Urbanized Defense Communities: A Literature Review on the Policies,Politics,and Planning of Military Readiness and Local Land Use in the United States

Abstract

Propelled in the United States during the twentieth century, land use compatibility issues between military installations and neighboring communities amplified due to rapid population growth, sprawling regional development, and limited intergovernmental planning. This literature review examines how the policies, politics, and planning practices aimed at combating land use incompatibilities in defense communities changed from the early twentieth century to today. Through the consolidation of established theories, this article reveals a reactive paradigm shift in institutional responses. The triaxial spectrum presented in this review offers a theoretical framework for future empirical studies of defense land use policies, politics, and planning practices.

Keywords

land use regional planning and development planning history policy/planning administration politics and society intergovernmental planning military planning defense communities urban policy

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

American Farmland Trust. 2011. Working to Preserve Farm, Forest and Ranch Lands: A Guide for Military Installations. Washington, DC: US Department of Defense. Accessed July 18, 2018. https://www.repi.mil/Portals/44/Documents/Primers/Primer_FarmForestRanchLands.pdf.

Ansell

Chris

Gash

Alison

. 2008. “Collaborative Governance in Theory and Practice.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 18 (4): 543–71. doi: 10.1093/jopart/mum032.

Appel

Ross

Smith

Tyson

. 2011. “Compatible Land Use Near Military Installations: The Problem and the Local Government Response.” Planning & Environmental Law 63 (4): 3–10. doi: 10.1080/15480755.2011.569207.

Ashley

Amanda Johnson

Touchton

Michael

. 2015. “Reconceiving Military Base Redevelopment: Land Use on Mothballed U.S. Bases.” Urban Affairs Review 52 (3): 391–420. doi: 10.1177/1078087414568028.

Association of Defense Communities. 2016. The Base of the Future: A Call for Action by States and Communities. Washington, DC: Association of Defense Communities. Accessed August 2, 2018. https://knowledge-online-defense-communities.knowledgeowl.com/help/base-of-the-future-report.

Bradshaw

Ted K.

1999. “Communities Not Fazed: Why Military Base Closures May Not Be Catastrophic.” Journal of the American Planning Association 65 (2): 193–206. doi: 10.1080/01944369908976047.

Briffault

Richard

. 2000. “Localism and Regionalism.” Buffalo Law Review 48 (1): 1–30. Accessed April 12, 2021. https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/buflr48&div=7&g_sent=1&casa_token=qQ89ZMlb_b8AAAAA:EbUfpB1AwzyA5LedlZscBqls88bZBvpL7nYZOwpQZk0vN7BFU63MrUEOJmMsr4vU-hRtW7NUHg&collection=journals#.

Butler

Tara A

. 2004. State Strategies to Address Encroachment at Military Installations. Washington, DC: NGA Center for Best Practices. Accessed August 3, 2018. http://www.nga.org/cda/files/032403Military.pdf.

Butler

Tara A.

2006. Planning Tools and Policies to Encourage Compatible Development near Military Installations. Washington, DC: NGA Center for Best Practices.

10.

Cloutier

Daniel

. 2020. “Efficacy of Military and Community Compatibility Planning in the Puget Sound Region.” Master’s Thesis. University of Washington. Accessed June 30, 2020. https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/45552.

11.

Cotter

Paula McKee

McKee

Judith

McMillen

Jacen

Meck

Stuart

Morandi

Larry

Salkin

Patricia

Schilling

Joe

. 2005. Compatible Civilian Development Near Military Installations. Office of Economic Adjustment. Accessed August 2, 2018.

12.

Davenport

James

. 2007. Encouraging Compatible Land Use between Local Governments and Military Installations: A Best Practices Guide. Washington, DC: National Association of Counties Research Foundation. Accessed July 6, 2018. https://www.denix.osd.mil/sri/tools/additionalresources/unassigned/encouraging-compatible-land-use-between-local-governments-and-military-installations-a-best-practices-guide/NACOENCOURCOMPLANDUSE.pdf.

13.

Drucker

Joshua

. 2015. “Economic Impact Analysis amid Rapid Change: Challenges, Strategies, and Examples from Defense Communities.” Journal of Planning Education and Research 35 (4): 401–18. doi: 10.1177%2F0739456X15586626.

14.

Eitler

Cyrena C.

2017. “Compatible Use Strategic Planning: Joint Land Use Study a Tool to Promote Mission Sustainment.” Presentation provided by US Department of Defense’s Office of Economic Adjustment, Washington, DC.

15.

Elliott

Russell R

. 1973. History of Nevada. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Accessed June 14, 2018. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=eY1VOBDgEMEC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=History+of+Nevada&ots=mXKR-jwsBd&sig=c4K7GSRt3ceezdU8sbluGy6GSTs#v=onepage&q=History%20of%20Nevada&f=false.

16.

Elwood

John

. 2008. “Too Close for Comfort Encroachment on Military Lands.” In Conserving Biodiversity on Military Lands: A Guide for Natural Resources Managers, 74–89. Arlington, VA: NatureServe. Accessed May, 20, 2020. http://www.dodbiodiversity.org/ch4/Chapter.4.Encroachment.pp74-89.pdf.

17.

Foster

Kathryn Ann

. 2001. Regionalism on Purpose. Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Accessed July 30, 2018. https://www.lincolninst.edu/sites/default/files/pubfiles/regionalism-on-purpose-full.pdf.

18.

Futrell

Robert

. 2003. “Technical Adversarialism and Participatory Collaboration in the U.S. Chemical Weapons Disposal Program.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 28 (4): 451–82.

19.

Gillman

Marla

. 2011. “A Win-win, a Military Program with Environmental Benefits: A Look at Encroachment and the Readiness and Environmental Protection Initiative.” Master’s Thesis. George Washington University Law School. Accessed July 6, 2018. https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/906825116.html?FMT=AI.

20.

Havlick

David G.

2014. “Opportunistic Conservation at Former Military Sites in the United States.” Progress in Physical Geography 38 (3): 271–85. doi: 10.1177/0309133314522281.

21.

Havlick

David G.

2018. Bombs Away: Militarization, Conservation, and Ecological Restoration. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

22.

Holman

Barry W

. 2002. “Military Training: DOD Needs a Comprehensive Plan to Manage Encroachment on Training Ranges.” No. GAO-02-727 T. Washington, DC: General Accounting Office. Accessed July 6, 2018. https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a401632.pdf.

23.

Hooker

Richard D

Jr . 2003. “Soldiers of the State: Reconsidering American Civil-military Relations.” Parameters 33 (4): 4–18. Accessed July 23, 2018. https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a486416.pdf.

24.

Ichter

Cary

. 1984. ““Beyond Judicial Scrutiny”: Military Compliance with NEPA.” Georgia Law Review 18 (3): 639–90. Accessed May 19, 2020. https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/geolr18&div=27&g_sent=1&casa_token=q39SEUt0e58AAAAA:pB7fyqMHzPc21P7rtFt-Z-iOK5H03nYWATCVfaITsV4WW8lSmzHC-lVVaqf215aIx2-ZTX7Y9g&collection=journals.

25.

Knott

Joseph L.

Natoli

Nancy

. 2004. “Compatible Use Buffers: A New Weapon to Battle Encroachment.” Engineer 34 (4): 12–15. Accessed July 25, 2018. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA596530.pdf.

26.

Kuhn

Timothy J.

Duane

Timothy P.

2015. “Partial Eclipse: Obstacles to Solar Energy Development on Military Withdrawn Lands.” George Washington Journal of Energy and Environmental Law 6 (1): 32–50. Accessed May 20, 2020. https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/gwjeel6&div=5&g_sent=1&casa_token=F93P6TGjYDQAAAAA:Yad6GjtFoqNe1PjyWTvpPNATJyfLwEYVgbWVXtpw7w4oj7a6Zxhn9dCJA_A2QlHPzRP8Yq3neg&collection=journals.

27.

Lachman

Beth E.

Resetar

Susan A.

Camm

Frank

. 2016. Military Installation Public-to-Public Partnerships: Lessons from Past and Current Experiences. Santa Monica United States: RAND Arroyo Center. Accessed August 7, 2018. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1014107.pdf.

28.

Lachman

Beth E.

Schaefer

Agnes G.

Kalra

Nidhi

Hassell

Scott

Hall

Kimberly C.

Curtright

Aimee E.

Mosher

David E.

2013. Key Trends That Will Shape Army Installations of Tomorrow. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Arroyo Center. Accessed July 6, 2018. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA581822.pdf.

29.

Lachman

Beth E.

Wong

Anny

Resetar

Susan A.

2007. The Thin Green Line: An Assessment of DoD’s Readiness and Environmental Protection Initiative to Buffer Installation Encroachment, vol. 612. Rand Corporation. Accessed July 8, 2018. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Qudd_dSwnJgC&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=The+Thin+Green+Line:+An+%09Assessment+of+DoD%27s+Readiness+and+Environmental+Protection+Initiative+to+Buffer+%09Installation+Encroachment&ots=oZ-kPTEy0b&sig=JXoJ69lzBY5EmF8Vsx09i9euGR4#v=onepage&q&f=false.

30.

Lahoud

Paul M.

Zehrt

William H.

1992. “Inhabited Building Distance Criteria and Modern Construction.” In Explosives Safety Seminar Volume III. Accessed May 20, 2020. https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a526467.pdf.

31.

Lockwood

David E.

Siehl

George

. 2004. “Military Base Closures: A Historical Review from 1988 to 1995.” Library of Congress. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Accessed May 28, 2020. https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=451629.

32.

Loomis

David

. 1993. Combat Zoning: Military Land-use Planning in Nevada. Reno: University of Nevada Press.

33.

Markusen

Ann R.

Deitrick

Sabina

Campbell

Scott

Hall

Peter

. 1991. The Rise of the Gunbelt: The Military Remapping of Industrial America. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

34.

McCullagh

C. Behan

. 2000. “Bias in Historical Description, Interpretation, and Explanation.” History and Theory 39 (1): 39–66. doi: 10.1111/0018-2656.00112.

35.

McDuffie

Joshua Alex

. 2009. “ Actual Encroachment v. Perceived Encroachment: A Case Study of Fort Jackson, South Carolina.” PhD dissertation. University of South Carolina. Accessed June 25, 2018. https://search.proquest.com/openview/2ebb02bf7f9b1d206a6f95de5fb9bfbd/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.

36.

Meinig

Donald W

. 2010. The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History: Volume 4: Global America, 1915–2000, vol. 4. Yale University Press. Accessed May 28, 2020. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=k98OEM26HSAC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=The+Shaping+of+America:+A+Geographical+Perspective+on+500+Years+of+%09History:+Volume+4:+Global+America,+1915%E2%80%932000&ots=CMZSshqfAl&sig=SVqxCwonSoRP5diYnRbZTbUtxQ4#v=onepage&q&f=false.

37.

O’Brien

Patrick J

. 2006. Joint Land Use Study Program Guidance Manual. Office of Economic Adjustment. Accessed April 15, 2018. https://www.searpdc.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/JLUS_Manual.pdf.

38.

O’Mara

Margaret Pugh

. 2015. Cities of Knowledge: Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

39.

Orr

Kristen

McKinley

Ned

Driemeyer

Jennifer

. 2017. Community and Military Compatibility Planning: Supplement to the General Plan Guidelines. Sacramento, CA: California Governor’s Office of Planning and Research.

40.

Range Commanders Council. 2012. Commander’s Guide to Community Involvement. Washington, DC: US Department of Defense. Accessed July 24, 2018. https://www.repi.mil/Resources/Primers/.

41.

Roylance

H. M.

1968. “Quantity-distance Protection.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 152 (1): 10–17. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1968.tb11962.x.

42.

Santicola

Ryan

. 2006. “Encroachment: Where National Security, Land Use, and the Environment Collide.” Army Law. Accessed August 1, 2018. https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/armylaw2006&div=68&g_sent=1&casa_token=NyapYN-GmS4AAAAA:x0vzHajyaWJwv1RumDx3t72yJaATixfgH0xH7irEmiYQucB8HGN8anHcEErs0BHWiy7sMJkOmA&collection=journals.

43.

Schiff

Rebecca L

. 1995. “Civil-military Relations Reconsidered: A Theory of Concordance.” Armed Forces & Society 22 (1): 7–24. doi: 10.1177%2F0095327X9502200101.

44.

Schiff

Rebecca L

. 1996. “Concordance Theory: A Response to Recent Criticism.” Armed Forces & Society 23 (2): 277–83. doi: 10.1177%2F0095327X9602300209.

45.

Schlossberg

George

. 2012. “How Congress Cleared the Bases: A Legislative History of BRAC.” Journal of Defense Communities 1:1–12. Accessed October 8, 2017. https://www.monterey.org/Portals/0/TheMontereyModel/Literature/BRAC-History.pdf.

46.

Schultz

Jennifer

. 2016. Preparing for Duty: State Policy Options to Sustain Military Installations. Washington, DC: National Conference of State Legislatures. Accessed July 27, 2018. https://www.ncsl.org/Portals/1/Documents/Military_Veterans/PreparingDuty_Revised_120616.pdf.

47.

Sorenson

David S.

1998. Shutting Down the Cold War: The Politics of Military Base Closure, 1st ed. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

48.

Squillace

Mark

. 2019. “Rethinking Public Land Use Planning.” Harvard Environmental Law Review 43 (2): 415–78. Accessed May 19, 2020. https://harvardelr.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2019/08/43.2-Squillace.pdf.

49.

Stark

Susan Perkins

. 2016. “The Department of Defense Natural Resources Conservation Program: How Military Environmental Activists Conserved Thirty Million Acres for Military Use and the Protection of Endangered Species.” Western New England Law Review 38:355. Accessed May 20, 2020. https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/wnelr38&div=16&g_sent=1&casa_token=ADDaTajaSHEAAAAA:0kXPlV8FpTHGyh6ypayursad8M9nyG566KJ-lKq3Ygr5oY4Ba_FzlmPWcRisUfrgqU2fmtTy7w&collection=journals.

50.

Stone

Deborah

. 2001. Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

51.

Thanner

Meridith Hill

Segal

Mady Wechsler

. 2008. “When the Military Leaves and Places Change: Effects of the Closing of an Army Post on the Local Community.” Armed Forces & Society 34 (4): 662–81. doi: 10.1177/0095327x07308634.

52.

Thee

Marek

. 1977. “Militarism and Militarization in Contemporary International Relations.” Security Dialogue 8 (4): 296–309. doi: 10.1177/096701067700800402.

53.

Touchton

Michael

Ashley

Amanda J.

2019. Salvaging Community: How American Cities Rebuild Closed Military Bases. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

54.

US Department of Defense. 2016a. The Department of Defense’s Readiness and Environmental Protection Integration (REPI) Program Buffer Partnerships: A Guide for State, Local, and Private Partners. Accessed July 24, 2018.

55.

US Department of Defense. 2016b. DoD Base Realignment and Closure: Fiscal Year 2017 Budget Estimates. Accessed February 25, 2018. https://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/FY2017/budget_justification/pdfs/05_BRAC/FINAL_Book_BRAC_Exec_Sum_FY2017.pdf.

56.

Wiley

Karen B.

Rhodes

Steven L.

1998. “From Weapons to Wildlife: The Transformation of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal.” Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 40 (5): 4–11. doi: 10.1080/00139159809604586.

57.

Woodward

Rachel

. 2004. Military Geographies. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. Accessed April 8, 2018. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=lGwAXOQjmlcC&oi=fnd&pg=PP9&dq=Military+Geographies&ots=johsPfhwZY&sig=FY26v768h8TrlgUiKXa1weFDaYI#v=onepage&q&f=false.

58.

Young

Rumanda Kay

. 2008. “Shared Land Use Impacts between Military Installations and Contiguous Communities (Post-BRAC): Fact and Opinion Differences in Planning and Public Policy.” PhD dissertation. University of Texas at Arlington. Accessed July 8, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10106/944.