism into practice. Besides furthering academic discussions, this article can inform local planning and policy in areas of transportation, housing, and economic development.
38-8413
adaptation planning. climate gentrification. climate justice. green infrastructure. Resilience. Vulnerability.
As cities strive to protect vulnerable residents from climate risks and impacts, recent studies have identified a challenging link between these measures and gentrification processes that reconfigure, but do not necessarily eliminate, climate insecurities. Green resilient infrastructure (GRI) may especially increase the vulnerability of lower income communities of color to gentrification, an issue that remains underexplored. Drawing on the forerunner green city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as our case study, this article adopts a novel intersectional approach to assess overlapping and interdependent factors in generating vulnerability and resilience using spatial quantitative data and qualitative interviews with community-based organizers, nonprofits, and municipal stakeholders. More specifically, this article develops a new methodology to assess vulnerability to future climate gentrification and contributes to debates on the role of urban development, housing, and sustainability practices in climate justice dynamics. It also informs strategies that can reduce social and racial inequities in the context of climate adaptation planning.
38-8414
participatory action research. Poverty. slum upgrading. social housing programs. young land occupations.
How suitable are federal housing policies and slum upgrading programs for those living in young land occupations? Scholars rarely ask this question because research and policy target well-established settlements that have acquired tenure security. In contrast, young land occupations are highly vulnerable, emergent settlements threatened with eviction and are not sufficiently visible to attract government and scholarly attention. Through a multiyear collaboration with activists, social movements, nonprofits, and residents of young land occupations in São Paulo, Brazil, this participatory action research elucidates who occupies these locations and why, where they come from, and the housing struggles they face. A survey administered to 906 households depicts land occupiers as uniformly very poor and vulnerable, unlike the low- to modest-income dwellers of consolidated informal settlements. An assessment of existing social housing programs emphasizes the need to develop housing assistance and upgrading programs specifically targeting the socioeconomic conditions of land occupiers, thus proactively supporting them.
38-8415
demographic factors. facility management. High-rise apartment. maintenance policy. post-occupancy evaluation.
With the rapid increase in urbanization and the number of residents living in high-rise apartment buildings, the quality of living environments in terms of the facility, safety and hygiene of high-rise housing has become an important topic. Although numerous studies have investigated occupant satisfaction through subjective assessment, only few studies have used objective assessment methods, such as expert evaluation, to elucidate the quality of high-rise apartments and the related occupancy factors. According to the dataset from Toronto’s RentSafeTO programme, which provides the results for 9928 high-rise apartments evaluated using 20 quality indicators, this study conducted a factor analysis and identified two main factors for assessing high-rise housing: building structure and building facilities. Furthermore, this study used multiple regression models and census data to analyse the housing quality at the regional level. The results of social housing and private housing differed. Labour force attributes, education, immigration and ethnic origin significantly affected the quality of private housing. The results provide important directions for the post-occupancy evaluation of high-rise apartments. In addition, demographic factors significantly affected residential quality. This study provides a basis for the government to formulate equal and unbiased support for high-rise building maintenance and management.
30-3 HOUSING/REAL ESTATE FINANCE AND VALUE
38-8416
housing affordability. housing cost burden. mixed legal status. unauthorized immigrants. undocumented immigrants.
In recent decades, the number of unauthorized immigrants in the United States has increased substantially, while simultaneously housing affordability has become a crisis. Despite these trends and the role that immigrant legal status plays in stratifying immigrants over a range of social and economic outcomes, little research focuses on the relationship between immigrant legal status and housing affordability. Using a nationally representative data set and a logical imputation method that estimates immigrant legal status in the data, this article explores the relationship between immigrant legal status and housing cost burden. Results from logit regression models indicate that unauthorized immigrant and mixed legal status renter households are more likely to experience housing cost burden than are households comprised of immigrants living in the United States lawfully or native-born residents, even after controlling for a variety of factors. Among owner households, households of unauthorized and mixed legal status are more likely to experience housing cost burden than are native-born households. As a result, unauthorized immigrants and their families likely experience a disadvantage in the housing market of the United States.
38-8417
housing demand. Housing prices. housing supply. Public policy. Real estate. Regulation.
The considerable rise in housing prices in Israel from 2008 to 2018, after the stagnation (and drop) in their prices in the early 2000s, placed concern about a real estate bubble in the Israeli economy on the public agenda. This study examines the effects of Israeli public policy on the real estate industry in general and on housing prices in particular during 2016–2020 to try to determine the most efficient way to regulate housing prices in an economy whose demographics create a gradually increasing natural demand for housing. Is it desirable to promote policy steps that act to curb and regulate demand, or would it be more efficient to promote a plan to increase the supply of housing? The findings show that the public policy formulated and implemented in Israel in these years did not achieve its long-term goal of reducing housing prices; rather, it only halted the price rise in the short term. The policy was clearly affected by shortsighted political considerations. It is therefore possible that the choice between regulating demand and regulating supply in the housing industry may in fact reflect the choice between the wide public interest and the narrow personal interest of policy designers.
38-8418
Affordable housing. apartments. Multifamily housing. not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) . Property values.
A common form of not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) activism is resistance to multifamily housing. Although NIMBY activism often targets both market-rate and subsidized multifamily development, studies of the effects of multifamily housing primarily focus on subsidized rental apartments. This study addresses this gap by analyzing the effects of condominiums and market-rate apartments as well as subsidized rental housing. Taking Little Rock, Arkansas, as a case study, this research uses a difference-in-differences approach to measure the effects of five types of multifamily housing on nearby single-family home sales prices: condominiums, market-rate rental apartments, subsidized rental apartments, senior and special needs apartments, and other multifamily housing (such as dormitories). The results suggest that most forms of multifamily housing have either no effect or a positive effect on sales prices for single-family homes within 2,000 feet of a new multifamily housing development.
38-8419
conceptual. Ghana. housing market. rental value. submarkets.
This article conceptualizes the rental housing market using housing typologies, housing form, and submarket definitions to understand how the market operates in a developing country context. Drawing conclusions from the extant literature and market observations in Ghana, the research provides a framework for analyzing the rental housing market in developing countries. An understanding of the housing market structure provides some clarity on submarket existence, price movements, and conceptual issues relating to how rental values are determined within the market. The findings suggest that the price premiums of location and neighborhood attributes within parts of sub-Saharan Africa may be overstated; this is contrary to an important cliché in real estate, location, location, location. The findings further provide useful insights and serve as a guide in understanding rental market dynamics, particularly in contexts where access to data remains a challenge. This research is one of the first attempts to develop a holistic framework in understanding the housing market structure in the Global South and to empirically verify the same.
38-8420
Indoor environmental quality. occupant perception. occupants’ satisfaction. self-reported comfort. social housing.
Social housing users are generally more vulnerable due to age and socioeconomic conditions and have to deal with specific problems related to vulnerability to poor indoor environment exposure. The current housing model does not respond to the diversity of family structures and their needs, and it is, therefore, essential to integrate residents’ perspectives into the process of improving their quality of life, health and comfort. This study aims to analyse the factors that influence the perceived Indoor Environmental Quality and comfort of public rental housing. It also aims to study occupants’ perceived comfort in relation to the characteristics of the dwellings. To achieve the objective of the study, a multifactorial approach has been applied to a sample of 283 dwellings in 16 buildings of the public rental stock in the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country, Spain, with data obtained in a survey conducted in the winter. The analysis of the incident variables in the perceived indoor environment supports the idea of the influence of occupants’ perspectives and the subjectivity of their responses in the comfort analyses and provides new insight into the relationship between the physical characteristics of social housing and households’ perceived comfort.
38-8421
Airbnb—Indian cities. Airbnb—rents and housing prices. digital platform economy—Indian cities. housing affordability—rents in Indian cities. Housing—Indian cities.
This article answers the question: What is the effect of Airbnb on rents and housing prices? Based on theory and empirical evidence, we expect that in cities where Airbnb is active, rental accommodation and housing would be relatively more expensive. This is because we assume that such units were withdrawn from the housing market and excess capacity of houses can be used. We distinguish between the rents of one- , two- , and three-bedroom apartments, in addition to housing prices in major Indian cities. Accounting for the endogeneity of Airbnb density, we find that the Airbnb density has a significant effect in terms of raising rents of apartments of different sizes as well as increasing housing prices. The magnitude of our estimates implies an increase of up to 0.08% in the rent of two-bedroom apartments, 0.14% in the rents of three-bedroom apartments, and 0.39% in housing prices per square foot, for every 1-percentage-point increase in Airbnb density. These effects are higher than those found in some existing studies, but lower than those found by others. The policy implications of the research and caveats of the data and research are summarized.
30-4 HOME OWNERSHIP/RENTAL HOUSING
38-8422
Gentrification. Rental housing. transit-oriented development/revitalization. Urban planning.
This article examines a highly localized example of marginalized renters in an aging, low- to moderate-density suburban neighborhood facing displacement because of high-density redevelopment in a transit-oriented development (TOD) planning area. In doing so, I offer a case study for those concerned that TOD interventions could result in gentrification and the displacement of low-income groups. In this article I show how TOD policy has come to bear upon residents of a single rental apartment complex in Metro Vancouver’s suburban City of Coquitlam, in British Columbia, Canada. This local case lies at a nexus of international migration, the Syrian refugee crisis, understandings of adequate refugee housing, and imaginaries of sustainable urban renewal. TOD policies are buttressed by arguments for smart growth and environmental sustainability, and in this case those arguments surmount social equity concerns. However, I question the impartiality of TOD logic requiring high-density residential redevelopment around rapid transit stations when residential intensification policies readily target areas of lower income renters, but are slower to affect areas of single-family homes. A mixed-methods research design of Geographical Information System (GIS) mapping, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions reveals a complicated set of circumstances in which TOD planning contributed to the displacement of Syrian refugees.
38-8423
COVID-19 pandemic. eviction. Income. Renters.
How renters respond to economic hardship, and how landlords respond when tenants fail to make rent, are understudied questions, owing largely to limited data. We use experiences from the COVID-19 pandemic to begin answering these questions. Drawing on both new census data and two original surveys of renters in Los Angeles County, we test nine hypotheses about the sources of renter distress and landlord reactions to it. We find that lost work and lost income are the primary drivers of missed or late payments. Most tenants who fell behind entered into repayment plans with their landlords. Eviction threats were uncommon but increased as the pandemic persisted. Landlords were more likely to threaten eviction as tenants fell further behind, and smaller landlords were more likely than larger ones to cut tenant services and threaten or initiate evictions. Our evidence suggests that government income support helped tenants pay rent and thus helped stave off eviction threats. We also find that tenants took on other forms of debt, such as credit cards, loans from family, etc., to make rent. These debt burdens generally will not be relieved by housing assistance, and so require other policy responses
38-8424
Beijing. formal private rental. housing affordability. Residential segregation.
Residential segregation by income has become an emerging concern in Chinese cities. Existing literature on residential segregation has mostly focused on the informal rental market, and little is known about the formal private rentals. Nevertheless, with the continued removal of informal settlements, formal private rentals are likely to play a more pivotal role in the provision of affordable housing in the upcoming years. Using data from online rental listings, this article examines changes in the spatial distribution of affordable formal private rentals in Beijing between 2015 and 2018. Our study finds that the availability of affordable formal private rentals decreased drastically in the central city area in the 3-year period, whereas the remaining affordable units in the central-city subdistricts became increasingly segregated from other higher priced rentals. When compared across rentals of different price ranges, the affordable rentals ended up being the most segregated in both 2015 and 2018, with a city-level index of dissimilarity of 0.71 and 0.75, respectively. The research findings necessitate policies that promote affordable rental provision in central locations.
30-5 HOUSING REHABILITATION
38-8425
Affordability. city. Housing. Urban planning.
This article confronts the global affordable urban housing crisis by critically examining what has arguably become the dominant policy rhetoric in advanced economies: the accelerated market-based housing supply. This approach promotes efficient land and housing markets, fashions an enabling approach to planning, aims to deregulate development and building processes, and seeks to curtail local government and planning systems’ powers. These claims are juxtaposed here with heterodox literature strands, and—utilizing a multicity comparative ethnographical methodology—urban stakeholders’ perspectives in the Australasian housing crisis hotspots of Sydney and Auckland. The findings suggest a convergence of sobering stakeholders’ perspectives and critical, multifaceted literature claims. They thus demonstrate the fallacies of the market supply fetish in relation to generating affordability, and expose its status-quo-reproducing nature. The concluding reflections call for an intellectual and political engagement with the affordable city imaginary and associated policy strategies toward affordable futures for all.
30-6 HOUSING FOR SPECIAL POPULATIONS
38-8426
energy-efficient retrofit. Indoor environmental quality. occupants’ satisfaction. post-occupancy evaluation.
Housing retrofits are undertaken to reduce energy use and to improve ‘occupants’ indoor environmental conditions. Despite increased retrofitting of the Italian housing stock, there is a lack of data on their energy use and indoor environmental quality (IEQ). This paper fills this gap by a post-occupancy evaluation (POE) study of seven retrofitted apartments in northern Italy; a non-retrofitted case study was included as a comparison. The study aimed to understand aspects of IEQ and occupant satisfaction after energy-efficiency retrofits. A mixed-method approach encompassed occupant satisfaction surveys, energy bill comparisons, in-situ indoor air temperature, and relative humidity measurements. Results highlighted ‘occupants’ thermal comfort improvement and heating energy consumption reduction after retrofits. Furthermore, reported preferred indoor temperatures w within a broader range than the recommended Italian regulations and CIBSE guide A standard. However, some participants reported unintended consequences, including mould growth and noise from the mechanical ventilation system. This study shows the potential of POE to understand the actual performance of retrofitted residential buildings. However, the difficulties of conducting a POE in retrofitted existing residential buildings show the need of further research on how to effectively conduct POE in retrofitted residential buildings, including improved digital quality monitoring methods.
38-8427
housing affordability. housing finance. Mass production. Mexico. Suburbanization.
Mexican cities began an urban expansion process fueled principally by public mortgage supply in the early 2000s. The new urban landscape, comprising mass-produced suburban housing developments for low-income families, deepened socioeconomic differences. For years, developers have claimed land prices are the reason for suburban expansion in Mexico, not policy-enabled construction economies. This study tests the hypothesis that cost reduction strategies through scale economies explain the suburban location and the homogeneous landscape built under the reformed mortgage system. Using data on housing production costs for Tijuana, the results show that building homes using technology developed during policy implementation yields scale economies and reduces building costs. Additionally, statistics on housing developers’ location decisions illustrate how production economies have contributed to a landscape that increased segregation, exclusion, and housing vacancy in Mexican cities.
38-8428
cross-country comparison. Homeownership. household formation. Immigration. racial minorities.
This study focuses on the fastest changing component of housing demand in the future—the immigrant and minority groups, age 25–84. Using the 2006 and 2016 Canadian censuses and American Community Surveys, we compare headship and homeownership rates of both immigrants and native-born Whites in Canada and the United States. We model the probability of being a renter head, owner head, or nonhousehold head by fitting a multinomial logistic regression, controlling for several individual and contextual variables for both countries. We find that most immigrant groups have had similar patterns of household formation in the two countries and that, whereas immigrants have shown upward mobility in both housing markets, those in Canada have progressed more quickly than in the United States. Further, we find that women are less likely than men to be a household head in both countries, but that the gap is larger in Canada.
38-8429
Accessibility. accommodation. disability. older persons. social care. Trinidad.
This paper examines the accommodation in houses in Trinidad in the context of older persons with disabilities. An exploratory sequential mixed-methods research design was used. In the qualitative phase, a list of accommodation items was identified via interviews. This information was used to develop a questionnaire to measure accommodation items of a large nationally representative sample of houses in Trinidad. Only physical accessibility items were identified, and data from 768 houses indicated that no house had all identified items. There is a need for urgent adoption and implementation of accessibility standards. Findings also indicate modification cost is a challenge and that responses targeted to low-income and rural households are needed. Lastly, the social care context, specifically the family care potential, is an important consideration in housing policy debates, and community homes for the aged and programs involving multiple experts to identify and support housing modification are recommended.
38-8430
collateral consequences. Homelessness. housing denial. subsidized housing.
Affordable housing is a critical resource with serious ramifications for a range of outcomes for low-income households. However, low-income prospective tenants are often denied subsidized housing through the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) on the basis of factors directly or indirectly related to their poverty and racialized identities. This study assesses how the admissions policies of public housing authorities and Section 8 Project-Based Rental Assistance developments in Rhode Island define criteria for denial on the basis of applicants’ criminal legal history, alcohol use, landlord history, and credit history. Three key findings emerge from this study that highlight the endemic nature of housing exclusion and elucidate how it is enacted. First, the plans include grounds for denial that far exceed the HUD-mandated criteria and utilize long lookback periods. Second, plans lack clarity and transparency. Third, admissions criteria vary significantly by development characteristics. Policy interventions include increased oversight and transparency and advocacy for inclusionary language.
38-8431
building information modelling. China. Construction. Green building. project management. United Kingdom.
Decentralization and a lack of integration in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry are some of the main challenges for project management in green building construction. To address this problem, many construction companies have attempted to use building information modelling (BIM) to coordinate and optimize the management of green building projects. However, the research on successfully adopting and using BIM in interdisciplinary teams working on green building projects is limited; moreover, comprehensive comparisons across different countries and regions are lacking. Therefore, this study conducts a novel investigation of the key factors affecting the use of BIM in project management for green building construction through case studies in the UK and China. This study uses semi-structured interviews, Python-based term frequency analysis and thematic analysis to identify five key themes, namely, communication, data environment, motivation, project members and policy, which influence the adoption and implementation of BIM. In addition, based on gained insights, the impacts of different green building certification levels on BIM project management during the construction phase must be fully considered. These findings provide practical recommendations for BIM management in green building construction projects and contribute to the field of construction management.
30-7 LOW- AND MODERATE-INCOME HOUSING
38-8432
healthy housing. housing quality. Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC).
The physical environment has a powerful impact on our physical and mental health, especially in our homes. One vehicle for advancing a healthier affordable housing stock is the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC). The aim of this research was to examine the manner and extent to which various housing quality provisions pertaining to health are embedded in the Qualified Allocation Plan (QAP) of the LIHTC program. From content analysis of the QAP of each of the 50 states and a survey of state housing finance agencies (HFAs), results revealed that: the most frequently required healthy housing provisions address housing quality, whereas the most incentivized ones address proximity to neighborhood services and amenities; few states bundle high-priority provisions relevant to asthma, respiratory health and toxic exposures, which are major health concerns for vulnerable children; the top two motivators for considering healthy housing provisions in the LIHTC process were “championship and initiation by agency staff” and “learning of similar practices in other states”; among other findings. Recommendations are made for HFA practices, and directions for future research are proposed.
38-8433
COVID-19 pandemic. Households. Housing Policy Debate. Low-income housing.
Within the last two decades, renting has become a much more popular way of accessing housing in the United States. Nearly 10 million more American households rented their homes in 2022 than in 2002, and renters now make up more than 34% of the whole. Growing rentership has been accompanied by a dwindling supply of low-cost rentals, and a rising share of households that carry severe rent burdens (Joint Center for Housing Studies, Citation2023). The COVID-19 pandemic further destabilized the market, suddenly interrupting income for many renters (and consequently for their landlords), but also ushering in bold interventions such as eviction moratoria. This issue of Housing Policy Debate features the latest research on rental housing in the United States and has implications for rental housing policy at every level of government.
38-8434
Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC). scattered-site. senior housing. supportive housing.
Studies on the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program have found that whereas LIHTC buildings are more likely to be placed in regions with higher crime incidence, the construction of a unit has either a negative or a neutral impact on crime. Few studies, however, account for the substantial variation in building type and building characteristics that exist within the LIHTC program. This article focuses on a subset of 462 buildings in Ohio to analyze how building type and building characteristics may influence violent crime exposure at the time of placement and over time. We find both initial crime exposure and change in crime over time varied by building type and characteristics. General occupancy buildings were placed in areas with significantly higher crime rates than in the locations where senior buildings were placed. Regional density and unit concentration were significantly associated with crime at placement and over time. Scattered-site buildings were most highly associated with higher crime exposure at placement and with crime increases over time. We use these findings to provide recommendations for researchers and state policymakers as they construct Qualified Allocation Plans.
38-8435
California. Climate adaptation. extreme heat. Low-income housing. Urban environments.
Heat is the leading weather-related cause of death in the United States, and housing characteristics affect heat-related mortality. This paper answers two questions. First, how do heat risk measures vary by housing type and location in San José, California? Second, what housing and neighborhood factors are associated with greater heat risk? We first create a parcel dataset with housing, heat risk, and neighborhood characteristics. We then use a combination of descriptive statistics, exploratory mapping, and linear regression models to analyze associations between housing, neighborhoods, and heat risk. The results indicate that households of different housing types face varying degrees of heat risk, and the largest disparities are between detached single-family (lowest heat risk) and multifamily rental (highest heat risk). Air conditioning availability is a major contributing factor: the probability of not having central air conditioning is much lower for detached single-family (44.9%) compared with multifamily rental (73.7%). There are also heat risk disparities for households in neighborhoods with larger proportions of Hispanic and Asian residents. This research demonstrates the need to understand heat risk at the parcel scale and suggests to policymakers the importance of heat mitigation strategies that focus on multifamily rental housing and communities of color.
38-8436
Compressed earth blocks (CEBs). Global South. socio-economic barriers. stabilized earth construction. survey-based methods.
Compressed earth blocks (CEBs) are a low-cost, low-carbon construction product, which are well-suited for masonry infill in the Global South. A knowledge gap remains around the technical and socio-economic barriers to CEB adoption. A combined survey and interview study was carried out among architects, CEB manufacturers, and academics within Egypt: firstly, to explore technical and socio-economic barriers to greater adoption of CEBs for masonry infill, and secondly, to identify potential enablers. Many technical challenges still exist, despite the fact that building codes for CEB in Egypt were introduced in 2019. The majority of respondents agreed that socio-economic barriers are more significant than technical barriers. These included CEBs being unfamiliar to most architects and builders, and that most clients perceive CEBs as ‘low-quality’ or ‘inaesthetic’. Most respondents believed that CEBs can achieve =25% market share for masonry in Egypt. However, CEB press supply is likely to be a major barrier to scale-up. Suggested enablers included tailored marketing suggestions for low-/middle-income and high-income clients, and deciding at the earliest possible design stage whether to manufacture CEBs on-site or off-site. Mapping the enablers across stakeholders showed that more research is needed to understand the views of CEB press manufacturers and government officials.
38-8437
Beijing. differentiation. Housing. middle class. young people.
Young people across many societies face considerable barriers to the transition toward independence. Moreover, young people are likely to have vastly divergent experiences and outcomes depending on their tenure. In providing a contextual analysis that gives consideration to the institutional pattern and its association with socioeconomic status, this article presents a qualitative study based on a unique data set of 83 housing stories to explore housing differentiation and homeownership among young professionals in Beijing. Drawing from an analytical framework of structural and individual abilities, this article explores how household registration, work units, marital status, and parental support affect housing differentiation. Under the superposition of structural advantages that determine homeownership accessibility and individual capacities that determine levels of housing tenure, housing differentiation is highlighted and even intensified among young professionals. The implication is that the state should focus on the structural factors to reduce the effect of housing differentiation and address housing problems for as many young people as possible.
38-8438
Crime. design. Low-income housing. tax credit.
Ecological theories of crime have found that perceptions of neighborhood safety are influenced by a broad range of building features. Yet most research on how building design impacts perceptions of neighborhood safety for low-income renters was developed in a period of affordable housing defined by dense, segregated, and brutalist-inspired public housing. Research on low-income rental design has yet to focus on how residents in Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) properties perceive their levels of neighborhood safety, and how that may be influenced by building design. This study uses survey responses from 652 LIHTC residents in Ohio paired with design attributes and crime data to test how residents’ perceptions of neighborhood safety are related to building design features, controlling for neighborhood violent and property crimes. We find that design features minimally impact residents’ perceived neighborhood safety, and this does not vary significantly by resident characteristics. We suggest this contrast with past literature may relate to the design and maintenance standards associated with LIHTC properties. We recommend that housing finance agencies continue to encourage or incentivize affordable housing developers to design housing with features to increase natural surveillance, access control, and territoriality, and to focus on fostering community for LIHTC residents.
38-8439
fair housing. location of affordable housing. Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC). Municipalities.
The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) is the largest affordable housing production program in the United States. The program has been the subject of some criticism because it has done an unimpressive job of placing low-income renter households in high-opportunity neighborhoods, especially in suburban jurisdictions. This research examines, at the municipal level, what kinds of communities do not contain LIHTC properties. Communities with no LIHTC properties are compared with places that include LITHC housing in terms of geographic, demographic, socioeconomic, and housing-stock characteristics. The analysis focuses on all municipalities in the US and those that grew in population and multifamily housing from 2010 to 2019. It finds that 72% of all municipalities, and 52% of all growing municipalities contain no LIHTC housing. A logit analysis of the factors that influence the likelihood that LIHTC housing is absent from a municipality finds that the most important predictors are population size, being a suburb in a large metropolitan area, and the percentage of rental and multifamily housing.
38-8440
Climate change. disaster response. housing policy. hurricanes. Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC). qualified allocation plans. state government.
Climate change poses many threats to residential communities throughout the United States, including by contributing to the increased intensity and duration of disasters like hurricanes and other weather events. Government housing policies may either reduce or amplify vulnerability to storm damage. This article explores how state governments guide affordable housing development to address the risk and damage from hurricanes through the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program. Using document review, we examine LIHTC plans for states most severely and less severely affected by major hurricanes in the past 20 years by comparing plans before and after a hurricane event. The results indicate that severely affected states make relatively few changes to their plans after a hurricane, compared with neighboring less affected states, regarding siting and location, construction techniques, disaster preparedness, or other storm-related responses. The findings suggest a missed opportunity to redirect affordable housing resources to better protect vulnerable residents from the risks of climate change.
30-8 PUBLIC SECTOR HOUSING
38-8441
difference-in-differences (DID) estimator. hedonic pricing model. public policy evaluation. repeated sales approach. social housing.
The development of new social housing faces important resistance by local population, a phenomenon knows as the “not in my backyard” movement. One argument from residents to oppose such project is the idea that new construction will negatively impact property values. This is what this paper aims to investigate. The analysis is based on a complete recension of the new social housing projects built between 2000 and 2020 and on single-family house transactions that occurred between 2004 and 2020 in Quebec City (Canada). A repeated sales model integrating a difference-in-differences estimator is developed to isolate the net price premium related to the emergence of a new social housing building while accounting for the possible heterogeneity impact related to characteristics of the building, including the number of apartments and the type of clientele hosted as well as the local characteristics, such as the spatial concentration of social housing buildings and distance to the city center. The results show a complex net price premium rent function that leads to mixed conclusions and has important implications for the development of new social housing projects.
38-8442
child health. housing assistance. Public housing. rental assistance. United States.
Research on the effects of federal housing assistance programs on children’s outcomes has produced mixed results. Although housing assistance programs provide a rare source of affordable and stable housing for low-income families, there remains concern that living in public housing developments increases children’s risk of poor health. This paper uses a unique survey-administrative linked dataset to examine the effect of living in public housing on children’s risk of health problems, including frequent diarrhea, headaches, skin allergies, asthma, and fair/poor health status. Children living in public housing have more health problems than children who do not live in public housing. However, the analysis develops several comparison groups to demonstrate that the excess health problems reflect unobserved selection into public housing. The main selection adjustment compares children living in public housing to children who enter public housing in the near future. Results indicate that public housing does not increase the risk of child health problems, and it is important to consider selection into public housing on factors that are correlated with health. The effects of public housing may be mixed, but policymakers should not confuse the economic and health challenges of public housing residents for the effects of the program itself.
38-8443
Housing Choice Voucher program. public housing authority. waitlist.
Although scholars have acknowledged that shrinking federal resources for low-income housing programs increase economic inequality across the U.S. society as a whole, the question of how the allocation of these resources affects inequality among the poor has received little attention. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study examines local administrative practices of distributing scarce housing resources and the potential redistributive effects of those choices. Analyses of administrative and qualitative data collected from local housing agencies suggest that local administrative practices of managing a waitlist disadvantage residentially unstable applicants. Juxtaposing this finding with results from the Survey of Income and Program Participation suggests that among those who are income-eligible for program participation, poorer individuals have a greater likelihood of experiencing residential instability, thus compounding their disadvantage in the competition for a housing voucher.
38-8444
Affordable housing. housing needs. Local government. Public housing. public–private partnerships. rental subsidies . Social policy. welfare state.
Governments in cities and countries around the world are faced with housing affordability problems, which acutely affect lower income residents. Prior comparative work adopts a national perspective that primarily draws upon theories of the welfare state and Western political ideologies to understand government responses to social problems. However, such work often overlooks alternative political systems, the distinctive role of housing policy, and local government strategies. This article compares the provision and role of public housing across three global cities that are experiencing major housing affordability challenges: New York, Hong Kong, and Shenzhen. Based on a review of agency documents and housing and demographic data, we describe public housing policy priorities and examine how the respective governments administer public housing programs. We find each case shows a strong demand for public housing, a broad interpretation of target population, and evolving relationships between the public and private sectors. There are important differences in policy priorities, program eligibility, management, and overlap with the private housing market. The findings suggest standard frameworks may miss variation within countries and the changing role of cities in providing housing for low- and middle-income households.
38-8445
Affordability. housing affordability. housing insecurity. Immigrants. Refugees. rent burden.
Rental affordability represents a growing issue across the United States. Existing research largely focuses on consumption trade-offs related to rising rents or the impacts of poverty more generally. Much remains unknown about how rental affordability shapes household, family, and community-level dynamics, including differences in impacts and coping strategies across groups. We use data from focus groups with low-income immigrant and refugee households to reveal deep and far-reaching impacts. We show how residents rely upon unique neighborhood-based resources and social support. Citing significant competition for affordable units and their desire to stay in the neighborhood, residents express that they have limited alternatives to their current housing—even as many described harmful housing conditions and housing-related stress. Furthermore, rising housing costs have strained community and family dynamics, undermining social support. These findings illustrate unique and impactful housing affordability dynamics among diverse populations, which extend far beyond household and housing consumption, force impactful trade-offs, and introduce constraints.
38-8446
Affordability. Housing. Public housing. Quality. slow-income housing. Vouchers.
Federal rental assistance is an important source of affordable housing for low-income households, given a growing and severe affordable housing crisis. However, few studies have examined the extent to which rental assistance may improve housing access. This article examines associations between rental assistance receipt and four dimensions of housing: quality, stability, autonomy, and affordability. We draw on data from a longitudinal cohort study of low-income adults in New Haven, Connecticut, and use generalized estimating equations to examine associations between rental assistance receipt and housing measures. We find that participants receiving rental assistance had lower odds of reporting housing instability, low-quality housing, lack of autonomy related to housing, and some measures of housing unaffordability compared with those not receiving assistance. The large and highly significant effects remain after adjusting for demographic variables and factors that can impact access to rental assistance.
31. Energy
31-3 ENERGY CONSERVATION
38-8447
building sector. Energy consumption. water consumption. water-energy nexus. Working from home.
COVID-19 has made working from home (WFH) a widely prevalent mode of work, resulting in highly complex changes of energy and water consumption in buildings. To understand these changes, this study applies the concept of water-energy nexus (WEN) in the analysis of energy and water data in residential and non-residential buildings in Ontario, Canada, before and during the pandemic. The study found the overall energy and water consumption of buildings exhibited a decreasing trend, with the most significant change found in water consumption. Energy and water consumption increased in residential buildings but decreased in non-residential buildings; the changes in energy and water consumption were synchronized over the WFH period. This study also elucidated that changes were related to the demographic and job attributes. When dealing with the peak load of residential consumption with a high consumption benchmark, due consideration should be given to the stronger synchronization of the two types of resources to improve the resilience of residences to cope with the uncertainty of unexpected large-scale public health crisis. Applying WEN to building resource consumption during WFH for the first time, the findings shed light on the need to enhance integrated water and energy management.
31-5 ENERGY IMPACTS
38-8448
energy efficiency renovations. German real estate market. market premiums for energy efficiency. Prebound effect. rebound effect.
Recent studies indicate that houses with higher energy efficiency usually have higher market prices, a ‘market premium for energy efficiency’. But in Germany the usefulness of this premium is confounded by the ‘prebound effect’: the gap between officially certificated energy ratings and actual energy consumption. Attempts have been made to close this gap from two complementary directions: downwards, by obtaining more accurate and less pessimistic technical estimates of idealised energy performance; and upwards, by estimating how much energy occupants realistically need for health and comfort. This study investigates prebound effects alongside an analysis of house prices in Germany, using a large database of house sale advertisements from 2007 to 2021, focusing on pre-1980 homes that were re-sold in 2019–2021. It uses ordinary least-squared multivariate regression to estimate market premiums for energy efficiency and sets these alongside estimates of prebound (and rebound) effects. It finds that prebound effects can lead purchasers to overestimate future energy savings and therefore pay more for properties than their actual worth. It also offers simple models to help purchasers interpret energy ratings more critically and estimate likely energy savings more realistically. Finally, it suggests how policymakers could modify energy ratings to reflect likely energy consumption more accurately.
38-8449
Education. Energy. Higher education institutions (HEIs). Policy. space heating and cooling. thermal comfort.
The UK government has committed to reducing its carbon emissions to net-zero by 2050. Higher education institutions (HEIs) are high energy users, with the largest proportion of their energy demand for space heating; an area still dominated by carbon-intensive fuels. This research addresses the UK HEI space temperature policy landscape, making direct links between space temperature policy and carbon management, advocating the development of evidence-based policies as a critical tool for reducing carbon emissions within the sector. Sixty-six space temperature policies were reviewed, and five experienced energy managers were interviewed to understand the range, development and use of space temperature policies in UK HEIs. The research identified a lack of consistency across these policies, leading to missed opportunities for making energy and carbon savings. The research highlights gaps in the available data and literature needed to connect policy to its effectiveness, and identifies the use of policy as a defensive tool against complaints rather than an active driver of energy reduction. A series of recommendations are proposed for national and institutional policymakers, suggesting areas for improvement and future research to facilitate effective development and practice in space temperature policy towards net-zero.
31-6 ENERGY SYSTEMS PLANNING
38-8450
Energy consumption. Heat pump systems. housing stock. non-profit housing.
Achieving energy efficiency in the built environment requires extensive efforts in the renovation and adaptation of housing stock. A promising design solution is the heat pump. While gas boiler systems are commonly used in Dutch non-profit housing stock, the share of dwellings with a heat pump grew from 1.6% in 2017 to 3.2% in 2021. However, building characteristics and the energy consumption of dwellings with a heat pump are unclear. Therefore, a dataset of 69,422 dwellings with different types of heat pumps has been examined and compared to dwellings with a traditional HR107 condensing gas boiler. This research reports average characteristics and the average actual energy consumption of dwellings with all-electric, hybrid and gas absorption heat pump systems. Dwellings with a heat pump system are on average of higher building quality, their gas consumption is lower and their electricity consumption is higher than dwellings with an HR107 condensing gas boiler. Detailed insight is provided for dwellings with different heat pump systems and for dwellings with different building characteristics. Further research to determine the energy performance of dwellings with specific heat pump configurations is recommended in light of the energy transition in the built environment.
32. Environment
32-2 ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING
38-8451
mixed tenure. Redevelopment. regeneration. social housing. social mixing. social sustainability.
While mixed-tenure regeneration has become a favoured strategy to battle concentrated disadvantage in social housing estates across the western world, the scholarly debate on tenure-mixing remains inconclusive. Some studies show that tenure-mixing can increase resident satisfaction, while others find that it may produce new forms of marginalization of low-income tenants. The mixed evidence in terms of outcomes suggests that further research is needed on viable ways forward for mixed-tenure regeneration. This paper argues that more attention should be directed towards the way project trajectories are shaped at the early stages of regeneration. It turns to the concept of social sustainability and examines how applying this concept as an analytical framework may contribute to understanding planning dilemmas embedded in mixed-tenure regeneration. Drawing on qualitative interviews with 33 practitioners involved in the early stages of mixed-tenure projects in Denmark under the so-called Parallel Society Act, it analyses practitioners’ perceptions of and approaches to tenure-mixing from a social sustainability perspective. The paper finds that the concept is helpful in framing planning dilemmas by sharpening the focus on equity and inclusion, community cohesion and participation in urban regeneration.
38-8452
deregulation. Homeownership. liberalism. Public opinion. Zoning.
Do political liberals support or oppose zoning changes that allow more market-rate development? I use survey data from California and show that liberals are ambivalent. The ambivalence is explained in part by homeownership, which is associated with opposition to new housing of all kinds, even as it has little influence on attitudes about other policies. Even controlling for ownership, however, I find that self-identified liberals remain ambivalent about new development, never supporting it as much as they support more stereotypically liberal policies, and opposing it outright when reminded that enabling new housing might require less regulation, particularly environmental regulation. In contrast, liberals strongly and consistently support spending on subsidized affordable housing. The results together suggest that in supply-constrained cities with liberal electorates, the political calculus is unfavorable to new housing. Ownership injects some conservatism into development politics; liberal ideology could provide a counterweight to that conservatism, but that counterweight might be blunted if development also requires deregulation.
38-8453
Climate adaptation. frontline communities. Relocation.
Scholars argue that U.S. programs and policy designed to help households adapt to or move away from environmental risk were not designed to address climate change. Others demonstrate that disaster response upholds and produces structural inequality. This article examines how existing mitigation and adaptation policies fail to respond to lived conditions of residents and communities on the front lines of environmental change and perpetuate inequality. Based on interviews with residents in the lower bayou communities of Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, and professionals working in the study area, we identified three factors that influence the outcomes of mitigation and relocation initiatives. First, we found that adaptation is a dynamic, ongoing process which can lead to the need for multiple types of assistance for a given property or household over time. Second, program timing and how residents make decisions about whether and how to rebuild or relocate are misaligned. Third, current programs deny resources to frontline communities by creating participation barriers for low- and moderate-income households. The findings affirm the need for more flexible policy guidelines if assistance programs are to transform communities in ways that respond to resident priorities and the realities of environmental change.
38-8454
commercial space. development framework. Integration. Models. Stadium.
Stadiums that are solely used for athletic competitions can lead to a desolate post-event environment and the waste of resources. However, China still lacks systematic research on the integration models of and paths between stadiums and commercial spaces. This study identified models of stadium and commercial space integration, analyzed the associated factors, and proposed a development framework. The research methods included literature review, case data collection, pattern induction and expert interviews. By analyzing 58 cases, this study summarized eight models for stadium–commercial space integration; analyzed the correlation between different models and development types, land use environments, and business configurations; and conducted in-depth analysis of two cases. The findings indicate that an open mindset during the development stage can promote the emergence of new models, utilizing the land environment during the design stage can improve stadium utilization rate, and a multi-business configuration during the operation stage can promote the formation of urban vitality. A development framework is proposed, which emphasizes the collaboration of all stakeholders to optimize every step of the decision-making, construction and operation processes. These findings contribute to identifying development directions for stadiums in China and provide practical methods for the transformation of stadiums into dynamic urban complexes.
32-3 ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
38-8455
building management. COVID-19 pandemic. educational buildings. IEQ monitoring. Indoor environmental quality. natural ventilation. occupants’ satisfaction.
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the fact that air quality is essential in buildings. In the case of educational buildings, teaching activities were moved to an online format during the 2020/2021 academic year, with only activities such as exams remaining face-to-face. This strategy required the development of protocols to ensure that classrooms were safe spaces. This study assesses the impact of these protocols in the indoor environmental conditions of educational buildings in Southern Spain. For this purpose, a measurement campaign was carried out at the Fuentenueva Campus of the University of Granada. The results show that the protocols have guaranteed effective ventilation. However, other indoor environmental variables have also been affected, including the satisfaction of users during exams due to temperature, relative humidity (RH) and noise. The highest levels of satisfaction were related to indoor lighting, while the highest levels of dissatisfaction were related to the indoor thermal environment. Among the main causes of dissatisfaction were draughts and outdoor noise, directly related to natural ventilation protocols during the pandemic. Based on these findings, current pandemic protocols should be revised and redesigned to minimize the impact on student satisfaction and perceived learning performance from the identified environmental sources in this research.
38-8456
Community development. Gentrification. Integration. Neighborhoods. Zoning.
Imbroscio questions both the significance of opportunity hoarding as a driver of inequality and the feasibility of stopping or moderating the phenomenon. But research shows clearly that both neighborhoods and schools are important contributors to inequality. As for futility, his claim that efforts to address exclusionary zoning will necessarily be thwarted by the flight of the affluent is simply not supported by evidence. In a perfectly integrated U.S., all neighborhoods would be about 12% poor. There is little evidence that poverty rates at this level will trigger flight of nonpoor households. As for his contention that community investments will only fuel dispossession, attracting some higher income residents doesn’t necessarily lead to wholesale resegregation. More fundamentally, Imbroscio’s pairing of these claims (the insignificance of opportunity hoarding on the one hand and the futility of addressing it on the other) begs the question: If opportunity hoarding is unimportant as a driver of inequality, then why is it so difficult to stop it? Why do wealthy, white households insist on living in wealthy enclaves if neighborhood resources matter so little in sustaining their privilege? Finally, as for political infeasibility, it’s hard to believe that the road to tackling exclusionary zoning is more difficult than the road to employee-owned business and worker cooperatives. And, ultimately, it’s not clear why advocates can’t work toward greater spatial equity while also pushing for structural reforms in the labor market.
38-8457
Global South. Housing policy. regularization. Safety. slum upgrading.
In India, close to 70 million people live in urban slums, which has forced policymakers to pursue aggressive slum upgrading programs. However, without a thorough understanding of individual households’ slum formalization preferences, in situ slum upgrading and relocation projects often encounter challenges and resistance from the slum dwellers. This article explores the interconnections among slum dwellers’ willingness to participate in situ slum upgrading and slum relocation projects, informality in the built environment, and neighborhood insecurity in the slums of Bihar, India. We examine these questions using the primary household survey conducted in 2016–2017 as part of a project on urban slums of the four largest cities in Bihar. The regression analysis shows that slum dwellers are more likely to accept in situ slum upgrading when they perceive a pressing need for housing and basic amenities. In situ slum upgrading often leads to temporary relocation and smaller dwellings. Slum dwellers are more likely to participate in relocation programs when they feel their neighborhoods are insecure, and when they have experienced violent resolutions to conflicts. These findings imply that the provision of basic infrastructure, including safety and security, could affect slum dwellers’ slum upgrading decision-making.
38-8458
anthropogenic carbon emission. carbon footprint. construction phase emission. Life cycle assessment. wooden construction.
Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been widely used to investigate the environmental performance of building developments. However, LCA studies on the construction stage emissions are limited due to its relatively minor impacts in a building life cycle. In view of the continual advancement in energy efficiency and building services, reducing carbon emissions from the construction activities will become more important. Such emission reduction is particularly crucial for wooden construction because reductions in these anthropogenic carbon emissions can enhance the utility of biogenic carbon sequestration and reduce the distance to carbon flux neutrality. This study applies LCA to a wooden construction to evaluate the anthropogenic carbon emissions from the material extraction, production, transportation, and particularly the construction stage. LCA data disaggregation is adopted to identify the unnoticed emission hotspots, contexts of the occurrence, and countermeasures against the underperformance for individual processes. The findings highlight that concrete foundation works of wooden constructions can contribute significantly to not only embodied carbon but also construction carbon emissions, and suggest courses of action for wooden constructions to reduce the anthropogenic carbon emissions. Future research should enrich the disaggregated LCA data for inter-referencing sustainable strategies to reduce the anthropogenic carbon emissions throughout the building life cycle.
32-4 RISK MANAGEMENT/IMPACT ASSESSMENT
38-8459
families. homelessness prevention. risk assessment. Social services.
The New York City Homebase program is one of only a few comprehensive U.S. homelessness prevention programs. To ensure that in-depth services are provided to families most at risk of homelessness, Homebase utilizes a structured assessment, the Risk Assessment Questionnaire (RAQ), developed using 2004–2008 data. We evaluated the RAQ’s performance in a more recent cohort of 48,450 families with children applying for Homebase services from 2013 to 2016, testing the predictive power of the current assessment, as well as the power of existing and potential new individual items, using Cox survival models to predict homeless shelter application. The RAQ threshold for in-depth services still effectively identifies shelter risk (13.7%, vs. 5.9% for those below the threshold), suggesting that services are being directed to the highest-risk families. Simulations of a modified RAQ reflecting regression results and program leadership input present assessment adjustments to consider to improve its efficiency and predictive power.
38-8460
disparate impact. Eviction filing. racial discrimination. tenant screening.
This research studies how tenant screening services’ presentation of information influences landlord decisions. Tenant screening services utilize criminal records, eviction records, and credit score databases to produce reports that landlords use to inform their decisions about who to rent to. However, little is known about how landlords assess the information presented by tenant screening reports. Through a behavioral experiment with landlords using simulated tenant screening reports, this study shows that landlords use blanket screening policies, that they conflate the existence of tenant records with outcomes (e.g., eviction filings with executed evictions), and that they display, on average, tendencies toward automation bias that are influenced by the risk assessments and scores presented by tenant screening reports. I argue that maintaining blanket screening policies and automation bias, combined with the downstream effects of creating and using racially biased eviction and criminal records, means that people of color will inevitably experience disproportionate exclusion from rental housing due to perceived “risk” on the part of landlords.
38-8461
air borne infection risk. classrooms. COVID-19 pandemic. environmental characteristics. occupant behavior. ventilation.
The changes of indoor environment and occupant behavior (OB) are two main causes for the gap between predicted and actual airborne infection risk. To improve the accuracy of COVID-19 airborne infection risk assessment, the environment (CO2 concentration) and OBs (occupant area per person (OA) and activity level (AL)) in three typical classrooms of a primary school in Tianjin, China was selected to conduct the on-site measurement. Based on the measured data, a modified Wells-Riley model was proposed to predict the infection risk, and a risk-controlled ventilation strategy was developed to calculate the ventilation demand. Results indicated that classrooms in the breaking time (B-T) showed a lower indoor CO2 concentration (Cin), larger OA, and higher AL than in the teaching time (T-T). The variation tendency of the calculated infection risk increment in T-T was consistent with Cin while in B-T was significantly affected by OA and AL, and the maximum fluctuation extent in B-T was two times of that in T-T. Moreover, to avoid the risk spreading in classrooms, a feasible solution of dynamic ventilation control based on the real-time infection risk was proposed, thus facilitating to provide a healthy and sustainable environment for students in classrooms.
32-5 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY/POLLUTION
38-8462
COVID-19 pandemic. crowding. Displacement. Gentrification. Health. Housing.
Amid the growing affordable housing crisis and widespread gentrification over the last decade, people have been moving less than before and increasingly live in shared and often crowded households across the U.S. Crowded housing has various negative health implications, including stress, sleep disorders, and infectious diseases. Difference-in-difference analysis of a unique, large-scale longitudinal consumer credit database of over 450,000 San Francisco Bay Area residents from 2002 to 2020 shows gentrification affects the probability of residents shifting to crowded households across the socioeconomic spectrum but in different ways than expected. Gentrification is negatively associated with low- socioeconomic status (SES) residents’ probability of entering crowded households, and this is largely explained by increased shifts to crowded households in neighborhoods outside of major cities showing early signs of gentrification. Conversely, gentrification is associated with increases in the probability that middle-SES residents enter crowded households, primarily in Silicon Valley. Lastly, crowding is positively associated with COVID-19 case rates, beyond density and socioeconomic and racial composition in neighborhoods, although the role of gentrification remains unclear. Housing policies that mitigate crowding can serve as early interventions in displacement prevention and reducing health inequities.
38-8463
Indoor environmental quality. New Zealand. office buildings. productivity. tertiary sector. Universities.
Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) of buildings plays an important role in affecting building occupants’ comfort, health and well-being. However, there is limited understanding of the critical IEQ factors that affect occupants’ work productivity in university office buildings. By surveying 204 people (72 university staff members and 132 postgraduate students) in a tertiary education institution in New Zealand, this research aimed to identify and rank the critical IEQ factors concerning their perceived productivity and how the perceived importance of these factors differed between staff and student cohorts. Statistical analysis identified a total of 16 IEQ factors as important in affecting work productivity, and 15 of them, except cleanliness of the office, could be grouped into four categories: (1) thermal comfort and lighting; (2) acoustics and privacy comfort; (3) spatial comfort and (4) aesthetics and views. Based on the identified critical IEQ factors, a framework was developed and can be used by building facility managers and designers in the tertiary education sector to optimize design solutions to improve building performance that is more conducive to their occupants. The findings from this research can inform the inclusion of design features that will enable staff and students using these buildings to achieve better productivity.
38-8464
Adaptation. Comfort. hospital. Indoor environmental quality. Voting.
Hospitals’ indoor conditions affect patients’ comfort. Comfort is predicted based on threshold values for indoor environmental quality (IEQ) indicators, but discrepancies with actual (dis)comfort occur. Current prediction methods ignore the role of patients’ adaptation or treat it as a ‘black box’. Therefore, we investigated how distinguishing between adaptation strategies may help explain discrepancies. We combined sensor measurements of IEQ indicators (sound, light, temperature) at two hospital wards with a questionnaire among 238 patients. After grouping respondents according to their adaptation strategy, we investigated relationships between strategies, respondents’ experiences of indoor conditions and measured values of IEQ indicators. Experiences differ when respondents’ adaptation strategy differs. Satisfaction votes are higher when sensation votes are more neutral or more as preferred. This occurs when respondents adapt behaviourally (i.e. adapt indoor conditions) or do not wish to adapt indoor conditions (e.g. adapt sensations), rather than when adapting psychologically (i.e. by choice or imposed). Adaptation strategies influence measured values differently, but this cannot explain differences in experiences. Adaptation strategies therefore seem to influence experiences in a psychological way, which current methods cannot predict. Attending to how adaptation influences experiences of indoor conditions and how this differs between adaptation strategies, can thus contribute to reducing discrepancies.
32-6 CATASTROPHES/DISASTERS/EMERGENCIES
38-8465
COVID-19 pandemic. homelessness prevention. rental assistance.
Homelessness prevention efforts face an overarching challenge: how to target limited resources far enough downstream to capture those at greatest risk of homelessness, but far enough upstream to stabilize households before they experience a cascade of negative outcomes. How did the COVID-19 emergency rental assistance programs launched in hundreds of localities across the United States respond to this challenge? This paper draws on two waves of a national survey of emergency rental assistance program administrators, as well as in-depth interviews with 15 administrators, to answer this question. Results show that although the vast majority of program administrators considered homelessness prevention to be a key program goal, their programs tended to target rental assistance far upstream of tenants at immediate risk.
38-8466
Climate change. Disaster. eviction. Housing. Renters.
Stable housing is a fundamental platform for individual and collective well-being, and research indicates that a significant disruptive effect of severe environmental disasters is residential displacement. Despite extensive research on the intersection of disasters and housing, the effect of major disasters on evictions remains understudied. How do landlords and renters respond to the economic dislocation that accompanies disasters and to what extent do major disasters lead to evictions? To answer these questions, we adopt a mixed methods approach. Analyzing county-level data on evictions and disasters between 2000 and 2016, we find that disasters are associated with significant increases in evictions in the year of a disaster and the two years following a disaster and that increases in the housing cost burden are associated with higher eviction rates. We complement these quantitative findings with qualitative interviews and archival analysis from Panama City, Florida in the year after Hurricane Michael. The qualitative findings suggest that eviction dynamics may differ by landlord size and identify challenges for small landlords accessing federal assistance, particularly because of clouded titles from unrecorded property transfers. Together, the findings indicate that disasters increase evictions and lead to significant disruption for many low-income tenants for years after the disaster.
38-8467
disaster planning. disaster recovery. FEMA Individual Assistance. informal housing. Puerto Rico.
In Puerto Rico, after Hurricane María, about 60% of all applications received by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)’s Individuals and Households Program (IHP) were declared ineligible. Why would such a large number of households in Puerto Rico have been unable to obtain assistance from FEMA? To answer this question, interviews with 10 disaster survivors and 15 stakeholders were conducted. The author found that individuals were denied based on their inability to prove homeownership, no contact for inspection, and duplicate application, among other reasons. The article offers recommendations for how nonprofit groups can participate in postdisaster recovery efforts as well as how to advocate at the local and federal level for disaster victims effectively.
38-8468
Mobility. Neighborhoods. Spatial. Urban environments. Urban planning.
Recent research on climate adaptation points to the need to take flood control seriously as a state-led process that organizes and responds to the racial and environmental spaces of cities. The present study advances that agenda by focusing on the federally funded retreat of homes and residents from flood-prone urban neighborhoods. While officially organized by rational engineering and technocratic calculations, its implementation cannot escape the racialized landscapes of U.S. cities. To illustrate, we review how a century of unequal environmental planning and housing policy has forged today’s racialized urban landscapes. Then, we turn to the federal government’s entrance into those landscapes via its policy of managed retreat that purchases flood-prone homes and returns them to nature. Here we draw on nationwide data to reveal the policy’s increasing urban orientation. We then present evidence from Houston to reveal how the racial composition and turnover of local neighborhoods influence program implementation and subsequent relocation. While not every city may experience the same racialized patterns as Houston, they will exhibit some patterns due to the powerful social and environmental force that race has long exerted in U.S. cities. Failing to account for that force will compromise efforts to adapt effectively to climate change.
38-8469
Adaptation. Climate change. disaster housing. Mitigation. residential energy.
Housing is an established channel for U.S. climate policy. Local and national environmental policymakers have attempted to mitigate the contributions of home energy use and residential sprawl to the greenhouse gas emissions that cause global climate change for almost a half-century. More recently, hazard and planning officials are also exploring how to adapt housing to the multiple environmental effects that are already being realized as a consequence. But how is contemporary housing policy responding to the opportunities and needs of the climate crisis? The wide terrain of housing policy—including local land-use regulations, public subsidies for affordable housing production and maintenance, direct aid to households for their housing costs, the enforcement of fair housing laws, and the promotion of secure and affordable lending institutions among many relevant policy interventions—has struggled with integrating climate mitigation and adaptation strategies for a host of reasons. Resource constraints abound. Housing policymakers continue to focus on other persistent challenges such as the housing affordability crisis. The challenge of integrating climate response in this already complex social, economic, and environmental system may even be overwhelming. This special issue of Housing Policy Debate explores the ways in which the range of contemporary housing-relevant policy addresses climate change or, as the submissions suggest, ignores it.
38-8470
CDBG. disaster recovery. disaster response. housing recovery. Natural disasters.
Disaster-affected communities often describe national recovery aid as delayed. Yet local governments increasingly rely on the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s Community Development Block Grants for Disaster Recovery (CDBG-DR)—the primary, federal long-term recovery program. This article describes completion times for housing activities across 88 CDBG-DR grants from FY2005 to FY2015; the grants’ housing activities took an average of 3.8 years from declaration to completion, although acceleration occurred over the study years. The authors also identify qualitative contributors to delay, including grant administration type, grantees’ capacity, and CDBG-DR rules, and quantitatively assess their contributions to delays. Although local capacity is a critical qualitative factor, ultimately, CDBG-DR’s lack of permanent statutory authority within the national emergency framework contributes to local governments’ inability to standardize recovery goals and implementation, which, in turn, leads to recovery lags.
38-8471
disaster planning. Housing tenure. Public housing. Renters. subsidized housing.
Homeowners are significantly more prepared for disasters than renters. However, disaster preparedness among subsidized renters is an understudied topic despite their increased vulnerability to negative disaster outcomes. Previous research shows that one in three subsidized units is at risk for exposure to disasters, relative to one in four unsubsidized rental units and one in seven owner-occupied units. Subsidized housing residents often fall into many vulnerable statuses that would make them less prepared than renters and owners. Using 2017 American Housing Survey data, we examine differences in household disaster preparedness by housing tenure, with and without controls for such factors. Logistic regression analyses indicate that subsidized renters are significantly less prepared than unsubsidized renters, and both renter types are significantly less prepared than homeowners, controlling for demographic and neighborhood characteristics. The policy implications of this research are considered as they relate to the location and management of subsidized housing in an era of climate change.
38-8472
asthma. emergency department visits. hospitalizations. housing mobility. Mental health.
We performed a secondary analysis of the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) social experiment to investigate the impact of different types of housing assistance and neighborhood environments on long-term patterns of healthcare use for specific conditions and across different types of healthcare services. MTO participants, who were randomized at baseline, were linked to up to 21 years’ worth of all-payer hospital discharge and Medicaid data. Among the 9,170 children at the time of randomization, those who received a voucher had subsequent hospital admissions rates that were 36% lower for asthma and 30% lower for mental health disorders compared with the control group; rates of psychiatric services, outpatient hospital services, clinic services, and durable medical equipment were also lower among the voucher groups. Findings for adults were not statistically significant. The results suggest that housing policies that reduce neighborhood poverty exposure as a child are associated with lower subsequent healthcare use for specific clinical conditions and types of services.
38-8473
Built environment. crisis management. social resilience. social sustainability. Well-being.
The world is undergoing multiple crises that require resilience to withstand them. The built environment can significantly enhance or weaken society’s (and individuals’) resilience. However, understanding of resilience in the built environment is scattered and manifold – whilst the design of buildings primarily focuses on the restoration of buildings’ physical characteristics, urban policies centre on the recovery of society. Scholars highlight the need for a holistic approach where different resilience concepts merge to improve the resilience of people and communities. For this, understanding the relationship between people and places is crucial. Thus, the aim of this paper is to deepen the understanding of the social resilience concept in relation to the built environment and how the built environment can enhance it. This is achieved through an extensive literature review, concept mapping and panel discussion. The built environment characteristics affecting individual and/or community resilience are identified, and a conceptual model is provided, attempting to visualize the relationship between the constructs. The paper’s novelty lies in its multidisciplinary approach and integration of various social science knowledge in the context of the built environment. Furthermore, it emphasizes the built environment’s role in supporting social resilience, which has been often overlooked previously.
38-8474
Disaster. Displacement. eviction. Flooding. Landlord. Law. Tenants.
Disaster recovery is not a time of exception, it is a time when existing social, economic, and racial inequalities are reproduced and exacerbated. Housing institutions can amplify inequality during disaster recovery. We use quantitative methods to ask whether evictions increase during disaster recovery periods in four states. We stratify our case selection by the type of statutory protections for landlords and tenants in state law. In three cases that have pro-business or a mixture of pro-business and tenant protections, we find strong, significant increases in eviction rates in disaster-affected neighborhoods relative to neighborhoods in adjacent areas with no disaster declaration. By contrast, in the case that has primarily tenant protections, there is no statistically significant rise in evictions following the disaster. We conclude that tenant protections are not sufficient to prevent swift increases in evictions following disasters in states with a policy environment that is also characterized by landlord protections. We close with policy recommendations to prevent evictions after disasters, and suggestions for further research.
38-8475
disaster policy. disaster resilience. FEMA buyouts. Hazard Mitigation Grant Program. Rural communities. social vulnerability.
The American public generally sees its rural communities as autonomous and self-sufficient—inherently resilient. Accordingly, research on federally funded hazard mitigation has disproportionately focused on urban areas, as rural communities rebuild largely by themselves. Our exploratory research challenges this overarching narrative on rural communities by examining disparities in the mitigation process—specifically, the amount of Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) assistance awarded per recipient and the duration of HMGP projects—between urban and rural counties from 1989 to 2018. Our analysis reveals vast inequities in the distribution and duration of HMGP assistance between urban and rural counties. Controlling for characteristics of the mitigated properties and corresponding counties, social and physical vulnerability, and climate change factors, we find (a) the amount of HMGP assistance awarded per recipient is higher in urban counties, and (b) projects are completed more quickly in rural counties. Ultimately, our findings indicate that the current structure of the HMGP leaves rural counties in the dust.
32-7 SUSTAINABILITY
38-8476
dynamic evolution. Green building. policy tool. policy topic. Sustainable development. text mining.
Green building (GB) policies are continuously being launched and adjusted in China to pursue resource conservation and emission reduction. Though reviewing the policy evolution could reveal the industry’s historical experience and strategic development concept and contribute to assessing and enhancing the policy system’s effectiveness, a comprehensive review of the whole GB policy system is still lacking in China. Consequently, this study examined the evolution of 1083 GB policies in China over the past two decades from the perspectives of policy objectives, policy content, and policy tools through text mining and content analysis, filling the research gap. Results show that GB policy objectives were gradually being quantified and formulated in greater detail, with the foci changed from innovation award and assessment to energy-saving retrofit and prefabrication. Supervision policies were primarily used among seven policy tool categories in recent years. The policy enhancement recommendations were proposed accordingly, supporting policymakers to improve the policy settings, providing real-time orientations for industrial sustainability development, and enlightening other countries to promote GBs.
38-8477
COVID-19 pandemic. intuitionistic fuzzy LGDM. Prefabrication megaprojects. supplier selection. sustainable procurement.
Prefabrication in construction has broad development prospects owing to its sustainability and strong support from the government. Prefabricated components, as the primary part of prefabrication megaprojects, affect the project completion and performance directly. Therefore, selecting appropriate prefabricated component sustainable suppliers (PCSSs) is a paramount task for the success of prefabricated megaprojects. This study expounds on the characteristics of PCSS selection from three aspects, namely the difference between prefabricated and traditional ones, sustainability requirements, and the impact of COVID-19, and indicates the issues that should be considered when choosing PCSS. An evaluation criterion is extracted and applied to the primary data from 4 PCSSs and 45 decision makers (DMs) of a prefabricated megaproject. Finally, a novel intuitionistic fuzzy large-group decision-making model is proposed. This model considers criterion weights and DM weights, as well as hesitation, ambiguity and consistency. The results indicate that the proposed model has strong robustness and can meet the decision-making needs of different DMs. The model extends the body of knowledge in the context of supply chain disruptions and digital bidding during the COVID-19 pandemic based on its more comprehensive criteria for the PCSS selection and new approaches for the weighting and uncertain evaluation throughout the decision-making process.
38-8478
Adaptation. consumer habits. Flexibility. sustainable buildings.
Uncertain rental and real estate prices, demographic changes and the diversity of household types are increasing pressure on the housing market. One way of dealing with these challenges is flexible housing, which is designed to adapt to changing needs and patterns, both social and technical. It enables buildings to be used for longer periods, which increases their long-term sustainability by reducing not only their material and energy consumption but also the level of environmental pollution. The aim of this study is to examine to what extent criteria of flexible housing are relevant to homeowners and which factors can be used to predict the importance. By conducting an online survey of 519 homeowners in Germany, we were able to identify ten factors that can be used to predict the perceived importance of flexible housing. These are the number of rooms in the property, the size of the residential area, the household size, homeowner’s age, environmental awareness, importance to the homeowner of stability and longevity, accessibility, value stability, use of renewable materials and recyclability of construction materials. This study contributes to literature by identifying criteria for flexible housing from the homeowner’s perspective. It is the first study to analyse this question empirically.
38-8479
digitalization. Housing. institutional logics. path dependency. sustainable facilities management (SFM).
Facilities management (FM) of housing stocks has great potential to contribute to sustainable development, but the transition to sustainable facilities management (SFM) is complex and slow. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the challenges of transitioning to SFM for housing companies in Sweden in relation to practical and technical innovations like digitalization. Using a path dependency framework, and drawing on semi-structured interviews with 23 FM professionals, the findings reveal many technologies and practices that housing companies can adopt to transition towards SFM. However, their institutionalized path-dependent behaviour means they are unwilling to change, tend to avoid uncertainty, and overemphasize the financial bottom line. These new innovative solutions also present challenges, such as a lack of established business models and poor value for money. This study contributes insight into what path dependencies need to be broken, what behaviours need to be changed, what structures must be created, and what skills and knowledge must be developed to increase SFM in the housing sector.
33. Physical Elements of Planning
33-1 INFRASTRUCTURE/COMMUNITY FACILITIES
38-8480
fiscal decentralization. homeownership. local government fragmentation. metropolitan inequality. Opportunity hoarding.
David Imbroscio’s “Beyond Opportunity Hoarding: Interrogating its Limits as an Account of Urban Inequalities” takes issue with the recent scholarly attention given to the concept of opportunity hoarding. Imbroscio worries that opportunity hoarding accounts of metropolitan inequalities place too much emphasis on the role of education and unequal patterns of consumption while ignoring the growing weakness of labor power vis-à-vis capital and the extreme concentration of capital ownership at the top of the wealth distribution. In this comment, I argue that Imbroscio downplays the importance of the institutions that generate metropolitan inequalities in the US. Imbroscio dismisses the two institutional processes that contribute to opportunity hoarding (barriers to the entry of people and the exit of resources) without providing a complete account of how the institutions of homeownership and fiscal decentralization work together to erect barriers to entry and exit. To dismiss entry and exit as solutions to opportunity hoarding without assigning blame to the institutions that stand in the way is to miss the forest for the trees.
38-8481
design. gated community. informal settlement. Livelihoods. Planning. Public space.
The literature suggests that the rise of gated communities causes a number of problems, creates spatial fragmentation and social exclusion, and works as a barrier to promoting urban diversity. Gated communities have grown in popularity in recent decades in Dhaka, Bangladesh. In contrast to the popular view that gated communities provide an extreme example of residential segregation, this article argues that the rise of gated communities creates a differentiated citizenship by blocking poor people’s access to public space, which is vital for their livelihoods. Weaving together observation and ethnographic research in the Sattola slum in Dhaka and its adjacent gated community, Niketon, this article argues that poor slum residents’ access to public space for livelihoods is regulated—in the name of security and preventing criminal activities—by the local gated community members’ association, which reproduces spatial inequality. The study contributes to the literature on gated communities and social segregation by revealing that private governance takes various forms and is not always separate from local government bodies; rather, local government actors and homeowners’ associations may work together to exclude other groups from gated communities in the name of security.
38-8482
Africa. Economy. information and communication technology (ICT). Infrastructure. Urbanization.
Debates around urbanization, infrastructure disruption and the creative class rarely appear alongside each other in research on African cities. This article connects these different narratives, which are currently exerting their influence on the future direction of these cities. The economic value of the creative class is that their work centres on innovation—a quality seen as essential to ‘new-economy’ urban growth. Quality of place (that which makes ‘New York New York’) is said to attract the creative class to certain cities, as lifestyle amenities are valued as much as employment opportunities. Nairobi is an example of an African city currently attracting both Kenyan and expatriate creative class workers, particularly in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector. In this article we take Richard Florida’s creative class theory as a departure point to offer insights into why this group chooses to live in Nairobi and to describe Nairobi’s quality of place, with a particular focus on infrastructure disruption. The case study reveals that Nairobi’s quality of place differs fundamentally from the normative attributes prescribed by creative class theory and, in some instances, it is considered to be highly frustrating and unattractive.
38-8483
building information modelling. Buildings. carbon emissions. Construction. low carbon. Prefabrication.
Reducing emissions from construction and buildings is pivotal to climate change mitigation. Hence, transitioning to a low-carbon emission industry is the focus of many countries by applying prefabrication and building information modelling (BIM). Although prefabrication and BIM contribute towards reducing emissions, the burgeoning body of knowledge mostly consider them separate and often neglect advances in their synergies towards low-carbon building delivery. More importantly, a thorough review of the current state of BIM and prefabrication integration is still lacking. Therefore, this study uses the systematic review to explore the integration of BIM and prefabrication towards low-carbon efforts in building delivery. Six typologies of integrating BIM and prefabrication for low-carbon activities were revealed. Thus, energy and environmental assessments; visualization and real-time monitoring; parametric design optimization; automation in modelling; BIM-PC modifications; and information mapping. Further, these typologies explored four main low-carbon attributes in building delivery; energy evaluation, material selection, waste reduction and process efficiency. From the findings, research gaps were identified and future research directions such as BIM-based bill of quantities for carbon footprint analysis, and circularity features of prefabricated components were provided. This study consolidates advances in BIM and prefabrication scholarship and informs practice for evaluation of low-carbon processes in buildings.
33-3 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
38-8484
Affordability. affordability measures. renter households.
The United States is in a housing affordability crisis, with nearly half of all renter households spending more than 30% of their incomes on rent and utilities each month. This traditional measure of housing affordability may understate the hardships renter households face because it does not consider the array of expenses households have. Whereas housing policy has relied on percentage-of-income measures to indicate whether housing is affordable, researchers over the last three decades have called for a residual income approach that uses spending estimates to calculate what a household can actually afford. This article examines the extent of the affordability crisis by comparing standard cost burden rates for working-age renter households with residual-income cost burdens. Using the Economic Policy Institute’s Family Budget Calculator and the 2018 American Community Survey, we estimate the number of renter households that do not have enough income to afford a comfortable standard of living after paying rent and utilities. We investigate several policy levers, finding that a combined policy that addresses both housing and transportation affordability would have the largest impact on reducing residual-income cost burdens.
38-8485
Activity-based working. Case studies. layout analysis. office design. post-occupancy evaluation. Work environment.
Activity-based flexible offices (AFOs) provide a variety of workspaces to meet the need for social interactions and privacy at work. This study investigates the relationship between the design characteristics of AFOs and users’ perceptions of visual and acoustic privacy and social interactions. This case study is based on post-occupancy evaluations in three AFO layouts at a public service organization in Sweden. A mixed-method approach is adopted that combines questionnaires and layout analysis. In general, the results showed that while aesthetics received the highest satisfaction scores, office functionality, task support, storage and visual and acoustic privacy received the lowest ratings. Key design characteristics for AFOs were operationalized, observed and exemplified: zone diversity, proportion, readability, spatial enclosure, sharing ratios and functionality of furniture and tools. These insights may contribute to better-informed decisions about the design characteristics that influence privacy and social interactions in AFOs.
34. Transportation and Communication
34-1 TRANSPORTATION POLICY
38-8486
Housing. Jeddah. spatial association. transportation affordability. Urban sprawl.
Saudi cities were expanded toward the outer areas in the past; that has produced urban sprawl which is solely dependent on private cars, as an outcome of cheaper gasoline. However, decreasing energy subsidies have compelled urban residents to rethink housing and transportation choices. This article attempts to explore the combined housing and transportation affordability in Jeddah. We collected primary data on housing and transport costs through an online survey in addition to the secondary data sources. The global Moran’s index and the local indicator of spatial association (LISA) were then used to explore the spatial clustering of combined affordability of housing and transportation. Moreover, a composite index was developed to identify future locations of district-level affordable housing. Results reveal that more than one quarter of the total respondents are willing to change their housing locations in the future; and housing and transportation (un)affordability is clustered at certain locations. This study recommends considering transportation and housing costs in an integrated way at the time of granting new planning permissions. The study emphasizes an immediate need for a rapid, affordable, and reliable public transportation system offering connectivity, as well as infill development in the areas that are affordable in terms of housing and transportation costs.
38-8487
Housing. parking pricing. residential parking. shared parking. Transportation.
Given India’s urbanization rate, economic growth, and population size, a rise in private vehicle ownership appears inevitable. Residential parking in particular remains a sizable by-product with far-ranging consequences for land consumption, mobility choices, and housing affordability. To counter such undesirable externalities cities should equip themselves with strategies that are well-grounded in strong evidence. This article derives from literature extracted from the Web of Science, as well as development codes of select cities worldwide. The literature is reviewed and presented to understand the varied aspects of residential parking, to develop a comprehensive repository of attempted policy strategies, and to explore key takeaways for Indian cities. The review is organized into three sections—demand, supply, and pricing—borrowed from market economics. Our discussion in the section dealing with parking supply sheds light on alternate mechanisms—including shared parking (an appropriate tool for cities in rapidly urbanizing developing economies). Inferring from the literature review, we discuss our recommendations on how to formulate city residential parking policy using the case of Bengaluru, a bustling metropolis in southern India. We intend this article to contribute to the wider discourse pertaining to building bylaws, politics of parking pricing, and housing policy.
34-4 AIR/RAILOAD/WATER
38-8488
air movement. Air quality. airborne infection. building engineering.
Ventilation performance and air quality in cleanrooms are affected by several interconnected parameters, and a change in one component can impact the entire system. Furthermore, occupant interactions with the physical environment can influence particle dispersion, disrupt current airflow by introducing new wakes and ultimately decrease ventilation efficacy. As a result, we set up an experimental study to measure the effects of traffic, flowrate and filtration on ventilation performance while a source of contamination was inside the room. Experiments included three types of occupant movements (i.e., NM, WO, WT) and were performed under two different airflow conditions. Three different metrics, namely relative ventilation efficiency ((?jt)), decay rate (R) and exposure (?)), were introduced to statistically compare changes in ventilation performance in response to different experimental setups. Decay rates obtained for 0.3-micron particles decreased by up to 50% in the presence of occupants. Lowering cleanroom flowrate due to additional filtering can reduced ventilation effectiveness by almost 50%. Care should be exercised when changing filter efficiency because it can reduce the rate of air supply. These findings are especially intriguing in the context of cleanroom retrofit, as reducing air exchange rates was an unintended consequence of improving filter efficiency.
35. Architecture and Urban Design
35-1 URBAN DESIGN
38-8489
compact urban form. density. sprawl. sustainable development. Transit.
Urban growth in the form of sprawl became a global planning problem in the 20th century. High urbanization rates in combination with low-density zoning regulations put additional pressure on growing cities. Sprawl continues to generate negative social, environmental, and economic impacts. The results of 20 studies presented in this narrative review, which observe the change in urban form over time, indicate that the current urban growth form is sprawl. Compact urban form is considered a sustainable form of urban growth in the literature. The results of 10 studies on the correlation between the urban form and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions show that densification without provision of adequate access to public transportation will induce more traffic, congestion, and associated CO2 emissions. The ideal density is subject to adequate access to public transportation—that is, mass transit-supportive density. Environmentally sustainable densities cannot deliver detached housing as a housing mode in many countries. International agreements on CO2 emissions should be translated and implemented at the metropolitan and municipal levels of governance via tools that have statutory powers. Statutory instruments such as planning schemes, building codes, and planning and environmental acts incorporating precinct-sustainable assessment systems (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency (CASBEE, and Green Star) provide the opportunity to endorse sustainable density objectives.
38-8490
Economy. entertainment. Policy. Social spaces. Urbanism.
In response to debates on emergent and rogue forms of urbanism that are reshaping the African city, this article examines the night-time leisure economy as one particular social context in which the tensions and opposition between regulation/deregulation and informality play out. This article shows how ideas that centre on Northern entertainment spaces and drinking venues (bound with policy initiatives to reposition the city) have come to inform policy initiatives to regulate working-class public spaces in South African cities with the objective of controlling unruliness. Through a case study of informal and illegal drinking venues in Sweet Home Farm, a slum settlement in Cape Town, we provide an insight into the ways in which people seek to reclaim social space and impose their own vision of the creative city. The article demonstrates that while illegal drinking venues can be imagined as ‘unruly, unpredictable, surprising [and] confounding’, they are characterized by a responsive agility to the social, cultural and physical environment. We argue that the capacity and tenacity of informal drinking venues to adapt to regulatory pressures present a range of possibilities for reimaging the night-time leisure economy in ways that are inclusive of the poor and conducive to negotiation.
38-8491
characteristics of residents. design indices. kitchen area. Kitchen in urban residence.
Undersized space in kitchens remains a widespread and enduring problem in urban residences in China. However, no consensus exists on the area a satisfactory kitchen should take up and the causes of an undersized kitchen are still not sufficiently understood. This study examined reasonable spatial indices for kitchen design from the perspective of user satisfaction, based on 80 kitchens selected from multi-family residences in Beijing, People’s Republic of China. Data were collected using on-site measurement and face-to-face questionnaires, including spatial features, household structure, cooking habits, possession of appliances and residents’ binary judgement about the kitchen area. Factors associated with residents’ kitchen area perception were explored using correlation analysis, while the reasonable design indices were proposed by scatter diagram analysis. This study confirmed the influence of floor space and width of the kitchen and recommends 5.11–6.10 m2 and 1.71–2.00 m as a reasonable scope for the respective dimensions. It also demonstrates that the area requirement increased in families with higher cooking frequency and decreased in youthful households and suggests that the accommodation of the refrigerator and large appliances should be considered in kitchen area allocation.
38-8492
India. Research. Suburbanization. Urban theory. Urbanism.
The authors would like to thank the three anonymous IJURR reviewers and the handling editor for their valuable comments. The research described in this article draws upon work conducted as part of the interdisciplinary SUBURBIN project (see http://suburbin.hypotheses.org/). This project was supported by a grant from the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche/National Agency for Research (ANR–Suds II). It had researchers from multiple institutions. These were (in alphabetical order): the Centre for Policy Research (New Delhi), Centre de Sciences Humaines (New Delhi), Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Research (Mumbai), Institut Français de Pondichéry (Puducherry), Jawaharlal Nehru University (New Delhi), School of Planning and Architecture (New Delhi), and the University of Burdwan, as well as independent researchers and PhD scholars. Key researchers at sites include Solly Benjamin in the Udupi region, Rémi de Bercegol in Kartarpur, Kamala Marius-Gnanou in the Vellore region, Diya Mehra in Kullu, Manoj Nadkarni in Abu Road, Mythri Prasad in Pasighat, Bhuvaneswari Raman and Yann-Philippe Tastevin in Tiruchengode, Gopa Samanta in West Bengal, Pierre-Yves Trouillet in Tamil Nadu, and Marie-Hélène Zérah and Aditi Surie in the Delhi National Capital Region.
38-8493
informality. popular urbanization. self-organization. urban informality. Urban theory. Urbanization.
This article introduces the concept of popular urbanization to describe a specific urbanization process based on collective initiatives, self-organization and the activities of inhabitants. We understand popular urbanization as an urban strategy through which an urban territory is produced, transformed and appropriated by the people. This concept results from a theoretically guided and empirically grounded comparison of Mexico City, Istanbul and Lagos. Based on postcolonial critiques of urban theory and on the epistemologies of planetary urbanization, we bring urbanization processes in these urban regions into conversation with each other through a multidimensional theoretical framework inspired by Henri Lefebvre focusing on material interaction, territorial regulation, and everyday experience. In this way, popular urbanization emerged as a distinct urbanization process, which we identified in all three contexts. While this process is often subsumed under the broader concept of ‘urban informality’, we suggest that it may be helpful to distinguish popular urbanization as primarily led by the people, while commodification and state agencies play minor roles. As popular urbanization unfolds in diverse ways dependent upon the wider urban context, specific political constellations and actions, it results in a variety of spatial outcomes and temporal trajectories. This is therefore a revisable and open concept. In proposing the concept of popular urbanization for further examination, we seek to contribute to the collective development of a decentered vocabulary of urbanization.
35-2 HISTORIC PRESERVATION
38-8494
eviction. investors. landlords. rental housing. single-family rental.
Low-cost but unsubsidized one- to four-unit rental properties provide a critical source of housing for millions of low- and moderate-income renters. These properties are disproportionately in high-poverty neighborhoods and, until recently, studies of these low-end small rental properties (SRPs) primarily focused on their financial viability. Scholars found that, in general, these properties were marginally profitable at best and carried serious financial risks. Recently, however, studies have found that low-end SRPs may be as profitable as or even more profitable than properties in lower-poverty neighborhoods, and have suggested that these profits are driven by exploitative management. I surveyed the owners and managers of SRPs to understand whether low-end properties were more likely to be profitable and whether the owners who did achieve profits at the low end used “milking” strategies. I found that SRPs in high-poverty neighborhoods are about as likely to be profitable as the rest of the market, but are also financially riskier. I found no compelling evidence of a link between profit and more exploitative management practices at the low end of the market. These findings call for a change in policymakers’ understanding of profit and exploitative management among low-end SRPs.
35-5 DESIGN METHODS
38-8495
building performance assessment. literature review. literature review. performance concept. post-occupancy evaluation.
Building performance is a widely held goal in the architecture, engineering and construction industries, driven by a shared pursuit of the triple bottom line. This research paper re-examined the term ‘performance’ and its characterization in post-occupancy evaluation (POE) literature using a semi-systematic review of 160 articles published since 2008. The review identified how performance parameters have been defined, what the dominant attributes of studies are and what metrics have been used to measure them. A thematic content analysis found that many new priorities had emerged in recent years, problematizing Preiser et al.’s 1988 construct of the concept. The main contribution of this paper is a new expanded definition of ‘performance’ in terms of three interrelated domains: building, people and organization, and the development of subcategories for more nuanced analysis. This definition builds on the building performance-people performance paradigm first established by the UK’s PROBE initiative and responds to several shifts in thinking the review results revealed, including a shift from deterministic thinking towards a more bidirectional understanding of the person-environment relationship. Results were further distilled into recommendations to be used by researchers, practitioners and policymakers to identify performance areas of interest and develop more adaptive, integrated approaches to POE work.
38-8496
diffusion prediction. multi-factor coupling. partial least squares-structural equation modelling. Prefabricated construction technology. system dynamics.
Prefabricated construction (PC) is regarded as an effective way to reduce carbon emissions in the construction sector and attracts increasing attention from academia and industry. However, the development trend of PC technology diffusion remains unclear, which is not conducive to improving the PC’s promotion. To address this issue, this study predicts the diffusion trend of PC technology considering multi-factor interaction and reveals its underlying mechanism. The significance of influencing factors of PC technology diffusion is explored through the empirical research method based on partial least squares-structural equation modelling. The diffusion trend of PC technology is then predicted using the system dynamics considering the interaction of those key factors. The results indicate that both perceived superiority and knowledge sharing have positive influences on PC technology diffusion, and they mediate the path from organizational climate to PC technology diffusion. Network embeddedness influences PC technology diffusion through knowledge sharing. Under the above-factors interaction, PC technology diffuses continuously until stability in the next 48 months, with a diffusion speed trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The diffusion prediction of PC technology under multi-factor coupling in this study fills up the gap in existing research. The conclusions are suggestive for promoting PC technology effectively.
35-6 PROGRAMMING/FACILITY PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
38-8497
climate change mitigation. LEED building. life cycle cost. life cycle emission. life cycle energy. Retrofit.
This study aims to assess the comprehensive energy, environmental and economic performance of a retrofit zero energy building (ZEB). Three life cycle assessments were conducted: life cycle energy (LCE), life cycle carbon emissions (LCCE) and life cycle cost (LCC). Actual building construction cost data and energy use data were used in the assessments. The analysis results indicated that during the whole building life span, the operational life stage (B6) was a major contributor to LCE (82%) and LCCE (77%), but not to LCC (18%). Within the life cycle embodied carbon (LCEC), A3 was the life stage with the highest contribution (56%), which is mainly related to the manufacturing of building assemblies. This case study provides new empirical evidence of ZEB performance in the United States. The findings suggest that to achieve the carbon neutrality goal, current ZEB certifications or designations are not adequate to measure actual building performance. A further reduction of operational energy, in addition to reducing the embodied carbon released during manufacturing, should be the focus.
38-8498
analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Building condition assessment (BCA). building inspection. facility management. Higher education institutions (HEIs).
This study aims to provide an overview of the building condition assessment at the facility management stage in higher education buildings in Portugal. A questionnaire survey containing 188 questions was developed and was responded to by experts in the facility management departments of 19 higher education institutions (HEIs) in Portugal. The data analysis, using analytic hierarchy process, showed the difficulties related to the process of facility management and building condition assessment and the experts’ preferences in building condition assessment and facility management in Portuguese HEIs. Four building condition assessment parameters were also evaluated. Although not representative of all HEIs in Portugal, the findings indicate that there needs to be a significant change in the management of the HEI building stock with the support of new digital technologies and the prioritization of preventive actions. This unique view of facility management in Portugal provides useful pointers for facility managers working in HEI in other (European) countries and has relevance to other building typologies.
35-7 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEMS
38-8499
COVID-19 pandemic. eviction. eviction moratorium. pandemic. Poverty. racial disparities. rental housing.
Forty-four state governments enacted eviction moratoria freezing or tempering the eviction process during the COVID-19 pandemic in an effort to forestall evictions. Combining data on state and federal eviction policies with data on eviction filings at the census tract level in 27 municipal areas from very late December 2019 through March 2022, we estimated correlated random effects Poisson models to examine effects of the moratoria. We found that state eviction moratoria were associated with a 32% lower rate of filings for a given tract, with moratoria targeting earlier stages of the eviction process having a particularly pronounced effect. We further found that state and federal moratoria were synergistic: eviction filings were lowest when both a strong state moratorium and a federal moratorium were in effect. Finally, state moratoria tempered the relationships between risk factors such as community poverty or racial and ethnic demographic composition and eviction filings. Results suggest that state eviction moratoria, particularly those targeting earlier stages of the eviction process, were successful in meeting their primary goal of decreasing eviction risks during the pandemic.
36. Environmenal Psychology/Environment, Behavior, and Society
36-1 ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION/COGNITION
38-8500
Housing. scholarship. win–win–win activity.
Providing a constructive, insightful peer review for a scholarly journal is a win–win–win activity. The authors win. The scholarship wins. The reviewers win.The authors win because a fresh, independent assessment of how the research was conducted and presented can only build their scholarly capacities. Although responding to critics is sometimes unpleasant, honest authors must admit that it typically makes them better analysts and writers, and makes their papers stronger and more influential.
38-8501
alternative materials. Barriers. Drivers. Earth construction. slow-carbon materials.
To tackle climate change and resource depletion, the construction industry has to shift to more sustainable developments. For which, as a low-embodied carbon construction material, earth represents an opportunity. However, earth material is still barely used in mainstream construction. This paper aims to assess what are the current knowledge about factors (barriers and opportunities) affecting the use of earthen architecture through a systematic search and review of the literature. The analysis of the data was conducted by classifying the factors into five categories, economical, organizational, political, social, and technical. The results differ, depending on the context, high/low-income country and stabilized/unstabilized earth. The data is analysed, breaking down some drivers, barriers and opportunities. Results show there is a lack of literature in the field. The paper also provides key parameters to consider for future research to promote earthen construction and to fill the knowledge gap. Additionally, two main new areas of research should be developed, (i) to design appropriate training supports for the education of all the stakeholders, (ii) to clarify how earthen architecture is related to the circular economy and how it can help to preserve natural resources and foster the shift to a circular economy of the construction industry.
38-8502
Neighbourhood centre. physical environment. user perspective. willingness to visit.
The physical environment is crucial for creating an attractive and sustainable neighbourhood centre. Previous research has explored various aspects of the physical environments of community public spaces; however, few studies have focused on neighbourhood centres in China or elucidated how to prioritize those factors to affect willingness to visit. A questionnaire survey was used to capture which potential physical environmental factors most affect residents’ perceived willingness to visit a neighbourhood centre. Three hundred fifty-six valid survey answers were collected online from residents of Zhejiang Province, China. The results highlight key physical environmental factors and their relative priorities; safety factors are the most valued by residents, whereas green spaces, number and quietness (which have been discussed in previous studies) are considered generally unimportant. The key factors were classified into three groups: spatial quality, accessibility and spatial capacity. The results presented herein provide new insights from residents about neighbourhood centres. The research developed a comprehensive framework for assessing the physical environment of a neighbourhood centre based on key factor prioritization and grouping characteristics that can guide designers and decision makers in assessing and enhancing neighbourhood centres in communities with limited resources.
36-3 ENVIRONMENTAL ATTITUDE/AWARENESS/VALUES
38-8503
Africa. Consumption. cultural knowledge. Immigration. semi-ethnographic study.
AbstractIn contemporary African cities, dressing well and wearing exclusive garments has become crucial for people in search of identity, distinction and individuality. The research presented in this article, situated at disciplinary intersections of cultural studies, fashion practices and sustainability, provides a case study of African tailors conducted in Maputo and Lisbon, with a special focus on identity building of African immigrants in Portugal. However, the role of tailors in this acculturation process has been ignored in the consumption approach to creative cities. This study is therefore also a reaction to the mainly Western world of regular couture, and to ‘creative city materials’ that focus on consumption. Instead, we emphasize the importance of African tailors who de facto shape urban experiences—visually incrementing practices—that are fundamental to the comprehension of sartorial culture, while we also allude to the complex intersections between local and global markets. In the first part of this article we describe a semi-ethnographic study among tailors in Maputo and Lisbon. The second part presents a participatory action approach that entailed developing an educational programme for African tailors where culture and creativity meet. This programme empowered tailors to tap into their cultural knowledge on tailoring and their awareness of community identity. In our study we argue that the idea of creative cities and their creative economy should be approached from a cultural perspective, by building awareness of the importance of local creative classes instead of focusing on importing those classes.
36-4 SOCIO-SPATIAL FACTORS
38-8504
adaptive industrialized construction. construction simulation. COVID-19 pandemic. rural construction.
The spread of COVID-19 has caused an increasing demand for public medical rooms, especially in Chinese rural regions. Industrialized building techniques have been shown as capable of fulfilling this demand through the case of the Leishenshan Hospital. However, industrialized construction requires developed technologies and infrastructures, which are often non-existent in rural areas, thus making it difficult to replicate such a feat. Therefore, more suitable solutions for Chinese rural project delivery in the pandemic scenario are needed. Considering the constraints of pandemic prevention and rural applicability, the adaptive industrialized construction (AIC) method has potential as an alternative. This study evaluates the application of AIC by comparing simulated results using AIC and a conventional method, based on five evaluation indicators: construction speed, labourer distribution, material consumption, equipment utilization, and cost. Taking an actual project as the sample building, the results indicate that the AIC method has several advantages. These include a shorter construction period, less labourer gathering onsite, and a lower cost, suggesting it may be an effective solution for rural project delivery during the pandemic. Architects and contractors could employ the same evaluation method to explore more solutions and optimize the construction schedule for future rapid construction needs in rural areas in a pandemic.
36-6 QUALITY OF LIFE
38-8505
Demographics. Gentrification. Health care. Neighborhoods.
The relationship of neighborhood conditions with health outcomes has been well documented, but less is known about importance of neighborhood change. Research that examined the relationship of gentrification with health outcomes produced mixed results, but only a few studies were able to examine the role of local social capital as a potential moderating influence. Using a survey of Hurricane Katrina survivors, tract-level health estimates from the 500 Cities Project, and tract-level census data, we assess the relationship of gentrification with self-reported physical and mental health, controlling for four measures of neighborhood collective resources in post-Katrina New Orleans, Louisiana. Our findings indicate rates of poor self-rated physical and mental health were higher in neighborhoods that experienced gentrification and that other neighborhood changes may function to dampen the impacts of gentrification on health outcomes. Our results underscore the importance of considering local community characteristics in evaluating the relationship of gentrification with health.
38-8506
adaptability. future proofing. hospital. life-cycle thinking. Resilience. Sustainability.
Due to constantly changing requirements, future proofing is increasingly seen as an urgent need in hospital building design. However, as knowledge on future proofing hospital building design is yet to be consolidated, this study reviews the literature to clarify understanding of the concept in hospital building contexts. A scoping review methodology was considered appropriate to elucidate concepts in the literature. As future proofing has been developed in multiple industries, an interdisciplinary approach is taken to investigate the concept across three contexts: design (in general), the built environment and hospital buildings. Findings reveal that most studies adopted a crisis-driven approach to conceptualize future proofing – largely limited to consideration of adaptability and resilience. By synthesizing the data, the research provides a comprehensive definition of future proofing by answering the WHY, WHAT and HOW of its application to hospital building design. A future proofing model is proposed that is composed of passive–active and reactive–proactive dichotomies that identify four future proofing objectives. These objectives are addressed via six future proofing capabilities: maintainability, resilience, changeability, mitigation, improvement and transition. The study clarifies future proofing objectives in hospital building design and informs directions for further research and dialogue in policy, research, education and practice.