Shape memory alloys (SMAs) including superelastic alloys have unique properties such as shape memory and superelasticity, thus they are recognized as very useful biomaterials. These properties are very advantageous for medical use, and actually the SMA wires have been widely used in medical field. However, biocompatibility of nickel-titanium (Ni–Ti) alloy, which is the only practical SMA at present, has been questioned because of its high nickel content. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of a newly developed Ni-free Ti-based SMA for medical use. The newly developed SMA made of Ti–Mo–Sn–Zr system was processed into a disk of 15.1 mm in diameter. Pure titanium of the same shape was prepared as control. All the disk surfaces were polished using emery papers, #120, #400, and #600. Scanning electron microscopy and a 3D optics profiler were used to evaluate the surface of the materials. In vitro evaluations included colony examination for evaluation of the cell cytotoxicity, DNA quantification for the cell proliferation, Alamar blue assay for metabolic activity, FDA staining for the live cell imaging, and cell cycle analysis, using Chinese hamster fibroblastic V-79 cells and mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. In colony examination and DNA quantification, there was no significant difference between the Ti–Mo–Sn–Zr and the pure titanium. In FDA staining, cultured cells on the Ti–Mo–Sn–Zr alloy showed the same biocompatibility as those on the pure titanium. The present results suggest that the newly developed Ti–Mo–Sn–Zr alloy showed the high biocompatibility comparable to pure titanium and can be used as efficient biomaterial for medical use.
XinweiLShuoguiXBaoqingY. Application of a shape-memory alloy internal fixator for treatment of acetabular fractures with a follow-up of two to nine years in China. Int Orthop2013; 34: 1033–1040.
3.
AravindS. Comparison of superelasticity of nickel titanium orthodontic arch wires using mechanical tensile testing and correlating with electrical resistivity. J Int Oral Health2013; 5: 1–12.
4.
EspinarELlamasJMGilFJ. Effect of temperature on the orthodontic clinical applications of NiTi closed-coil springs. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal2013; 18: 721–724.
5.
KawakitaEWangZKasaiY. Basic research on a cylindrical implant made of shape-memory alloy for the treatment of long bone fracture. Open Orthop J2012; 6: 239–244.
6.
SargeantTDRaoMSStuppSI. Covalent functionalization of NiTi surfaces with bioactive peptide amphiphile nanofibers. Biomaterials2008; 29: 1085–1098.
7.
HagaYMinetaTEsashiM. Development of active catheter, active guide wire and micro sensor systems. Interv Neuroradiol2001; 7: 125–130.
8.
MinetaTWatanabeYEsashiM. Batch fabricated flat meandering shape memory alloy actuator for active catheter. Sensors Actuat A Phys2001; 88: 112–120.
9.
AcerbiFGendenEBedersonJ. Circumferential watertight dural repair using nitinol U-clips in expanded endonasal and sublabial approaches to the cranial base. Neurosurgery2010; 67: 448–456.
10.
Jia-canSXin-weiLMingL. Shape memory Ni-Ti alloy swan-like bone connector for treatment of humeral shaft nonunion. Int Orthop2009; 34: 369–375.
11.
MiaoleiZShoubinWWeiG. Hysteresis modeling of magnetic shape memory alloy actuator based on Krasnosel'skii-Pokrovskii model. Sci World J2013, pp. 1–7.
12.
KanetakaHHosodaHMiyazakiS. In vitro biocompatibility of Ni-free Ti-based shape memory alloys for biomedical applications. Mater Trans2010; 51: 1944–1950.
13.
KodamaCTadayukiSHonmaT. Fundamental experiment on cold working of TiNi shape memory alloys. Bull Res Inst Mineral Dress Metall1998; 43: 179–183.
14.
Darel EH. Shape memory alloys. ASM handbook, Volume 2: Properties and selection: Nonferrous alloys and special-purpose materials. ASM Handbook Committee. Kinsman: AMS International, 1990, pp. 897–902.
15.
BagotMCharueDFlechetML. Oral desensitization in nickel allergy induces a decrease in nickel-specific T-cells. Eur J Dermatol1995; 5: 614–617.
16.
KasprzakKSSundermanFWJrSalnikowK. Nickel carcinogenesis. Mutat Res2003; 533: 67–97.
17.
MarcinMKatarzynaCPatrycjaD. Release of metal ions from orthodontic appliances: An in vitro study. Biol Trace Elem Res2010; 146: 272–280.
18.
IijimaMYuasaTMizoguchiI. Corrosion behavior of ion implanted nickel-titanium orthodontic wire in fluoride mouth rinse solutions. J Dent Mater2010; 29: 53–58.
19.
ShabalovskayaSAndereggJVanHJ. Critical overview of Nitinol surfaces and their modifications for medical applications. Acta Biomater2008; 4: 447–467.
20.
HeraKJefferyWJ. Corrosion of stainless steel, nickel-titanium, coated nickel-titanium, and titanium orthodontic wires. Angle Orthod1999; 69: 39–44.
21.
EspinarELlamasJMGilFJ. Reduction of Ni release and improvement of the friction behaviour of NiTi orthodontic archwires by oxidation treatments. J Mater Sci Mater Med2011; 22: 1119–1125.
22.
LiHZhengYDe HossonJT. TiNi shape memory alloy coated with tungsten: A novel approach for biomedical applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med2014; 25: 1249–1255.
23.
SfondriniMFCacciafestaVKlersyC. Nickel release from new conventional stainless steel, recycled, and nickel-free orthodontic brackets: An in vitro study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2010; 137: 809–815.
24.
MichiardiAAparicioCGilFJ. New oxidation treatment of NiTi shape memory alloys to obtain Ni-free surfaces and to improve biocompatibility. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater2006; 77: 249–256.
25.
VerstryngeAVanHJWillemsG. In-vitro evaluation of the material characteristics of stainless steel and beta-titanium orthodontic wires. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2006; 130: 460–470.
26.
CameliaSFleserTFloricaG. Mechanical behavior of orthodontic TMA wires. Wseas Trans Biol Biomed2010; 3: 277–286.
27.
Sasano H and Suzuki T. Shape memory effect in Ti-Mo-Al alloys. In: 5th International conference on titanium, Frankfurt, Germany, 10–14 September 1984, pp. 1667–1674.
28.
MaeshimaTNishidaM. Shape memory properties of biomedical Ti-Mo-Ag and Ti-Mo-Sn alloys. Mater Trans2004; 45: 1096–1100.
29.
MaeshimaTNishidaM. Shape memory and mechanical properties of biomedical Ti-Sc-Mo alloys. Mater Trans2004; 45: 1101–1105.
30.
Maeshima T, Ushimaru S and Yamauchi K. Effect of heat treatment on shape memory effect and superelasticity in Ti-Mo-Sn alloys. Mater Sci Eng A 2006; 438–440: 844–847.
31.
HosodaHOhmatsuYMiyazakiS. Mechanical properties of Ti-Mo-Ga biomedical shape memory alloys. Trans MRS-J2001; 26: 235–238.
32.
HosodaHHosodaNMiyazakiS. Mechanical properties of Ti-Mo-Al biomedical shape memory alloys. Trans MRS-J2001; 26: 243–246.
33.
KimHYOhmatsuYMiyazakiS. Mechanical properties and shape memory behavior of Ti-Mo-Ga alloys. Mater Trans2004; 45: 1090–1095.
34.
Hosoda N, Hosoda H, Miyazaki S, et al. Mechanical properties of Ti-Mo base biomedical shape memory alloys. In: 4th Pacific Rim international conference on advanced materials and processing, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 11–15 December 2001, pp. 1623–1625.
35.
Ohmatsu Y, Hosoda H, Miyazaki S. et al. Fabrication of superelastic Ti-Ni microtubes by sputter-deposition method. In: 4th Pacific Rim international conference on advanced materials and processing, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 11–15 December 2001, pp. 1627–1629.
36.
Ishigaki T, Matsuki Y, Miyazaki S, et al. Fabrication of superelastic Ti-Ni microtubes by sputter-deposition method. In: International conference on shape memory and superelastic technologies, Tsukuba, Japan, 3–5 December 2007, pp. 559–564.
37.
Saito H, Inamura T, Miyazaki S, et al. Mechanical properties of Ti-Mo alloys containing 3D transition metal elements. In: International conference on shape memory and superelastic technologies, Tsukuba, Japan, 3–5 December 2007, pp. 565–570.
38.
Hosoda H, Taniguchi M, Miyazaki S, et al. Effect of aging on mechanical properties of Ti-Mo-Al biomedical shape memory alloy. Mater Sci Forum 2010; 654–656: 2150–2153.
39.
EndohKTaharaMHosodaH. Effect of Zr Addition on martensitic transformation in Ti-Mo-Sn alloy. Mater Res2014; 922: 137–142.
40.
InamuraTFukuiYMiyazakiS. Relationship between texture and macroscopic transformation strain in severely cold-rolled Ti-Nb-Al superelastic alloy. Mater Trans2004; 4: 1083–1089.
41.
ArciniegasaMPeñaabJManeroJM. Quantum parameters for guiding the design of Ti alloys with shape memory and/or low elastic modulus. Philos Mag2008; 88: 2529–2548.
42.
GonzálezMGilFJManeroJM. Characterization of two Ti-Nb-Hf-Zr alloys under different cold rolling conditions. J Mater Eng Perform2011; 20: 653–657.
43.
GonzálezMPeñaJManeroJM. Optimization of the Ti-16.2Hf-24.8Nb-1Zr alloy by cold working. J Mater Eng Perform2009; 18: 506–510.
44.
GonzálezMPeñaJGilFJ. Low modulus Ti–Nb–Hf alloy for biomedical applications. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl2014; 42: 691–695.
45.
ArciniegasMPeñaJGilFJ. In vitro response of preosteoblastic MG63 cells on Ni-free Ti shape memory substrates. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater2013; 101: 709–720.
46.
Abou Neel EA, Chrzanowski W, Georgiou G, et al. In vitro biocompatibility and mechanical performance of titanium doped high calcium oxide metaphosphate-based glasses. J Tissue Eng 2010; 1: 1–11.
47.
Xiaohua Y and Mei W. Cellular performance comparison of biomimetic calcium phosphate coating and alkaline-treated titanium surface. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013: 1–9.
48.
RackHJQaziJI. Titanium alloys for biomedical applications. Mater Sci Eng C2006; 26: 1269–1277.
49.
NiinomiM. Mechanical biocompatibilities of titanium alloys for biomedical applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater2008; 1: 30–42.
50.
Yan C, Zhi H, Xiaoming L, Bo Y, et al. In vitro biocompatibility and osteoblast differentiation of an injectable chitosan/ nano-hydroxyapatite/ collagen scaffold. J Nanomater 2012; 2012: 1–6.
51.
KawashitaMHayashiJKudoT. MC3T3-E1 and RAW264.7 cell response to hydroxyapatite and alpha-type alumina adsorbed with bovine serum albumin. J Biomed Mater Res A2014; 102: 1880–1886.
52.
SephraNR. Multiple applications of Alamar Blue as an indicator of metabolic function and cellular health in cell viability bioassays. Sensors (Basel)2012; 12: 12347–12360.
53.
MoharamzadehKBrookIMRichardVN. Biocompatibility of resin-based dental materials. Materials2009; 2: 514–548.
54.
ZhangYMChaiFHornezJC. The corrosion and biological behaviour of titanium alloys in the presence of human lymphoid cells and MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Biomed Mater2009; 4: 1–9.
55.
LimorHCharlesJKRafiK. Predictive toxicology of cobalt nanoparticles and ions: Comparative in vitro study of different cellular models using methods of knowledge discovery from data. Toxicol Sci2011; 122: 489–501.
56.
JohnOIanWFrancëP. Investigation of the Alamar Blue (resazurin) fluorescent dye for the assessment of mammalian cell cytotoxicity. Eur J Biochem2000; 267: 5421–5426.
57.
RobinKPChristineAWMarilynLH. Microplate Alamar blue assay for staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm susceptibility testing. Antimicrob Agents Chemother2005; 49: 2612–2617.
58.
Robin KP, Christine AW and George RP. Application of a high throughput Alamar blue biofilm susceptibility assay to Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2009; 8: 1–7.
59.
IsamaKMatsuokaAHaishimaY. Proliferation and differentiation of normal human osteoblasts on dental Au-Ag-Pd casting alloy: Comparison with cytotoxicity to fibroblast L929 and V79 cells. Mater Trans2002; 43: 3155–3159.
60.
TripuraneniSCNamburiSKBellamKK. Evaluating cytotoxicity of recycled Ni-Cr dental casting alloy - An in vitro study. Trends Biomater2011; 25: 51–59.
61.
CoenNKadhimMAWrightEG. Particulate debris from a titanium metal prosthesis induces genomic instability in primary human fibroblast cells. Br J Cancer2003; 88: 548–552.
62.
FranklinNMStauberJLLimRP. Development of flow cytometry-based algal bioassays for assessing toxicity of copper in natural waters. Environ Toxicol Chem2001; 20: 160–170.
63.
TaniguchiMFujiwaraKNakaiY. Inhibition of malignant phenotypes of human osteosarcoma cells by a gene silencer, a pyrrole–imidazole polyamide, which targets an E-box motif. FEBS Open Bio2014; 4: 328–334.
64.
RodolfoVCelinaROLarryEM. In vitro biocompatibility studies of fibroblast cells on Ti-Ta alloys. Mater Trans2002; 43: 2991–2994.
65.
PrigentHPellen-MussiPBonnaure-MalletM. Evaluation of the biocompatibility of titanium-tantalum alloy versus titanium. J Biomed Mater Res1998; 39: 200–206.
66.
YingxunLZhongpingCJinkeW. Systematic evaluation of biocompatibility of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles with six different mammalian cell lines. J Nanoparticle Res2011; 13: 199–212.
67.
NakagawaMMatsuyaSUdohK. Corrosion behavior of pure titanium and titanium alloys in fluoride-containing solutions. Dent Mater J2001; 20: 305–314.
68.
SchiffNBoinetMMorgonL. Galvanic corrosion between orthodontic wires and brackets in fluoride mouthwashes. Eur J Orthod2006; 28: 298–304.
69.
KassabEJGomesJP. Assessment of nickel titanium and beta titanium corrosion resistance behavior in fluoride and chloride environments. Angle Orthod2013; 83: 864–869.
