Food system and energy planners have given scant attention to the impacts on agrifood systems of a particular form of energy production—fracking—and its implications for planning and regulation. Impacts include those related to water availability and quality; land quality, use, and value; wildlife; labor costs; infrastructure and services; and the implications of boom and bust dynamics of these for the sustainability of agriculture and food systems. Planning is challenged by competing frames of economic and environmental benefits, lack of capacity, power imbalances, and sometimes state policy. This review maps research on these linkages, identifies elements of successful planning, and offers directions for future research.
AdgateJohn L.GoldsteinBernard D.McKenzieLisa M.2014. “Potential Public Health Hazards, Exposures and Health Effects from Unconventional Natural Gas Development.” Environmental Science & Technology48 (15): 8307–20.
2.
AlkonAlison HopeMaresTeresa Marie. 2012. “Food Sovereignty in US Food Movements: Radical Visions and Neoliberal Constraints.” Agriculture and Human Values29 (3): 347–59.
BambergerMichelleOswaldRobert E.2012. “Impacts of Gas Drilling on Human and Animal Health.” New Solutions: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy22 (1): 51–77.
6.
BambergerMichelleOswaldRobert E.2014. “Unconventional Oil and Gas Extraction and Animal Health.” Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts16 (8): 1860–65.
BornBrandenPurcellMark. 2006. “Avoiding the Local Trap: Scale and Food Systems in Planning Research.” Journal of Planning Education and Research26 (2): 195–207.
9.
BuchanRobertCloutierDeniseFriedmanAviOstryAleck. 2015. “Local Food System Planning: The Problem, Conceptual Issues, and Policy Tools for Local Government Planners.” Canadian Journal of Urban Research24 (1): 1–23.
10.
BurtonG. AllenBasuNiladriEllisBrian R.KapoKatherine E.EntrekinSallyNadelhofferKnute. 2014. “Hydraulic Fracking: Are Surface Water Impacts an Ecological Concern?” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry33 (8): 1679–89.
11.
Calderón, AndrésJGuerraOmar J.PapageorgiouLazaros G.SiirolaJeffrey J.ReklaitisGintaras V.2015. “Preliminary Evaluation of Shale Gas Reservoirs: Appraisal of Different Well-pad Designs via Performance Metrics.” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research54 (42): 10334–49.
12.
Chefs for the Marcellus. 2010. “Food Professionals Protecting Our Farms, Food, and Water from Fracking.” Accessed July 29, 2017. http://chefsformarcellus.org.
13.
ChristophersonSusanRightorNed. 2012. “How Shale Gas Extraction Affects Drilling Localities: Lessons for Regional and City Policy Makers.” Journal of Town and City Management2 (4): 1–20.
14.
ChristophersonSusanRightorNed. 2015. “Confronting an Uncertain Future: How US Communities Are Responding to Shale Gas and Oil Development.” In Our Energy Future: Socioeconomic Implications and Policy Options for Rural America, edited by AlbrechtDon E., 40–60. New York: Routledge.
15.
CooleyHeatherDonnellyKristinaRossNancyLuuPaula. 2012. Hydraulic Fracturing and Water Resources: Separating the Frack from the Fiction. Oakland, CA: Pacific Institute.
DanielsT.KellerJ.LappingB.1988. The Small Town Planning Handbook. Chicago, IL: American Planning Association.
18.
DanielsT.LappingM.1996. “The Two Rural Americas Need More, Not Less Planning.” Journal of the American Planning Association62 (3): 285–88.
19.
DarrahThomas H.VengoshAvnerJacksonRobert B.WarnerNathaniel R.PoredaRobert J.2014. “Noble Gases Identify the Mechanisms of Fugitive Gas Contamination in Drinking-water Wells Overlying the Marcellus and Barnett Shales.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences111 (39): 14076–81.
DeLindLaura B.2011. “Are Local Food and the Local Food Movement Taking Us Where We Want to Go? Or Are We Hitching Our Wagons to the Wrong Stars?” Agriculture and Human Values28 (2): 273–83.
22.
DeLongeMarciaBascheAndrea. 2017. Leveraging Agroecology for Solutions in Food, Energy, and Water. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene5 (6): 8.
23.
DietzThomasOstromElinorSternPaul C.2003. “The Struggle to Govern the Commons.” Science302 (5652): 1907–12.
24.
DrobotAnn E.2011. “Transitioning to a Sustainable Energy Economy: The Call for National Cooperative Watershed Planning.” Environmental Law41 (3): 707–76.
EdmondsEmilyDunningRebecca. 2016. A Guide for Governments on Building Local Food Economies. Raleigh, NC: The Center for Environmental Farming Systems.
27.
EvensenDarrick T.ClarkeChristopher E.StedmanRichard C.2014. “A New York or Pennsylvania State of Mind: Social Representations in Newspaper Coverage of Gas Development in the Marcellus Shale.” Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences4 (1): 65–77.
FerrellShannon L.SandersLarry. 2013. “Natural Gas Extraction: Issues and Policy Options.” National Agricultural and Rural Development Policy Center. Accessed July 29, 2017. http://agecon.okstate.edu/faculty/publications/4809.pdf.
30.
FinewoodMichael H.StroupLaura J.2012. “Fracking and the Neoliberalization of the Hydro-social Cycle in Pennsylvania’s Marcellus Shale.” Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education147 (1): 72–79.
31.
FinkelMadelon L.LawAdam. 2011. “The Rush to Drill for Natural Gas: A Public Health Cautionary Tale.” American Journal of Public Health101 (5): 784–85.
32.
FinkelMadelon L.SelegeanJaneHaysJakeKondamudiNitin. 2013. “Marcellus Shale Drilling’s Impact on the Dairy Industry in Pennsylvania: A Descriptive Report.” New Solutions: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy23 (1): 189–201.
33.
FinleyJohn W.SeiberJames N.2014. “The Nexus of Food, Energy, and Water.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry62 (27): 6255–62.
34.
FitchenJanet N.1981. Poverty in Rural America: A Case Study. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
35.
FlintCourtney G.LuloffA. E.2005. “Natural Resource-based Communities, Risk, and Disaster: An Intersection of Theories.” Society and Natural Resources18 (5): 399–412.
36.
FontenotBrian E.HuntLaura R.HildenbrandZacariah L.CarltonDoug D.JrOkaHyppoliteWaltonJayme L.HopkinsDanOsorioAmyBjorndalBryanHuQinhongSchugKevin A.. 2013. “An Evaluation of Water Quality in Private Drinking Water Wells Near Natural Gas Extraction Sites in the Barnett Shale Formation.” Environmental Science & Technology47 (17): 10032–40.
FreudenburgWilliam R.1992. “Addictive Economies: Extractive Industries and Vulnerable Localities in a Changing World Economy.” Rural Sociology57 (3): 305–32.
43.
FungArchon. 2004. “Deliberation’s Darker Side: Six Questions for Iris Marion Young and Jane Mansbridge.” National Civic Review93 (4): 47–54.
44.
GirlingRobbie D.LusebrinkInkaFarthingEmilyNewmanTracey A.PoppyGuy M.2013. “Diesel Exhaust Rapidly Degrades Floral Odours Used by Honeybees.” Scientific Reports3:1–5.
45.
GliessmanStephen R.2014. Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems. New York: CRC Press.
46.
GoldsteinBernard D.BjerkeElizabeth FerrellKrieskyJill. 2013. “Challenges of Unconventional Shale Gas Development: So What’s the Rush?” Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy27 (2): 149–86.
47.
GrahamJohn D.RuppJohn A.SchenkOlga. 2015. “Unconventional Gas Development in the USA: Exploring the Risk Perception Issues.” Risk Analysis35 (10): 1770–88.
HaggertyJuliaGudePatricia H.DeloreyMarkRaskerRay. 2014. “Long-term Effects of Income Specialization in Oil and Gas Extraction: The US West, 1980–2011.” Energy Economics45:186–95.
50.
HaggertyJuliaMcBrideKeegan. 2016. “Does Local Monitoring Empower Fracking Host Communities? A Case Study from the Gas Fields of Wyoming.” Journal of Rural Studies43:235–47.
HarbineJenny K. 2015. “Complaint for Declaratory Relief.” Martinell, McDowell, and Kaiser v. Board of County Commissioners of Carbon County. Montana Twenty-Second Judicial District Court of Carbon County. Accessed July 29, 2017. http://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/files/Complaint%20Final.pdf.
53.
HawkinsJoanne. 2015. “Fracking: Minding the Gaps.” Environmental Law Review17 (1): 8–21.
HellerMartin C.KeoleianGregory A.2003. “Assessing the Sustainability of the US Food System: A Life Cycle Perspective.” Agricultural Systems76 (3): 1007–41.
56.
HilsonGavin. 2002. “An Overview of Land Use Conflicts in Mining Communities.” Land Use Policy19 (1): 65–73.
57.
HinrichsC. Clare. 2003. “The Practice and Politics of Food System Localization.” Journal of Rural Studies19 (1): 33–45.
HudginsAnastasiaPooleAmanda. 2014. “Framing Fracking: Private Property, Common Resources, and Regimes of Governance.” Ecology21:222–348.
61.
HumphreyCraig R.BerardiGigiCarrollMatthew S.FairfaxSallyFortmannLouiseGeislerCharlesJohnsonThomas G.KuselJonathanLeeRobert G.MacinkoSethPelusoNancy L.SchulmanMichael D.WestPatrick C.1993. “Theories in the Study of Natural Resource-dependent Communities and Persistent Rural Poverty in the United States.” In Persistent Poverty in Rural America, edited by SummersG.136–72. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
InmanMason. 2014. “Natural Gas: The Fracking Fallacy.” Nature516:28–30.
65.
InnesJudith E.BooherDavid E.2010. Planning with Complexity: An Introduction to Collaborative Rationality for Public Policy. New York: Routledge.
66.
JacksonRobert B.VengoshAvnerWilliam CareyJ.DaviesRichard J.DarrahThomas H.O’sullivanFrancisPétronGabrielle. 2014. “The Environmental Costs and Benefits of Fracking.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources39:327–62.
67.
JacquetJ.2009. Energy Boomtowns and Natural Gas: Implications for Marcellus Shale Local Governments and Rural CommunitiesNERCRD Rural Development3059–78
68.
JacquetJeffrey B.2012. “Landowner Attitudes toward Natural Gas and Wind Farm Development in Northern Pennsylvania.” Energy Policy50:677–88.
69.
JacquetJeffrey B.2014. “Review of Risks to Communities from Shale Energy Development.” Environmental Science & Technology48 (15): 8321–33.
70.
JacquetJeffreyKayDavid L.2014. “The Unconventional Boomtown: Updating the Impact Model to Fit New Spatial and Temporal Scales.” Journal of Rural and Community Development9 (1): 1–23.
JohnstonJill E.WerderEmilySebastianDaniel. 2016. “Wastewater Disposal Wells, Fracking, and Environmental Injustice in Southern Texas.” American Journal of Public Health106 (3): 550–56.
KaufmanJeromePothukuchiKameshwariGlosserDeanna. 2007. “Community and Regional Food Planning: A Policy Guide for the American Planning Association.” Accessed July 29, 2017. https://www.planning.org/policy/guides/adopted/food.htm.
75.
KazaNikhilCurtisMarie Patane. 2014. “The Land Use Energy Connection.” Journal of Planning Literature29 (4): 355–69.
KleinAlexandra-MariaVaissiereBernard E.CaneJames H.Steffan-DewenterIngolfCunninghamSaul A.KremenClaireTscharntkeTeja. 2007. “Importance of Pollinators in Changing Landscapes for World Crops.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences274 (1608): 303–13.
78.
KloppenburgJackHendricksonJohnStevensonGeorge W.1996. “Coming in to the Foodshed.” Agriculture and Human Values13 (3): 33–42.
79.
KosnikRenee Lewis. 2007. “The Oil and Gas Industry’s Exclusions and Exemptions to Major Environmental Statutes.” Oil and Gas Accountability Project/Earthworks41:
1–20.
80.
KromerMileah. 2015. “Public Perceptions of Hydraulic Fracturing in Three Marcellus Shale States.” Issues in Energy and Environmental Policy20:1–12.
LohCarolyn G.OslandAnna C.2016. “Local Land Use Planning Responses to Hydraulic Fracturing.” Journal of the American Planning Association82 (3): 222–35.
LusebrinkInkaGirlingRobbie D.FarthingEmilyNewmanTracey A.JacksonChris W.PoppyGuy M.2015. “The Effects of Diesel Exhaust Pollution on Floral Volatiles and the Consequences for Honey Bee Olfaction.” Journal of Chemical Ecology41 (10): 904–12.
85.
LutzBrian D.LewisAurana N.DoyleMartin W.2013. “Generation, Transport, and Disposal of Wastewater Associated with Marcellus Shale Gas Development.” Water Resources Research49 (2): 647–56.
LysonT.2004. Civic Agriculture: Reconnecting Farm, Food, and Community. Medford, MA: Tufts University Press.
88.
MalinStephanie A.DeMasterKathryn Teigen. 2016. “A Devil’s Bargain: Rural Environmental Injustices and Hydraulic Fracturing on Pennsylvania’s Farms.” Journal of Rural Studies47:278–90.
89.
MarcouillerD.W.1997. “Toward Integrative Tourism Planning in Rural America.”CPL Bibliography11(3)337–57
90.
MartinezS.HandM.Da PraM.PollackS.RalstonK.SmithT.VogelS.ClarkS.LohrL.LowS.NewmanC.2010. “Local Food Systems: Concepts, Impacts and Issues.” Economic Research Report No. 97, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.
McKenzieFiona Haslam. 2013. “Delivering Enduring Benefits from a Gas Development: Governance and Planning Challenges in Remote Western Australia.” Australian Geographer44 (3): 341–58.
95.
MendesWendyNasrwith contributions fromBeatleyTimothyBornBrandenBourisKristinaCampbellMarcia CatonKaufmanJeromeLynchBarbaraPothukuchiKamiWekerleGerda2011. “Preparing Future Food System Planning Professionals and Scholars: Reflections on Teaching Experiences.” Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development2 (1): 15–52.
96.
MengQingmin. 2014. “Modeling and Prediction of Natural Gas Fracking Pad Landscapes in the Marcellus Shale Region, USA.” Landscape and Urban Planning121:109–16.
97.
MercerAlexandraRijkeKim deDresslerWolfram. 2014. “Silences in the Boom: Coal Seam Gas, Neoliberalizing Discourse, and the Future of REGIONAL AUSTRALIA.” Ecology21 (222): 279–302.
98.
Minkoff-ZernLaura-Anne. 2014. “Hunger Amidst Plenty: Farmworker Food Insecurity and Coping Strategies in California.” Local Environment19 (2): 204–19.
MooreChristopher W.ZielinskaBarbaraPetronGabrielleJacksonRobert B.2014. “Air Impacts of Increased Natural Gas Acquisition, Processing, and Use: A Critical Review.” Environmental Science & Technology48 (15): 8349–59.
101.
MurtazashviliIlia. 2015. “Origins and Consequences of State-level Variation in Shale Regulation: The Cases of Pennsylvania and New York.” In Economics of Unconventional Shale Gas Development, edited byHefleyWilliam E.WangYongsheng, 179–201. New York: SpringerInternational Publishing.
102.
MurthaTimothyOrlandBrian. 2014. “Local Lessons for a Global Landscape Challenge: Design and Planning Responses to Unconventional Shale Gas Development.” In Digital Landscape Architecture, edited by Wissen HayekF., 95–105. Berlin, Germany: Wichmann-Verlag.
NegroSorell E.2012. “Fracking Wars: Federal, State and Local Conflicts over the Regulation of Natural Gas Activities.” Zoning and Planning Law Report35 (2): 1–13.
105.
NicotJean-PhilippeScanlonBridget R.2012. “Water Use for Shale-gas Production in Texas, US.” Environmental Science & Technology46 (6): 3580–86.
106.
NorgaardStefan. 2014. “Rapid Population Booms are a Bust for Government Efficacy.” Millennium Alliance for Humanity and Biosphere (MAHB), June 3. Accessed July 29, 2017. http://mahb.stanford.edu/blog/population-boom-govt-bust/.
Ohio Ecological Food and Farm Association. n.d. “Fracking and Farmland: Stories from the Field.” Accessed July 29, 2017. http://policy.oeffa.org/frackingfarmland.
110.
OngBeng. 2014. “The Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing on Agriculture.” European Journal of Sustainable Development3 (3): 63–72.
111.
OrnelasRoxanne T.2014. “Implementing the Policy of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.” The International Indigenous Policy Journal5 (1): 4.
112.
PattersonLauren A.KonschnikKatherine E.WisemanHannahFargioneJosephMaloneyKelly O.KieseckerJosephNicotJean-PhilippeBaruch-MordoSharonEntrekinSallyTrainorAnneSaiersJames E.. 2017. “Unconventional Oil and Gas Spills: Risks, Mitigation Priorities, and State Reporting Requirements.” Environmental Science & Technology51 (5): 2563–73.
113.
PearsonThomas W.2013. “Frac Sand Mining in Wisconsin: Understanding Emerging Conflicts and Community Organizing.” Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment35 (1): 30–40.
PerrySimona L.2012. “Development, Land Use, and Collective Trauma: The Marcellus Shale Gas Boom in Rural Pennsylvania.” Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment34 (1): 81–92.
116.
PimentelDavidWilliamsonSeanAlexanderCourtney E.Gonzalez-PaganOmarKontakCaitlinMulkeySteven E.2008. “Reducing Energy Inputs in the US Food System.” Human Ecology36 (4): 459–71.
117.
PirogRich S.PeltTimothy VanEnshayanKamyarCookEllen. 2001. “Food, Fuel, and Freeways: An Iowa Perspective on How Far Food Travels, Fuel Usage, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions.” Leopold Center Pubs and Papers, 3:1–33.
118.
PortneyKent E.HannibalBryceGoldsmithCarolMcGeePeytonLiuXinshengVedlitzArnold. 2017. “Awareness of the Food–Energy–Water Nexus and Public Policy Support in the United States: Public Attitudes among the American People.” Environment and Behavior:1–26.
119.
PothukuchiKameshwari. 2005. Attracting Supermarkets to Inner-city Neighborhoods: Economic Development Outside the Box. Economic Development Quarterly19 (3): 232–44.
120.
PothukuchiKameshwari. 2009. “Community and Regional Food Planning: Building Institutional Support in the United States.” International Planning Studies14 (4): 349–67.
121.
PothukuchiKameshwariKaufmanJerome L.1999. “Placing the Food System on the Urban Agenda: The Role of Municipal Institutions in Food Systems Planning.” Agriculture and Human Values16 (2): 213–24.
122.
PothukuchiKameshwariKaufmanJerome L.2000. “The Food System: A Stranger to the Planning Field.” Journal of the American Planning Association66 (2): 113–24.
123.
PothukuchiKameshwariWallaceRichard. 2009. “Sustainable Food Systems: Perspectives on Transportation Policy.” In Healthy, Equitable Transportation Policy: Recommendations and Research, edited by MalekafzaliShireen113–30. PolicyLink, Prevention Institute, and Convergence Partnership,Oakland, CA.
124.
PriceMarkHerzenbergStephenPolsonDianaWardSharonWazeterEllisBasurtoLuis. 2014. “The Shale Tipping Point: The Relationship of Drilling to Crime, Traffic Fatalities, STDs, and Rents in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio.” Multistate Shale Research Collaborative. Accessed July 29, 2017. http://www.multistateshale.org/shale-tipping-point.
125.
PutzAudreyFinkenAlexGorehamGary A.2011. “Sustainability in Natural Resource-dependent Regions that Experienced Boom–bust Recovery Cycles: Lessons Learned from a Review of the Literature.” Center for Community Vitality Working Paper. NDSU Extension Service, North Dakota State University, Fargo.
126.
RabeBarry G.2014. “Shale Play Politics: The Intergovernmental Odyssey of American Shale Governance.” Environmental Science & Technology48 (15): 8369–75.
127.
RajaSaminaBornBranden M.RussellJessica Kozlowski. 2008. Planners Guide to Community and Regional Food Planning. Chicago, IL: American Planning Association.
128.
RaoVikram. 2012. Shale Gas: The Promise and the Peril. Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI Press.
129.
RasmussenSara G.OgburnElizabeth L.McCormackMeredithCaseyJoan A.Bandeen-RocheKarenMercerDione G.SchwartzBrian S.2016. “Association between Unconventional Natural Gas Development in the Marcellus Shale and Asthma Exacerbations.” JAMA Internal Medicine176 (9): 1334–43.
130.
RawlinsRachael Anne. 2014. “Planning for Fracking on the Barnett Shale: Soil and Water Contamination Concerns, and the Role of Local Government.” Environmental Law44 (1): 135–200.
131.
RihaSusanRahmBrian G.2010. “Framework for Assessing Water Resource Impacts from Shale Gas Drilling.” Working Paper Series: A Comprehensive Economic Impact Analysis of Natural Gas Extraction in the Marcellus Shale, Cornell University City and Regional Planning, Ithaca, NY.
132.
RittelHorst W. J.WebberMelvin M.1973. “Planning Problems are Wicked.” Polity4:155–69.
SlizovsklyIlya. B.ContiLisa A.TrufanSally J.ReifJohn S.LamersVanessa T.StoweMeredith H.DzuiraJamesRabinowitzPeter M. . 2015. “Reported Health Conditions in Animals Residing Near Natural Gas Wells in Southwestern Pennsylvania.” Journal of Environmental Science and Health50 (5): 473–81.
141.
SlocumRachel. 2007. “Whiteness, Space and Alternative Food Practice.” Geoforum38 (3): 520–33.
SuraMatt. 2011. SLIDES: Collaborative Planning and Lessons Learned. Best Management Practices (BMPs): What? How? and Why?Boulder, CO: William A. Wise Law Library.
145.
ThroupeRonSimonsRobertMaoXue. 2013. “A Review of Hydro Fracking and Its Potential Effects on Real Estate.” Journal of Real Estate Literature21 (2): 205–32.
US EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). 2016. “Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas: Impacts from the Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle on Drinking Water Resources in the United States (Final Report).” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-16/236F, 2016.
148.
VitielloDomenicBrinkleyCatherine. 2014. “The Hidden History of Food System Planning.” Journal of Planning History13 (2): 91–112.
Weltman-FahsMayaTaylorJason M.2013. “Hydraulic Fracturing and Brook Trout Habitat in the Marcellus Shale Region: Potential Impacts and Research Needs.” Fisheries38 (1): 4–15.
151.
WerkheiserIanNollSamantha. 2014. “From Food Justice to a Tool of the Status Quo: Three Sub-movements within Local Food.” Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics27 (2): 201–10.
WhiteStacey Swearingen. 2014. “Farmers and Rural Kansas Communities: Planning for the Future.” The Journal of Rural and Community Development9 (3): 227–42.
156.
WirthCathyStrochlicRonGetzChristy. 2007. “Hunger in the Fields: Food Insecurity among Farmworkers in Fresno County.” California Institute for Rural Studies13:1–30.
