Urban planning has struggled to establish a consensus on what “good” planning looks like and instead grapples with balancing competing planning priorities and perspectives. This paper proposes that planners and planning scholars look to health equity as a guiding “north star.” We justify this proposal by reviewing scholarship at the intersection of planning and public health. Drawing from empirical and theoretical work linking urban planning, health, and social equity, we recommend planners adopt participatory and anti-racist practices; implement cross-sectoral strategies beyond the professional boundaries of urban planning or public health; and learn from diverse data sources, research methods, and geographic contexts.
AmaroHortensia. 2014. “The Action Is Upstream: Place-Based Approaches for Achieving Population Health and Health Equity.” American Journal of Public Health104 (6): 964. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302032.
AnguelovskiIsabelleShiLindaChuEricGallagherDanielGohKianLambZacharyReeveKaraTeicherHannah. 2016. “Equity Impacts of Urban Land Use Planning for Climate Adaptation: Critical Perspectives from the Global North and South.” Journal of Planning Education and Research36 (3): 333–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X16645166.
4.
ArcayaMariana C.ArcayaAlyssaSubramanianS. V.. 2015. “Inequalities in Health: Definitions, Concepts, and Theories.” Global Health Action8 (June). 10.3402/gha.v8.27106.
5.
ArcayaMariana C.Schnake-MahlAlinaBinetAndrewSimpsonShannonChurchMaggie SuperGavinVedetteColemanBill, et al.2018. “Community Change and Resident Needs: Designing a Participatory Action Research Study in Metropolitan Boston.” Health & Place52: 221–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.05.014.
6.
ArcayaMariana C.Tucker-SeeleyReginald D.KimRockliSchnake-MahlAlinaSoMarvinSubramanianS. V.. 2016. “Research on Neighborhood Effects on Health in the United States: A Systematic Review of Study Characteristics.” Social Science & Medicine168 (November): 16–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.08.047.
7.
ArnsteinSherry R. 1969. “A Ladder of Citizen Participation.” Journal of the American Institute of Planners35 (4): 216–24. 10.1080/01944366908977225.
8.
BaileyZinzi D.FeldmanJustin M.BassettMary T.. 2021. “How Structural Racism Works—Racist Policies as a Root Cause of U.S. Racial Health Inequities.” New England Journal of Medicine384 (8): 768–73. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMms2025396.
9.
BaileyZinzi D.KriegerNancyAgénorMadinaGravesJasmineLinosNataliaBassettMary T.. 2017. “Structural Racism and Health Inequities in the USA: Evidence and Interventions.” The Lancet; London389 (10077): 1453–63. https://doi.org/.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X.
BambraClareJoyceKerry E.BellisMark A.GreatleyAngelaGreengrossSallyHughesSaraLincolnPaul, et al.2010. “Reducing Health Inequalities in Priority Public Health Conditions: Using Rapid Review to Develop Proposals for Evidence-Based Policy.” Journal of Public Health32 (4): 496–505. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdq028.
12.
BasnerMathiasBabischWolfgangDavisAdrianBrinkMarkClarkCharlotteJanssenSabineStansfeldStephen. 2014. “Auditory and Non-Auditory Effects of Noise on Health.” The Lancet383 (9925): 1325–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61613-X.
13.
BergerMaximusSarnyaiZoltán. 2015. “‘More Than Skin Deep’: Stress Neurobiology and Mental Health Consequences of Racial Discrimination.” Stress18 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2014.989204.
14.
BertoliniLucaVerlooNanke. 2020. Seeing the City: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Study of the Urban. Amsterdam University Press. http://muse.jhu.edu/book/80780.
15.
BinetAndrewGavinVedetteCarrollLeighArcayaMariana. 2019. “Designing and Facilitating Collaborative Research Design and Data Analysis Workshops: Lessons Learned in the Healthy Neighborhoods Study.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health16 (3): 324. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030324.
16.
BinetAndrewNidamYaelHouston-ReadRebeccaLopezCésar Garciadel RioGabriela ZayasAbreuDinaBatyCarl, et al.2022. “Ownership of Change: Participatory Development of a Novel Latent Construct for Neighborhoods and Health Equity Research.” Social Science & Medicine309 (September): 115234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115234.
17.
BinetAndrewSporticheNoémieGavinVedetteArcayaMariana C.. 2023. “Operationalizing the Capabilities Approach to Understand Neighborhood Well-Being in a Participatory Action Research Study.” Journal of Planning Education and Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X231204862.
18.
BirdChloe E.RiekerPatricia P.. 2008. Gender and Health: The Effects of Constrained Choices and Social Policies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511807305.
19.
BlanchardWilliam. 1986. “Evaluating Social Equity: What Does Fairness Mean and Can We Measure It?” Policy Studies Journal15 (1): 29–54. 10.1111/j.1541-0072.1986.tb00442.x.
20.
BledsoeAdamWrightWillie Jamaal. 2019. “The Anti-Blackness of Global Capital.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space37 (1): 8–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775818805102.
21.
BrandAnna LiviaMillerCharles. 2020. “Tomorrow I’ll Be at the Table: Black Geographies and Urban Planning: A Review of the Literature.” Journal of Planning Literature35 (4): 460–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412220928575.
22.
BravemanPaula A.CubbinCatherineEgerterSusanWilliamsDavid R.PamukElsie. 2010. “Socioeconomic Disparities in Health in the United States: What the Patterns Tell Us.” American Journal of Public Health100 (S1): S186–96.
23.
BravemanPaula A.KumanyikaShirikiFieldingJonathanLaVeistThomasBorrellLuisa N.ManderscheidRonTroutmanAdewale. 2011. “Health Disparities and Health Equity: The Issue Is Justice.” American Journal of Public Health101 (S1): S149–55. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2010.300062.
24.
BravemanPaula A. 2014. “What Are Health Disparities and Health Equity? We Need to Be Clear.” Public Health Reports129(1_suppl2): 5–8.10.1177/00333549141291S203.
Cacari-StoneLisaWallersteinNinaGarciaAnalilia P.MinklerMeredith. 2014. “The Promise of Community-Based Participatory Research for Health Equity: A Conceptual Model for Bridging Evidence With Policy.” American Journal of Public Health104 (9): 1615–23. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301961.
27.
CampbellScott. 1996. “Green Cities, Growing Cities, Just Cities?: Urban Planning and the Contradictions of Sustainable Development.” Journal of the American Planning Association62 (3): 296–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369608975696.
28.
ChaconRamon D.1988. “The Beginning of Racial Segregation: The Chinese in West Fresno and Chinatown’s Role as Red Light District, 1870s-1920s.” Southern California Quarterly70 (4): 371–98. https://doi.org/10.2307/41171335.
ChenGongboWanXiaYangGonghuanZouXiaonong. 2015. “Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.” Thoracic Cancer6 (3): 307–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/1759-7714.12185.
31.
ClarkW. A. V.1991. “Residential Preferences and Neighborhood Racial Segregation: A Test of the Schelling Segregation Model.” Demography28 (1): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061333.
32.
ClarkRodneyAndersonNorman B.ClarkVernessa R.WilliamsDavid R.. 1999. “Racism as a Stressor for African Americans: A Biopsychosocial Model.” American Psychologist54 (10): 805–16.
33.
CockerhamWilliam C.2014. “Medical Sociology.” In The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Health, Illness, Behavior, and Society, 1–19. American Cancer Society. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118410868.wbehibs548.
34.
CorburnJason. 2004. “Confronting the Challenges in Reconnecting Urban Planning and Public Health.” American Journal of Public Health94 (4): 541–46.
35.
CraddockSusan. 1995. “Sewers and Scapegoats: Spatial Metaphors of Smallpox in Nineteenth Century San Francisco.” Social Science & Medicine41 (7): 957–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)00409-M.
36.
CraneMelanieLloydSimonHainesAndyDingDingHutchinsonEmmaBelesovaKristineDaviesMichael, et al.2021. “Transforming Cities for Sustainability: A Health Perspective.” Environment International147 (February): 106366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106366.
37.
ChrisingerBenjamin W. 2023. “Getting to Root Causes.” Journal of the American Planning Association89 (2): 160–66. 10.1080/01944363.2022.2041466.
38.
ChuEric K.CannonClare E. B.. 2021. “Equity, Inclusion, and Justice as Criteria for Decision-Making on Climate Adaptation in Cities.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability51 (August): 85–94. 10.1016/j.cosust.2021.02.009.
39.
DanewidIda. 2020. “The Fire This Time: Grenfell, Racial Capitalism and the Urbanisation of Empire.” European Journal of International Relations26 (1): 289–313. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066119858388.
40.
DantzlerPrentiss A. 2021. ““The Urban Process Under Racial Capitalism: Race, Anti-Blackness, and Capital Accumulation.” Journal of Race, Ethnicity and the City2 (2): 113–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/26884674.2021.1934201.
41.
DantzlerPrentiss A.Korver-GlennElizabethHowellJunia. 2022. “Introduction: What Does Racial Capitalism Have to Do With Cities and Communities?” City & Community21 (3): 163–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/15356841221103978.
42.
DantzlerPrentiss A.ReynoldsAja D.. 2020. “Making Our Way Home: Housing Policy, Racial Capitalism, and Reparations.” Journal of World-Systems Research26 (2): 155–67. https://doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2020.1008.
43.
DeivanayagamThilagawathi AbiLasoyeSarahSmithJamesSelvarajahSujitha. 2021. “Policing Is a Threat to Public Health and Human Rights.” BMJ Global Health6 (2): e004582. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004582.
44.
DengHuiSunWeizengYipWingshanZhengSiqi. 2020. “Household Income Inequality Aggravates High-Temperature Exposure Inequality in Urban China.” Journal of Environmental Management275 (December): 111224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111224.
FainsteinSusan S. 2017. “Urban Planning and Social Justice.” In The Routledge Handbook of Planning Theory, edited by Michael Gunder, Ali Madanipour, and Vanessa Watson, 1st ed., 130–42. New York, NY: Routledge, 2018.10.4324/9781315696072-11.
49.
FelixAshley S.ShislerRobertNolanTimiya S.WarrenBarbara J.RhoadesJenniferBarnettKierra S.WilliamsKaren Patricia. 2019. “High-Effort Coping and Cardiovascular Disease among Women: A Systematic Review of the John Henryism Hypothesis.” Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine96 (Suppl 1): 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-018-00333-1.
FordChandra L.AirhihenbuwaCollins O.. 2010. “The Public Health Critical Race Methodology: Praxis for Antiracism Research.” Social Science & Medicine (1982)71 (8): 1390–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.07.030.
52.
FrankLawrence D.KavageSarah. 2008. “Urban Planning and Public Health: A Story of Separation and Reconnection.” Journal of Public Health Management and Practice14 (3): 214–20. 10.1097/01.PHH.0000316478.42264.a7.
53.
FreudenbergNicholasTsuiEmma. 2013. “Evidence, Power, and Policy Change in Community-Based Participatory Research.” American Journal of Public Health104 (1): 11–4. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301471.
FrumkinHoward. 2005. “Guest Editorial: Health, Equity, and the Built Environment.” Environmental Health Perspectives113 (5): A290–91. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.113-a29.
56.
FulliloveMindy Thompson. 2016. Root Shock: How Tearing Up City Neighborhoods Hurts America, And What We Can Do About It. New Village Press.
57.
FulliloveMindy ThompsonWallaceRodrick. 2011. “Serial Forced Displacement in American Cities, 1916–2010.” Journal of Urban Health : Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine88 (3): 381–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-011-9585-2.
58.
GellerAmandaFaganJeffreyTylerTomLinkBruce G.. 2014. “Aggressive Policing and the Mental Health of Young Urban Men.” American Journal of Public Health104 (12): 2321–27. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302046.
59.
GelorminoElenaMelisGiuliaMariettaCristinaCostaGiuseppe. 2015. “From Built Environment to Health Inequalities: An Explanatory Framework Based on Evidence.” Preventive Medicine Reports2 (September): 737–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.08.019.
60.
GentryS.MildenL.KellyM. P.. 2020. “Why Is Translating Research into Policy so Hard? How Theory Can Help Public Health Researchers Achieve Impact?” Public Health178 (January): 90–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2019.09.009.
61.
GeronimusArline T.2013. “Deep Integration: Letting the Epigenome Out of the Bottle Without Losing Sight of the Structural Origins of Population Health.” American Journal of Public Health103 (S1): S56–63. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301380.
GoetzEdward G.WilliamsRashad A.DamianoAnthony. 2020. “Whiteness and Urban Planning.” Journal of the American Planning Association86 (2): 142–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2019.1693907.
64.
GranovetterMark. 1983. “The Strength of Weak Ties: A Network Theory Revisited.” Sociological Theory1: 201–33. https://doi.org/10.2307/202051.
65.
GrantJill. 2005. “Rethinking the Public Interest as a Planning Concept.” 4.
66.
GrantMarcus. 2019. “Planning for Healthy Cities.” In Integrating Human Health into Urban and Transport Planning: A Framework, edited by NieuwenhuijsenMarkKhreisHaneen, 221–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74983-9_12.
67.
GrantMarcusBrownCarolineCaiaffaWaleska T.CaponAnthonyCorburnJasonCouttsChrisCrespoCarlos J., et al.2017. “Cities and Health: An Evolving Global Conversation.” Cities & Health1 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2017.1316025.
68.
Giles-CortiBillieVernez-MoudonAnneReisRodrigoTurrellGavinDannenbergAndrew L.BadlandHannahFosterSarah, et al. 2016. “City Planning and Population Health: A Global Challenge.” The Lancet388 (10062): 2912–24. 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30066-6.
69.
GuthmanJulieMansfieldBecky. 2013. “The Implications of Environmental Epigenetics: A New Direction for Geographic Inquiry on Health, Space, and Nature-Society Relations.” Progress in Human Geography37 (4): 486–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132512463258.
HallPeter. 1998. “Globalization and the World Cities.” In Globalization and the World of Large Cities, edited by LoFu-chenYeungYue-man, 17–36. Citeseer.
HealeyP.1998. “Building Institutional Capacity Through Collaborative Approaches to Urban Planning.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space30 (9): 1531–46. https://doi.org/10.1068/a301531.
75.
HenningCeciliaLiebergMats. 1996. “Strong Ties or Weak Ties? Neighbourhood Networks in a New Perspective.” Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research13 (1): 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/02815739608730394.
HopkinsPeter E.SmithSusan J.. 2008. “Scaling Segregation; Racialising Fear.” In Fear: Critical Geopolitics and Everyday Life, edited by PainRachelSmithSusan J. Routledge.
78.
IcelandJohnWilkesRima. 2006. “Does Socioeconomic Status Matter? Race, Class, and Residential Segregation.” Social Problems53 (2): 248–73. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2006.53.2.248.
79.
IsraelEmilFrenkelAmnon. 2018. “Social Justice and Spatial Inequality: Toward a Conceptual Framework.” Progress in Human Geography42 (5): 647–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132517702969.
80.
JamesSherman A.1994. “John Henryism and the Health of African-Americans.” Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry18 (2): 163–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01379448.
81.
JacksonRichard J.DannebergAndrew L.FrumkinHoward L.. 2013. “Health and the Built Environment: 10 Years After.” American Journal of Public Health; Washington103 (9): 1542–44. 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301482.
82.
JeffriesNealZaslavskyAlan M.Diez RouxAna V.CreswellJohn W.PalmerRichard C.GregorichSteven E.ReschovskyJames D., et al.2019. “Methodological Approaches to Understanding Causes of Health Disparities.” American Journal of Public Health109 (S1): S28–33. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304843.
83.
JenkinsDestinLeroyJustin, eds. 2021. Histories of Racial Capitalism. Columbia University Press.
84.
JerrettMichaelBurnettRichard T.KanaroglouPavlosEylesJohnFinkelsteinNormGiovisChrisBrookJeffrey R.. 2001. “A GIS–Environmental Justice Analysis of Particulate Air Pollution in Hamilton, Canada.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space33 (6): 955–73. https://doi.org/10.1068/a33137.
KimPilyoungEvansGary W.ChenEdithMillerGregorySeemanTeresa. 2018. “How Socioeconomic Disadvantages Get Under the Skin and into the Brain to Influence Health Development Across the Lifespan.” In Handbook of Life Course Health Development, edited by HalfonNealForrestChristopher B.LernerRichard M.FaustmanElaine M., 463–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47143-3_19.
87.
KingChristopher J.BuckleyBryan O.MaheshwariRiyaGriffithDerek M.. 2022. “Race, Place, and Structural Racism: A Review of Health and History in Washington, D.C.” Health Affairs41 (2): 273–80. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2021.01805.
88.
KramerMichael R.2018. “Residential Segregation and Health.” In Neighborhoods and Health, edited by DuncanDustin T.KawachiIchiroDiez RouxAna V.. Oxford University Press.
89.
KriegerNancy. 2001. “Theories for Social Epidemiology in the 21st Century: An Ecosocial Perspective.” International Journal of Epidemiology30 (4): 668–77. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/30.4.668.
90.
KriegerNancyDavey SmithGeorge. 2004. “‘Bodies Count,’ and Body Counts: Social Epidemiology and Embodying Inequality.” Epidemiologic Reviews26 (1): 92–103. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxh009.
KrivoLauren J.WashingtonHeather M.PetersonRuth D.BrowningChristopher R.CalderCatherine A.KwanMei-Po. 2013. “Social Isolation of Disadvantage and Advantage: The Reproduction of Inequality in Urban Space.” Social Forces92 (1): 141–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sot043.
94.
KruizeHannekeDroomersMariëlvan KampIreneRuijsbroekAnnemarie. 2014. “What Causes Environmental Inequalities and Related Health Effects? An Analysis of Evolving Concepts.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health11 (6): 5807–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110605807.
LefebvreHenri. 1991. The Production of Space. Translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith. Vol. 142. Blackwell Publishers.
97.
LinkBruce G.PhelanJo. 1995. “Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior35: 80–94. https://doi.org/10.2307/2626958.
98.
LiuXingjianDaiLiangDerudderBen. 2017. “Spatial Inequality in the Southeast Asian Intercity Transport Network.” Geographical Review107 (2): 317–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2016.12181.x.
99.
LohCarolyn G.KimRose. 2021. “Are We Planning for Equity?” Journal of the American Planning Association87 (2): 181–96. 10.1080/01944363.2020.1829498.
LowSetha M. 2001. “The Edge and the Center: Gated Communities and the Discourse of Urban Fear:” American Anthropologist 103 (1): 45–58. 10.1525/aa.2001.103.1.45.
MansfieldBecky. 2012. “Race and the New Epigenetic Biopolitics of Environmental Health.” BioSocieties7 (4): 352–72. https://doi.org/10.1057/biosoc.2012.22.
105.
MansfieldBeckyGuthmanJulie. 2015. “Epigenetic Life: Biological Plasticity, Abnormality, and New Configurations of Race and Reproduction.” Cultural Geographies22 (1): 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474474014555659.
106.
ManaughKevinBadamiMadhav G.El-GeneidyAhmed M.. 2015. “Integrating Social Equity into Urban Transportation Planning: A Critical Evaluation of Equity Objectives and Measures in Transportation Plans in North America.” Transport Policy37 (January): 167–76. 10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.09.013.
107.
MarcusePeterConnollyJamesNovyJohannesOlivoIngridPotterCuzSteilJustinFariasIgnacioBenderThomasLindnerChristoph. 2009. Searching for the Just City: Debates in Urban Theory and Practice. Questioning Cities Series. 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
108.
MarmotMichaelFrielSharonBellRuthHouwelingTanja AJTaylorSebastian. 2008. “Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health.” The Lancet372 (9650): 1661–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61690-6.
109.
MartinChantel L.GhastineLeaLodgeEvans K.DhingraRadhikaWard-CavinessCavin K.. 2022. “Understanding Health Inequalities Through the Lens of Social Epigenetics.” Annual Review of Public Health43 (1): 235–54. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052020-105613.
MasseyDouglas S.DentonNancy A.. 1988. “The Dimensions of Residential Segregation.” Social Forces67 (2): 281. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/67.2.281.
112.
McClureElizabeth S.VasudevanPavithraBaileyZinziPatelSnehalRobinsonWhitney R.. 2020. ““Racial Capitalism Within Public Health: How Occupational Settings Drive COVID-19 Disparities.” American Journal of Epidemiology189 (11): 1244–53. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa126.
113.
McKittrickKatherine. 2021. Dear Science and Other Stories. Errantries. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
114.
MehdipanahRoshanakMarraGiuliaMelisGiuliaGelorminoElena. 2018. “Urban Renewal, Gentrification and Health Equity: A Realist Perspective.” European Journal of Public Health28 (2): 243–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx202.
115.
MelgaçoLorenaXavier Pinto CoelhoLuana. 2022. “Race and Space in the Postcolony: A Relational Study on Urban Planning Under Racial Capitalism in Brazil and South Africa.” City & Community21 (3): 214–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/15356841221087195.
116.
MeloniMaurizio. 2015. “Epigenetics for the Social Sciences: Justice, Embodiment, and Inheritance in the Postgenomic Age.” New Genetics and Society34 (2): 125–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/14636778.2015.1034850.
MetzgerJohn T. 1996. “The Theory and Practice of Equity Planning: An Annotated Bibliography.” Journal of Planning Literature11 (1): 112–26. 10.1177/088541229601100106.
119.
MiraftabFaranak. 2012. “Colonial Present: Legacies of the Past in Contemporary Urban Practices in Cape Town, South Africa.” Journal of Planning History11 (4): 283–307. https://doi.org/10.1177/1538513212447924.
120.
MohaiPaulSahaRobin. 2015. “Which Came First, People or Pollution? A Review of Theory and Evidence from Longitudinal Environmental Justice Studies.” Environmental Research Letters10 (12): 125011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/125011.
121.
MoonGrahamPearceJamie. 2020. “Twenty-Five Years of Health & Place: Citation Classics, Internationalism and Interdisciplinarity.” Health & Place61 (January): 102202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102202.
122.
NapierDavidDepledgeM. H.KnipperMichaelLovellRebeccaPonarinEduardSanabriaEmiliaThomasFelicity. 2017. Culture Matters: Using a Cultural Contexts of Health Approach to Enhance Policy-Making. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe.
123.
NazrooJames Y.BhuiKamaldeep S.RhodesJames. 2020. “Where Next for Understanding Race/Ethnic Inequalities in Severe Mental Illness? Structural, Interpersonal and Institutional Racism.” Sociology of Health & Illness42 (2): 262–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.13001.
NussbaumMartha. 2000. “Women’s Capabilities and Social Justice.” Journal of Human Development1 (2): 219–47. 10.1080/713678045.
126.
OlesenKristian. 2018. “Teaching Planning Theory as Planner Roles in Urban Planning Education.” Higher Education Pedagogies3 (1): 302–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/23752696.2018.1425098.
127.
ÖsterleAugust. 2002. “Evaluating Equity in Social Policy: A Framework for Comparative Analysis.” Evaluation8 (1): 46–59. 10.1177/1358902002008001516.
128.
PalG. C.2015. “Social Exclusion and Mental Health: The Unexplored Aftermath of Caste-Based Discrimination and Violence.” Psychology and Developing Societies27 (2): 189–213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971333615593446.
Pons-ViguésMarionaDiezÈliaMorrisonJoanaSalas-NicásSergioHoffmannRasmusBurstromBovan DijkJitse P.BorrellCarme. 2014. “Social and Health Policies or Interventions to Tackle Health Inequalities in European Cities: A Scoping Review.” BMC Public Health14 (February): 198. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-198.
131.
PowC. P.2017. “Courting the ‘Rich and Restless’: Globalisation of Real Estate and the New Spatial Fixities of the Super-Rich in Singapore.” International Journal of Housing Policy17 (1): 56–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616718.2016.1215964.
132.
ReeceJason W.2018. “In Pursuit of a Twenty-First Century Just City: The Evolution of Equity Planning Theory and Practice.” Journal of Planning Literature33 (3): 299–309. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412218754519.
133.
ReisS.MorrisG.FlemingL. E.BeckS.TaylorT.WhiteM.DepledgeM. H., et al.2015. “Integrating Health and Environmental Impact Analysis.” Public Health129 (10): 1383–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2013.07.006.
134.
RobinsonCedric J.1983. Black Marxism, Revised and Updated Third Edition: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition. London: Zed Press.
135.
RoseHarold M.1969. “The Origin and Pattern of Development Of Urban Black Social Areas.” Journal of Geography68 (6): 326–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221346908981126.
136.
RoseHarold M.1970. “The Development of an Urban Subsystem: The Case of the Negro Ghetto.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers60 (1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1970.tb00701.x.
137.
RosenJovannaPainterGary. 2019. “From Citizen Control to Co-Production: Moving Beyond a Linear Conception of Citizen Participation.” Journal of the American Planning Association85 (3): 335–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2019.1618727.
138.
RotherHanna-Andrea. 2016. “Pesticide Vendors in the Informal Sector: Trading Health for Income.” NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy26 (2): 241–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/1048291116651750.
139.
RothsteinRichard. 2017. The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America. Liveright Publishing.
140.
RydinYvonneBleahuAnaDaviesMichaelDávilaJulio D.FrielSharonDe GrandisGiovanniGroceNora, et al.2012. “Shaping Cities for Health: Complexity and the Planning of Urban Environments in the 21st Century.” The Lancet379 (9831): 2079–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60435-8.
141.
SassenSaskia. 2016. “The Global City: Enabling Economic Intermediation and Bearing Its Costs.” City & Community15 (2): 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12175.
142.
SassenSaskia. 2018. Cities in a World Economy. Sage Publications.
143.
SaulnierKatie M.DuprasCharles. 2017. “Race in the Postgenomic Era: Social Epigenetics Calling for Interdisciplinary Ethical Safeguards.” The American Journal of Bioethics17 (9): 58–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2017.1353182.
SchillingJosephLintonLeslie S.. 2005. “The Public Health Roots of Zoning: In Search of Active Living’s Legal Genealogy.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine28 (2): 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.028.
SlotterbackCarissa SchivelyLauriaMickey. 2019. “Building a Foundation for Public Engagement in Planning.” Journal of the American Planning Association85 (3): 183–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2019.1616985.
151.
SmithNeil. 2008. Uneven Development: Nature, Capital, and the Production of Space. Athens: University of Georgia Press. http://muse.jhu.edu/book/11443.
152.
SojaEdward W.2010. Seeking Spatial Justice, Vol. 16. University of Minnesota Press.
Souza BriggsXavier de. 2006. The Geography of Opportunity: Race and Housing Choice in Metropolitan America. Brookings Institution Press.
155.
SpeerPaul W.GuptaJyotiHaapanenKrista. 2020. “Developing Community Power for Health Equity: A Landscape Analysis of Current Research and Thoery.” Vanderbilt University.
156.
StauberChristineAdamsEllis A.RothenbergRichardDaiDajunLuoRuiyanWeaverScott R.PrasadAmitKanoMegumiHeathJohn. 2018. “Measuring the Impact of Environment on the Health of Large Cities.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health15 (6): 1216. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061216.
157.
SteeleWendy. 2009. “Australian Urban Planners: Hybrid Roles and Professional Dilemmas?” Urban Policy and Research27 (2): 189–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/08111140902908873.
158.
Steinmetz-WoodMadeleinePluyePierreRossNancy A.. 2019. “The Planning and Reporting of Mixed Methods Studies on the Built Environment and Health.” Preventive Medicine126 (September): 105752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105752.
159.
SteilJustin. 2022. “Antisubordination Planning.” Journal of Planning Education and Research42 (1): 9–18. 10.1177/0739456X18815739.
160.
SubramanyamMalavika A.JamesSherman A.Diez-RouxAna V.HicksonDeMarc A.SarpongDanielSimsMarioTaylorHerman A.WyattSharon B.. 2013. “Socioeconomic Status, John Henrysim and Blood Pressure among African-Americans in the Jackson Heart Study.” Social Science & Medicine (1982)93 (September): 139–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.016.
161.
SunCongKahnMatthew E.ZhengSiqi. 2017. “Self-Protection Investment Exacerbates Air Pollution Exposure Inequality in Urban China.” Ecological Economics131 (January): 468–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.06.030.
162.
TalenEmilyEllisCliff. 2002. “Beyond Relativism: Reclaiming the Search for Good City Form.” Journal of Planning Education and Research22 (1): 36–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X0202200104.
163.
ThayerZaneta M.KuzawaChristopher W.. 2011. “Biological Memories of Past Environments: Epigenetic Pathways to Health Disparities.” Epigenetics6 (7): 798–803. https://doi.org/10.4161/epi.6.7.16222.
TrounstineJessica. 2021. “The Production of Local Inequality: Race, Class, and Land Use in American Cities.” In The American Political Economy, edited by HackerJacob S.Hertel-FernandezAlexanderPiersonPaulThelenKathleen, 1st ed., 158–80. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009029841.006.
166.
Van TuyckomCharlotteVan de VeldeSarahBrackePiet. 2013. “Does Country-Context Matter?: A Cross-National Analysis of Gender and Leisure Time Physical Inactivity in Europe.” The European Journal of Public Health23 (3): 452–57. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cks009.
167.
Vásquez-VeraHugoPalènciaLaiaMagnaIngridMenaCarlosNeiraJaimeBorrellCarme. 2017. “The Threat of Home Eviction and Its Effects on Health Through the Equity Lens: A Systematic Review.” Social Science & Medicine (1982)175: 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.010.
168.
VuoloMikeKadowakiJoyKellyBrian C.. 2016. “A Multilevel Test of Constrained Choices Theory: The Case of Tobacco Clean Air Restrictions.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior57 (3): 351–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146516653790.
169.
WaltersKarina L.MohammedSelina A.Evans-CampbellTeresaBeltránRamona E.ChaeDavid H.DuranBonnie. 2011. “Bodies Don’t Just Tell Stories, They Tell Histories: Embodiment of Historical Trauma among American Indians and Alaska Natives.” Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race8 (1): 179–89. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X1100018X.
WilliamsRashad Akeem. 2020. “From Racial to Reparative Planning: Confronting the White Side of Planning.” Journal of Planning Education and Research (August): 0739456X20946416. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X20946416.
173.
WilliamsDavid R.CollinsC.. 2001. “Racial Residential Segregation: A Fundamental Cause of Racial Disparities in Health.” Public Health Reports116 (5): 404–16. https://doi.org/10.1093/phr/116.5.404.
174.
WilliamsDavid R.CostaManuela V.OdunlamiAdebola O.MohammedSelina A.. 2008. “Moving Upstream: How Interventions That Address the Social Determinants of Health Can Improve Health and Reduce Disparities.” Journal of Public Health Management and Practice : JPHMP14 (Suppl): S8–S17. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PHH.0000338382.36695.42.
175.
WilliamsDavid R.MohammedSelina A.. 2009. “Discrimination and Racial Disparities in Health: Evidence and Needed Research.” Journal of Behavioral Medicine32 (1): 20–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0.
176.
WilliamsPatrice C.BinetAndrewAlhasanDana M.RileyNyree M.JacksonChandra L.. 2023. “Urban Planning for Health Equity Must Employ an Intersectionality Framework.” Journal of the American Planning Association89 (2): 167–74. 10.1080/01944363.2022.2079550.
177.
WilliamsRashadSteilJustin. 2023. “The Past We Step Into and How We Repair It.” Journal of the American Planning Association89 (4): 580–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2022.2154247.
178.
WilsonBobby M.1989. “Birmingham Segregation: Is It a Product of Black-White Socioeconomic Differences?” Southeastern Geographer29 (2): 92–105. https://doi.org/10.1353/sgo.1989.0010.
ZahranSammyPeekLoriSnodgrassJeffrey G.WeilerStephanHempelLynn. 2011. “Economics of Disaster Risk, Social Vulnerability, and Mental Health Resilience.” Risk Analysis31 (7): 1107–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01580.x.
183.
ZhangJinguangYuZhaowuZhaoBingSunRanhaoVejreHenrik. 2020. “Links between Green Space and Public Health: A Bibliometric Review of Global Research Trends and Future Prospects from 1901 to 2019.” Environmental Research Letters15 (6): 063001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab7f64.
