This article reviews the literature on place diversity and the quest to use design to promote social and economic mix in human settlements. The article fits together a large literature on the subject of the interrelationship between diversity and place and explores how diversity could be enabled within the context of the city-planning profession. It argues that the linkage between city planning—defined in its traditional sense as a profession concerned with the design of cities—and place diversity is understudied. Four distinct though interrelated theoretical bases for diversity are discussed: place vitality, economic health, social equity, and sustainability. The article argues that the promotion of place diversity requires focused effort on the part of planners, and that design-based strategies are an appropriate part of that effort.
Abrams, Charles. 1955. Forbidden neighbors. New York: Harpers.
2.
Akkerman, Abraham. 2003. Harmonies of urban design and discords of city form. In Designing cities: Critical readings in urban design, A.R. Cuthbert, ed. Oxford: Blackwell.
3.
Allen, Peter M.1999. Cities and regions as self-organizing systems: Models of complexity. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.
4.
Anderson, Martin. 1964. The federal bulldozer—A critical analysis of urban renewal 1949-1962. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
5.
Andrews, Clinton J.1999. Putting industrial ecology into place. Journal of the American Planning Association65(4): 364-376.
6.
Angotti, Tom, and Eva Hanhardt. 2001. Problems and prospects for healthy mixed-use communities in New York City. Planning Practice and Research16(2): 145-154.
7.
Banerjee, Tridib, and William C. Baer. 1984. Beyond the neighborhood unit. New York: Plenum Press.
8.
Barnett, Jonathan. 1995. The fractured metropolis. New York: Harper Collins.
9.
Bauer, Catherine. 1951. Social questions in housing and community planning. Journal of Social Issues7:1-34.
10.
Beatley, Timothy, and Kristy Manning. 1997. The ecology of place: planning for environment, economy, and community. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
11.
Berry, Brian J. L.2001. A New Urban Ecology?Urban Geography22(8): 699-701.
12.
Bohl, Charles. 2000. New Urbanism and the city: Potential applications and implications for distressed inner-city neighborhoods. Housing Policy Debate11(4): 761-801.
13.
Borgman, Albert. 1987. Technology and the character of contemporary life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
14.
Boyer, M. Christine. 1990. Erected against the city: The contemporary discourses of architecture and planning. Center 2: Architecture vs. Planning36-43.
15.
Brain, David. 2005. From good neighborhoods to sustainable cities: Social science and the social agenda of the new urbanism. International Regional Science Review28: 217-238.
16.
Brandt, Jesper, and Henrik Vejre. 2004. Multifunctional landscapes volume I: Theory, values and history. Boston, MA: WIT Press.
17.
Breslav, Marc A., Alan R. Berkowitz, Charles H. Nilon, and Karen Hollweg. 2000. Cities are ecosystems!: New trend to study urban areas. Ecological Economics32:337-339.
18.
Briggs, Xavier de Souza. 2005. The geography of opportunity: Race and housing choice in metropolitan America. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
19.
Briggs, Xavier de Souza, Joe T. Darden, and Angela Aidala. 1999. In the wake of desegregation: Early impacts of scattered-site public housing on neighborhoods in Yonkers, New York. Journal of the American Planning Association65(1): 27-49.
20.
Brooke, Nicholas. 2003. Focus on global issues: What makes for a successful city. Real Estate Issues28(4): 28-29.
21.
Brooks, David. 2004. Our sprawling, supersize utopia. The New York Times. April 4, 2004.
22.
Brophy, Paul C., and Rhonda N. Smith. 1997. Mixed-income housing: Factors for success. Citiscape: a Journal of Policy Development and Research3(2): 3-31.
23.
Bullard, Robert D., Glenn S. Johnson, and Angel O. Torres. 2000. Sprawl city: Race, politics and planning in Atlanta. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
24.
Calthorpe, Peter. 1993. The Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Community, and the American Dream. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Architectural Press.
25.
Caro, Robert A.1974. The power broker: Robert Moses and the fall of New York. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
26.
Castells, Manuel. 1983. The city and the grassroots: A Cross-cultural theory of urban social movements. Berkeley: University of California Press.
27.
Castells, Manuel. 2003. The new historical relationship between space and society. In Designing Cities: Critical Readings in Urban Design, Alexander R. Cuthbert, ed. Oxford: Blackwell.
28.
Chapman, Nancy J., and Deborah A. Howe. 2001. Accessory apartments: Are they a realistic alternative for ageing in place?Housing Studies16(5): 637-651.
29.
Chichilnisky, Graciela. 1994. Social diversity, arbitrage, and gains from trade: A unified perspective on resource allocation. The American Economic Review84(2): 427-434.
30.
Clampet-Lundquist, Susan. 2004. HOPE VI relocation: Moving to new neighborhoods and building new ties. Housing Policy Debate15(2): 415-447.
31.
Cole, Ian, and Barry Goodchild. 2001. Social mix and the “balanced community” in British housing policy—a tale of two epochs. GeoJournal51: 351-360.
32.
Collins, James, et al.2000. The New Urban EcologyAmerican Scientist88:5.
33.
Crump, J.2002. Deconcentration by demolition: public housing, poverty, and urban policy. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space20: 581-596.
34.
Cutler, David, and Edward Glaeser. 1997. Are Ghettos Good or Bad?Quarterly Journal of Economics112(3): 827-872.
35.
Deitrick, Sabina, and Cliff Ellis. 2004. New Urbanism in the inner city: A case study of Pittsburgh. Journal of the American Planning Association70(4): 426-443.
36.
Delany, Samuel R.1999. ... Three, two, one, contact: Times Square red, 1998. In Giving ground: The politics of propinquityJoan Copjec and Michael Sorkin, eds. London: Verso.
37.
Di Lavoro, Nota. 2003. Economic growth, innovation, cultural diversity. Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei working paper series. Available at: http://www.feem.it/
38.
Ding, Chengri, and Gerrit Knaap. 2002. Property values in inner-city neighborhoods: The effects of homeownership, housing investment, and economic development. Housing Policy Debate13(4): 701-727.
39.
Downs, Anthony. 1994. New visions for metropolitan America. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
40.
Downs, Anthony. 1999. Some realities about sprawl and urban decline. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
41.
Dramstad, Wenche E., James D. Olson, and Richard T. T. Forman. 1996. Landscape ecology principles in landscape architecture and land-use planning. Cambridge, MA and Washington, D.C.: Harvard University and Island Press.
42.
Dreier, Peter, John Mollenkopf, and Todd Swanstrom. 2001. Place matters: Metropolitics for the twenty-first century. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
43.
Duany, Andres, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, and Jeff Speck. 2000. Suburban nation: The rise of sprawl and the decline of the American dream. New York: North Point Press.
44.
Ellen, Ingrid Gould. 1998. Stable racial integration in the contemporary United States: An empirical overview. Journal of Urban Affairs20(1): 27-42.
45.
Ellen, Ingrid Gould. 2000a. Sharing America’s neighborhoods: The prospects for stable, racial integration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
46.
Ellen, Ingrid Gould. 2000b. Race-based neighborhood projection: A proposed framework for understanding new data on racial integration. Urban Studies37(9): 1513-1533.
47.
Ellen, Ingrid Gould, and Margery Austin Turner. 1997. Does neighborhood matter? Assessing recent evidence. Housing Policy Debate8(4): 833-866.
48.
Ellin, Nan. 1996. Postmodern urbanism, p. 157. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
49.
Ellin, Nan. 1997. Architecture of fear. Princeton: Princeton Architectural Press.
50.
Engwicht, David. 2003. Creating creative cities. Creative Communities International. Available at http://www.lesstraffic.com/Articles/Place/creative.htm.
51.
Espino, N. Ariel. 2001. Inequality, segregation and housing markets: A theoretical overview and a qualitative profile of the U.S. case. Paper presented at the “International Seminar on Segregation in the City,”July 26-28, 2001, at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
52.
Feldman, Roberta, and Susan Stall. 2004. The dignity of resistance: Women residents’ activism in Chicago public housing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
53.
Fishman, Robert. 2000. The metropolitan tradition in American planning. In The American planning tradition, Robert Fishman, ed. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
54.
Florida, Richard. 2002a. The rise of the creative class. New York: Basic Books.
55.
Florida, Richard. 2002b. The economic geography of talent. Annals of the Association of American Geographers92(4): 743-755.
56.
Florida, Richard. 2004. Revenge of the squelchers. The next American city. Available at http://www.americancity.org.
57.
Freedman, Samuel G.2004. Still separate, still unequal. The New York Times. May 16, 2004.
58.
Freeman, Lance, and Frank Braconi. 2004. Gentrification and displacement: New York City in the 1990s. Journal of the American Planning Association70(1): 39-53.
59.
Frey, William H.2002. City families and suburban singles: An emerging household story from Census 2000. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
60.
Frieden, Bernard, and Marshall Kaplan. 1975. The Politics of neglect. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
61.
Friedmann, John. 2002. City of fear or open city?Journal of the American Planning Association68(3): 237-243.
62.
Galster, George C., Peter A. Tatian, Anna M. Santiago, Kathryn L. S. Pettit, and Robin E. Smith. 2003. Why not in my backyard? Neighborhood impacts of deconcentrating assisted housing. New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research.
63.
Gans, Herbert. 1961. The balanced community: Homogeneity or heterogeneity in residential areas?American Institute of Planners Journal27(3): 176-184.
64.
Geddes, Patrick. 1915. Cities in evolution. London: Williams & Norgate.
65.
Gilroy, Rose, and Chris Booth. 1999. Building an infrastructure of everyday lives. European Planning Studies7(3): 307-325.
66.
Glaeser, Edward. 2000. The future of urban research: Nonmarket interactions. Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs101-150.
67.
Glaeser, Edward L., and Jacob Vigdor. 2003. Racial segregation: Promising news. In Redefining urban and suburban America, evidence from census 2000, Bruce Katz and Robert E. Lang, eds. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
68.
Glaeser, Edward, H. D. Kallal, J. A. Scheinkman, and A. Shleifer. 1992. Growth in cities. Journal of Political Economy100(6): 1127-1152.
69.
Glazer, Nathan. 1959. The school as an instrument in planning. American Institute of Planners Journal25(4): 191-199.
70.
Goering, John, and Judith D. Feins. 2003. Choosing a better life? Evaluating the moving to opportunity social experiment. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute Press.
71.
Gottdiener, Mark, and Joe R. Feagin. 1998. The Paradigm Shift in Urban Sociology. Urban Affairs Quarterly24:163-187.
72.
Granovetter, Mark S.1983. The strength of weak ties: A network theory revisited. Sociological Theory1: 201-233.
73.
Granovetter, Mark S.1990. The old and the new economic sociology: A history and an agenda. In Beyond the marketplace: Rethinking economy and society, R. Friedland and A. F. Robertson, eds. New York: Aldine.
74.
Grant, Jill. 2002. Mixed-use in theory and practice: Canadian experience with implementing a planning principle. Journal of the American Planning Association68(1): 71-84.
75.
Grigsby, W., M. Baratz, G. Galster, and D. MacLennan. PROVIDE AUTHORS’ FULL NAMES 1987. The Dynamics of neighbourhood change and decline. Oxford: Pergamon.
76.
Hall, Peter. 2002. Cities of tomorrow: An intellectual history of urban planning and design in the twentieth century. 3rd ed.Oxford: Blackwell.
77.
Handy, Susan. 1996. Understanding the link between urban form and nonwork travel behavior. Journal of Planning Education and Research15:183-198.
78.
Harvey, David. 1989. The Condition of postmodernity. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
79.
Harvey, David. 2000. Spaces of hope. Berkeley: University of California Press.
80.
Hayden, Dolores. 1986. Redesigning the American dream. New York: W. W. Norton.
81.
Hayden, Dolores. 2003. Building suburbia: Green fields and urban growth, 1820- 2000. New York: Pantheon Books.
82.
Hise, Greg. 2001. “Nature’s workshop” industry and urban expansion in Southern California, 1900-1950. Journal of Historical Geography27(1): 74-92.
83.
Hise, Greg. 2004. Mexicans and that sort of thing: Race and social distance in Los Angeles. Paper presented at the symposium “Constructing race: The built environment, minoritization, and racism in the United States.” University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, March 5-6.
84.
Ihlanfeldt, Keith R., and Benjamin P. Scafidi. 2002. The neighborhood contact hypothesis: Evidence from a multicity study of urban inequality. Urban Studies39(4): 619-641.
85.
Jacobs, Allan, and Donald Appleyard. 1987. Toward an urban design manifesto. Journal of the American Planning Association53(1): 112-120.
86.
Jacobs, Jane. 1961. The death and life of great American cities. New York: Vintage Books.
87.
Kahn, Matthew E.2001. Does sprawl reduce the Black/White housing consumption gap?Housing Policy Debate12(1): 77-86.
88.
Kaplan, R., and S. Kaplan. 1989. Experience of nature: A psychological perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
89.
Keating, W. Dennis. 1994. The suburban racial dilemma: Housing and neighborhoods. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
90.
Kefalas, Maria. 2003. Working-class heroes: Protecting home, community, and nation in a Chicago neighborhood. Berkeley: University of California Press.
91.
Knox, Paul L.1991. The restless urban landscape: Economic and sociocultural change and the transformation of metropolitan Washington, D.C. Annals of the Association of American Geographers81(2): 181-209.
92.
Kushner, James A.1982. Apartheid in America: An historical and legal analysis of contemporary racial residential segregation in the United States. Millwood, NY: Associated Faculty Press.
93.
Lang, R. E., Hughes, J. W., and Danielsen, K. A.1997. Targeting the suburban urbanites: Marketing central-city housing. Housing Policy Debate8: 437-470.
94.
Lang, Robert E.2004. Valuing the suburbs: Why some “improvements” lower home prices. Opolis: An International Journal of Suburban and Metropolitan Studies1(1): Article 3. Available at: http://repositories.cdlib.org/cssd/opolis/vol1/iss1/art3/
95.
Lazear, Edward. 2000. Diversity and immigration. In NBER Conference Volume: Issues in the economics of immigration, George Borjas, ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
96.
Ledebur, L. C., and W. R. Barnes. 1993. All in it together: Cities, suburbs and local economic regions. Washington, D.C.: National League of Cities.
97.
Lee, B., and P. Wood. 1990. The fate of residential integration in American cities: Evidence from racially mixed neighborhoods, 1970-1980. Journal of Urban Affairs12(4): 425-436.
98.
Lefebvre, Henri. 1991. The production of space. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
99.
Leung, H. L.1995. A new kind of sprawl. Plan Canada35(5): 4-5.
100.
Livingstone, David N., Margaret C. Keane, and Frederick W. Boal. 1998. Space for religion: a Belfast case study. Political Geography17(2): 145-170.
101.
Logan, John, and Harvey Molotch. 1987. Urban fortunes: The political economy of place. Berkeley: University of California Press.
102.
Logan, John R., Brian J. Stults, and Reynolds Farley. 2004. Segregation of minorities in the metropolis: Two decades of change. Demography41(1): 1-22.
103.
Low, Setha M.2003. The edge and the center: Gated communities and the discourse of urban fear. In The anthropology of space and place: Locating culture, Setha M. Low and Denise Lawrence-Zuniga, eds. Oxford: Blackwell.
104.
Malizia, Emil E., and Shanzi Ke. 1993. The influence of economic diversity on unemployment and stability. Journal of Regional Science33(2): 221-236.
105.
Maly, Michael T.2000. The neighborhood diversity index: A complementary measure of racial residential settlement. Journal of Urban Affairs22(1): 37-47.
106.
Mann, P.1958. The socially balanced neighborhood. Town planning review29:91-98.
107.
Marcuse, Peter. 2001. Enclaves yes, Ghettoes, no: Segregation and the State. Paper presented at the “International seminar on segregation in the city,”July 26-28,2001, at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
108.
Marcuse, Peter, and Ronald van Kempen, eds. 2002. Of states and cities: The partitioning of urban space. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
109.
Massey, Douglas S., and Nancy A. Denton. 1993. American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
110.
Massey, Douglas S., and Mary J. Fischer. 2003. The geography of inequality in the United States, 1950-2000. In Brookings-Wharton papers on urban affairs 2003, William G. Gale and Janet Rothenberg Pack, eds. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
111.
McElfish, James M., Jr.2004. Nature-friendly ordinances. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Law Institute.
112.
McHarg, Ian. 1969. Design with nature. Garden City, NY: Natural History Press.
113.
Mennel, Timothy. 2004. Victor Gruen and the construction of cold war utopias. Journal of Planning History3(2): 116-150.
114.
Meyerson, Martin, and Edward C. Banfield. 1955. Politics, planning, and the public interest: The case of public housing in Chicago. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
115.
Molinaro, J.1993. Agree on how to disagree or how to have useful discussions. Planning Commissioners Journal12. Available at: http://www.plannersweb.com.
116.
Montgomery, John. 1998. Making a city: Urbanity, vitality and urban design. Journal of Urban Design3(1): 93-116.
117.
Moudon, Anne Vernez, and Paul Mitchell Hess. 2000. Suburban clusters: The nucleation of multifamily housing in suburban areas of the Central Puget Sound. Journal of the American Planning Association66(3): 243-264.
118.
Mumford, Lewis. 1925. Regions—To Live In. Survey Graphic7(May): 151-152.
119.
Mumford, Lewis. 1938. The culture of cities. London: Secker & Warburg.
120.
Mumford, Lewis. 1968. The urban prospect. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
121.
National Research Council. 1999. Our common journey: A transition toward sustainability. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
122.
Naveh, Z.2004. The importance of multifunctional, self-organising biosphere landscapes for the future of our Total Human Ecosystem—a new paradigm for transdisciplinary landscape ecology. In Multifunctional landscapes volume I: Theory, values and history, J. Brandt and H. Vejre, eds. Boston, MA: WIT Press.
123.
Newman, Peter W. G., and Jeffrey R. Kenworthy. 1996. The land use-transport connection: An overview. Land Use Policy13(1): 1-22.
124.
Nyden, Philip, John Lukehart, Michael T. Maly, and William Peterman. 1998. Chapter 1: Neighborhood racial and ethnic diversity in U.S. cities. Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research4(2): 1-17.
125.
Nyden, Philip, Michael Maly, and John Lukehart. 1997. The emergence of stable racially and ethnically diverse urban communities: A case study of nine U.S. cities. Housing Policy Debate8(2):491-533.
126.
Oliver, J. Eric. 2001. Democracy in suburbia. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
127.
Orfield, Myron. 2002. American metropolitics: The new suburban reality. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
128.
Ottensmann, J.1995. Requiem for the tipping-point hypothesis. Journal of Planning Literature10(2): 131-141.
129.
Park, Robert. 1952. Human communities: The city and human ecology. Glencoe, Ill: Free Press.
130.
Park, Robert E., Ernest W. Burgess, and Roderick D. McKenzie. 1925. The city. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
131.
Pendall, Rolf. 2001. Exploring connections between density, sprawl, and segregation by race and income in the U.S. metropolitan areas, 1980-1990. Paper presented at the “International seminar on segregation in the city,”July 26-28, 2001, at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
132.
Pendall, Rolf, and John I. Caruthers. 2003. Does density exacerbate income segregation? Evidence from U.S. metropolitan areas, 1980 to 2000. Housing Policy Debate14(4): 541-589.
133.
Pickett, S. T. A., M. L. Cadenasso, and J. M. Grove. 2004. Resilient cities: Meaning, models, and metaphor for integrating the ecological, socio-economic, and planning realm. Landscape and Urban Planning69:369-384.
134.
Popkin, Susan J., Diane K. Levy, Laura E. Harris, Jennifer Comey, and Mary K. Cunningham. 2004. The HOPE VI Program: What about the residents?Housing Policy Debate15(2): 385-414.
135.
Powell, John A.2002. Sprawl, fragmentation and the persistence of racial inequality. In Urban sprawl: Causes, consequences and policy responses, Gregory D. Squires, ed. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute Press.
136.
Powell, John A.2003. Opportunity-based housing. In Toward the livable city, Emilie Buchwald, ed. Minneapolis, MN: Milkweed Editions.
137.
Putnam, R. D.2000. Bowling alone. The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon and Schuster.
138.
Putnam, Robert, and Lewis M. Feldstein. 2003. Better together: Restoring the American community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
139.
Qadeer, Mohammad A.1997. Pluralistic planning for multicultural cities: The Canadian practice. Journal of the American Planning Association63(4): 481-494.
140.
Quercia, Roberto G., and George Galster. 1997. Threshold effects and the expected benefits of attracting middle-income households to the central city. Housing Policy Debate8(2): 409-436.
141.
Rehn, Steven D. 2002. Measuring segregation in melting-pot suburbs: Concepts, methods and a case study. Master’s thesis, Department of Planning, Public Policy & Management, University of Oregon.
142.
Ritzdorf, Marsha. 1997. Family values, municipal zoning, and African American family life. In Urban planning and the African American community: in the shadows, June Thomas and Marsha Ritzdorf, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
143.
Romaya, Sam, and Carole Rakodi, eds. 2003. Building sustainable urban settlements: Approaches and case studies in the developing world. London: ITDG Publishing.
144.
Rose, Dina R.2000. Social disorganization and parochial control: Religious institutions and their communities. Sociological Forum15:339-358.
145.
Rosenbaum, James E., Linda K. Stroh, and Cathy A. Flynn. 1998. Lake Parc Place: Astudy of mixed-income housing. Housing Policy Debate9(4): 703-740.
146.
Rowley, Alan. 1996. Mixed-use development: Ambiguous concept, simplistic analysis and wishful thinking?Planning Practice and Research11(1): 85-97.
147.
Ryan, William, Allan Sloan, Mania Seferi, and Elaine Werby. 1974. All in it together: An evaluation of mixed-income multi-family housing. Boston: Massachusetts Housing Finance Agency.
148.
Rybczynski, Witold. 2000. Where have all the Planners Gone? In The profession of city planning: Changes, successes, failures and challenges (1950-2000), Lloyd Rodwin and Bish Sanyal, eds. Rutgers, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research, 1999).
149.
Saarinen, Eliel. 1943. The city: Its growth, its decay, its future. New York: Reinhold Publishing Company.
150.
Sampson, Robert J., Stephen Raudenbush, and Felton Earls. 1997. Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science277: 918-924.
151.
Sandercock, Leonie. 1998. Towards cosmopolis. Chichester, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons.
152.
Sarkissian, S.1976. The idea of social mix in town planning: An historical overview. Urban Studies13(3): 231-246.
153.
Saxenian, A.1999. Silicon Valley’s new immigrant entrepreneurs. Berkeley: Public Policy Institute of California.
154.
Schwartz, Alex, and Kian Tajbakhsh. 1997. Mixed-income housing: Unanswered questions. Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research3(2): 71-92.
155.
Silver, Christopher. 1985. Neighborhood planning in historical perspective. Journal of the American Planning Association51(2):161-174.
156.
Singer, Audrey. 2004. The rise of new immigrant gateways. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
Slater, Tom, Winifred Curran, and Loretta Lees. 2004. Guest Editorial. Environment and Planning A36:1141-1150.
159.
Smith, Alastair. 2002. Mixed-income housing developments: Promise and reality. Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation: Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University. Available at http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/publications/W02-10_Smith.pdf.
160.
Smith, Richard A.1998. Discovering stable racial integration. Journal of Urban Affairs20(1): 1-25.
161.
Smith, Tara, Maurice Nelischer, and Nathan Perkins. 1997. Landscape and Urban Planning39:229-241.
162.
Steinacker, Annette. 2003. Infill development and affordable housing: Patterns from 1996 to 2000. Urban Affairs Review38(4): 492-509.
163.
Steiner, Frederick. 2002. Human ecology: Following nature’s lead. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
164.
Suttles, Gerald. 1972. The social construction of communities. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
165.
Thomas, June Manning. 1997. Coming together: Unified diversity for social action. In Urban planning and the African American community: In the shadows, June Thomas and Marsha Ritzdorf, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
166.
Thomas, June Manning, and Marsha Ritzdorf, eds. 1997. Urban planning and the African American community: In the shadows. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
167.
Thompson, Catharine Ward. 2002. Urban open space in the 21st century. Landscape and Urban Planning60:59-72.
168.
Unwin, Raymond. 1909. Town planning in practice: An introduction to the art of designing cities and suburbs. London: T. Fisher Unwin.
van Kempen, Ronald. 2002. The academic formulations: Explanations for the partitioned city. In Of state and cities: The partitioning of urban space, Peter Marcuse and Ronald van Kempen, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
171.
Venturi, Robert, Denise Scott-Brown, and Stephen Izenour. 1977. Learning from Las Vegas. Cambridge: MIT Press.
172.
Wang, Vincent. 1996. Mixed-use: The answer to the successful urban environment. Built Environment22(4): 312-314.
173.
Wassmer, Robert W. 2001. The economics of the causes and benefits/costs of urban spatial segregation. Paper presented at the “International seminar on segregation in the city,” July26-28, 2001, at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
174.
Webber, M. M.1963. Order in diversity: Community without propinquity. In Cities and space: The future use of urban land, L. Wingo, ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
175.
Williams, K. Y., and C. A. O’Reilly. 1998. Demography and diversity in organizations: A review of 40 years of research. In Research in Organizational Behavior, B. Staw and R. Sutton, eds. vol. 20, 77-140. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
176.
Wilson, E. O.1988. Biodiversity. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
177.
Zachary, Pascal G.2000. The global me: New cosmopolitans and the competitive edge—picking globalism’s winners and losers. New York: Perseus Books.
178.
Zielenbach, Sean. 2000. The art of revitalization: Improving conditions in distressed inner-city neighborhoods. New York: Garland Publishing.
179.
Zukin, Sharon. 1998. Urban lifestyles: Diversity and standardization in spaces of consumption. Urban Studies35(5): 825-839.
