Osteoarthritis (OA) presents a significant global health burden, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies to address its multifaceted challenges. This study explores the potential of Citrus trifoliata extract-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CTECNPs) as a novel treatment modality for OA. The encapsulation of Citrus trifoliata extract (CTE) within chitosan nanoparticles offers advantages such as enhanced bioavailability, sustained release kinetics, and targeted delivery to affected joints. In vitro evaluations demonstrate the biocompatibility and anti-inflammatory properties of CTECNPs, with significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects observed. Moreover, in vivo studies in an OA-induced mouse model reveal promising therapeutic outcomes, including improvements in histological features and locomotor function. These findings highlight the potential of CTECNPs as a promising therapeutic approach for OA, offering hope for improved patient outcomes and quality of life. Further research is warranted to elucidate additional signaling pathways and potential synergistic effects of CTECNPs in OA management.
van den BoschMH. Osteoarthritis year in review 2020: biology. Osteoarthritis Cartilage2021; 29(2): 143–150.
2.
AllenKThomaLGolightlyY. Epidemiology of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage2022; 30(2): 184–195.
3.
KatzJNArantKRLoeserRF. Diagnosis and treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis: a review. JAMA2021; 325(6): 568–578.
4.
LiangYXuYZhuY, et al.Efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine for knee osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytomedicine2022; 100: 154029.
5.
AlamFMohammadinKShafiqueZ, et al.Citrus flavonoids as potential therapeutic agents: a review. Phytother Res2022; 36(4): 1417–1441.
6.
AibaniNRaiRPatelP, et al.Chitosan nanoparticles at the biological interface: implications for drug delivery. Pharmaceutics2021; 13(10): 1686.
7.
AgustíMReigCMartínez-FuentesA, et al.Advances in citrus flowering: a review. Front Plant Sci2022; 13: 868831.
8.
GargUChauhanSNagaichU, et al.Current advances in chitosan nanoparticles based drug delivery and targeting. Adv Pharm Bull2019; 9(2): 195–204.
9.
JinG-Z. Current nanoparticle-based technologies for osteoarthritis therapy. Nanomaterials2020; 10(12): 2368.
10.
PontesAPWeltingTJMRipJ, et al.Polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery in osteoarthritis. Pharmaceutics2022; 14(12): 2639.
11.
ZhouYLiuSQPengH, et al.In vivo anti-apoptosis activity of novel berberine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles effectively ameliorates osteoarthritis. Int Immunopharmacol2015; 28(1): 34–43.
12.
HaghighiPShamlooA. Fabrication of a novel 3D scaffold for cartilage tissue repair: in-vitro and in-vivo study. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl2021; 128: 112285.
13.
KouLHuangHTangY, et al.Opsonized nanoparticles target and regulate macrophage polarization for osteoarthritis therapy: a trapping strategy. J Control Release2022; 347: 237–255.
14.
AiA. Sciatic nerve regeneration with collagen type I hydrogel containing chitosan nanoparticle loaded by insulin. International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials2018; 37: 3.
15.
LiXWangQFangQ, et al.Recent advances in targeted nanoparticle drug delivery systems for ischaemic stroke. Mater Adv2023; 4(21): 5003–5017.
16.
DristantUMukherjeeKSahaS, et al.An overview of polymeric nanoparticles-based drug delivery system in cancer treatment. Technol Cancer Res Treat2023; 22: 15330338231152083.
17.
BeachMANayanatharaUGaoY, et al.Polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery. Chem Rev2024; 124(9): 5505–5616.
JafernikKŁadniakABlicharskaE, et al.Chitosan-based nanoparticles as effective drug delivery systems—a review. Molecules2023; 28(4): 1963.
20.
DesaiNRanaDSalaveS, et al.Chitosan: a potential biopolymer in drug delivery and biomedical applications. Pharmaceutics2023; 15(4): 1313.
21.
ChaK-JPoncirus trifoliataL. Extract inhibits the development of atopic dermatitis-like lesions in human keratinocytes and NC/Nga mice. Int J Med Sci2019; 16(8): 1116.
22.
LamichhaneGPandeyJDevkotaHP. Bioactive chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Ponciri fructus. Molecules2022; 28(1): 255.
23.
Favela-HernándezJMJGonzález-SantiagoORamírez-CabreraMA, et al.Chemistry and pharmacology of citrus sinensis. Molecules2016; 21(2): 247.
24.
DongrePDoifodeCChoudharyS, et al.Botanical description, chemical composition, traditional uses and pharmacology of Citrus sinensis: an updated review. Pharmacological Research-Modern Chinese Medicine2023; 8: 100272.
25.
RaoMJWuSDuanM, et al.Antioxidant metabolites in primitive, wild, and cultivated citrus and their role in stress tolerance. Molecules2021; 26(19): 5801.
26.
KimS-YYiHKYunBS, et al.The extract of the immature fruit of Poncirus trifoliata induces apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells via mitochondrial autophagy. Food Sci Hum Wellness2020; 9(3): 237–244.
27.
GiordanoFRafL. Seed extract induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in the androgen receptor positive LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Int J Mol Sci2023; 24(22): 16351.
28.
YanHMaZPengS, et al.Anti-inflammatory effect of auraptene extracted from trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliate) on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Inflammation2013; 36: 1525–1532.
29.
Abdel-KawyMAAboulhodaBEMichelCG, et al.Ameliorating effect of Citrus trifoliata L. fruits extract on motor incoordination, neurodegeneration and oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease model. Nutr Neurosci2023; 27: 770–782.
30.
DuXCaiLXieJ, et al.The role of TGF-beta3 in cartilage development and osteoarthritis. Bone Res2023; 11(1): 2.
