Biomaterials based on the hydrophobic homopolymer poly(ethyl acrylate), PEA, and its copolymers with hydroxyethyl acrylate, p(EA-co-HEA) and methacrylic acid, p(EA-co-MAAc) were prepared as polymeric scaffolds with interconnected pores of 90 microns and tested in vitro as culture substrates and compared for their impact on the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSC) obtained from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of postnatal rats and human endothelial cells (HUVEC). Immunocytochemical staining assay for specific markers show that p(EA-co-MAAc) scaffolds were suitable substrates to promote cell attachment and differentiation of adult NSC and HUVEC cells.
Lois, C. and Alvarez-Buylla, A.Long-distance Neuronal Migration in the Adult Mammalian Brain, Science, 1994: 264: 1145-1148.
2.
García-Verdugo, J.M., Doetsch, F., Wichterle, H., Lim , D.A. and Alvarez-Buylla , A.Architecture and Cell Types of the Adult Subventricular Zone: In Search of the Stem Cells , J. Neurobiol., 1998: 36: 234-238.
3.
Doetsch, F. , Caillé, I., Lim, D.A., García-Verdugo , J.M. and Alvarez-Buylla, A.Subventricular Zone Astrocytes are Neural Stem Cells in the Adult Mammalian Brain, Cell, 1999: 97: 703-716.
Semino, C.E. , Kasahara, J., Hayashi , Y. and Zhang, S.Entrapment of Migrating Hippocampal Neural Cells in Three-dimensional Peptide Nanofiber Scaffold, Tissue Eng., 2004: 10: 643-655.
8.
Louissaint Jr, A., Rao, S., Leventhal , C. and Goldman, S.A.Coordinated Interaction of Neurogenesis and Angiogenesis in the Adult Songbird Brain, Neuron, 2002: 34: 945-960.
9.
Li, Q., Ford, M.C., Lavik, E.B. and Madri, J.A.Modeling the Neurovascular Niche: VEGF- and BDNF-mediated Cross-talk Between Neural Stem Cells and Endothelial Cells: An In Vitro Study, J. Neurosci. Res., 2006: 84: 1656-1668.
10.
Milner, R.A Novel Three-dimensional System to Study Interactions between Endothelial Cells and Neural Cells of the Developing Central Nervous System, BMC Neurosci., 2007: 8: 3.
11.
Hayashi, Y. , Nomura, M., Yamagishi , S.I., Harada, S.I., Yamashita, J. and Yamamoto, H.Induction of Various Blood-brain Barrier Properties in Non-neural Endothelial Cells by Close Apposition to Co-cultured Astrocytes , Glia, 1997: 19: 13-26.
12.
Lim, J.C. , Wolpaw, A.J., Caldwell, M.A., Hladky, S.B. and Barrand, M.A.Neural Precursor Cell Influences on Blood-Brain Barrier Characteristics in Rat Brain Endothelial Cells, Brain Res., 2007: 1159: 67-76.
13.
Tontsch, U. and Bauer. H.C.Glial Cells and Neurons Induce Blood-Barrier-related Enzymes in Cultures Endothelial Cells, Brain Res., 1991: 539: 247-253.
Su, L., Zhao, B.X., Lv, X., Zhao, J., Zhang, S.L. and Miao, J.Y.Safrole Oxide is a Useful Tool for Investigating the Effect of Apoptosis in Vascular Endothelial Cells on Neural Stem Cell Survival and Differentiation In Vitro, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2007: 17: 3167-3171.
16.
Lowry, N., Goderie, S.K., Adamo, M. et al. Multicomponent Embryonic Spinal Cord Stem Cells Expanded by Endothelial Factors and Shh/RA Promote Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury, Exp. Neurol., 2008: 209: 510-522.
17.
Peretz, H., Talpalar, A.E., Vago, R. and Baranes, D.Superior Survival and Durability of Neurons and Astrocytes on 3-Dimensional Aragonite Biomatrices, Tissue Eng., 2007: 13: 461-472.
18.
Shany, B., Peretz, H., Blinder, P. et al. Aragonite Crystalline Biomatrices Support Astrocytic Tissue Formation In Vitro and In Vivo, Tissue Eng., 2006: 12: 1763-1773.
19.
Hayman, M.W. , Smith, K.H., Cameron, N.R. and Przyborski , S.A.Growth of Human Stem Cell-derived Neurons on Solid Three-dimensional Polymers , J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 2005: 62: 231.
20.
Hayman, M.W. , Smith, K.H., Cameron, N.R. and Przyborski , S.A.Enhanced Neurite Outgrowth by Human Neurons Grown on Solid Three-dimensional Scaffolds, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2004: 314: 483-488.
21.
Goldner, J.S. , Bruder, J.M., Li , G., Gazzola, D. and Hoffman-Kim , D.Neurite Bridging Across Micorpatterned Grooves, Biomaterials, 2006 : 27: 460-472.
22.
Willerth, S.M. , Arendas, K.J., Gottlieb, D.I. and Sakiyama-Elbert , S.E.Optimization of Fibrin Scaffolds for Differentiation of Murine Embryonic Stem Cells into Neural Lineage Cells, Biomaterials, 2006: 27: 5990-6003.
23.
Stevens, M.M. and George, J.H.Exploring and Engineering the Cell Surface Interface, Science, 2005: 310: 1135.
24.
Luckenbill, L.Laminin and the Mechanism of Neuronal Outgrouth, BrainRes. Rev., 1997: 23: 1-27.
25.
Holmes, T.C. , de Lacalle, S., Su , X., Liu , G., Rich, A. and Zhang, S.Extensive Neurite Outgrowth and Active Synapse Formation on Self-Assembling Peptide Scaffolds , Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 2000: 97: 6728-6733.
26.
Brígido Diego, R., Pérez Olmedilla , M., Serrano Aroca, A. et al. Acrylic Scaffolds with Interconnected Spherical Pores and Controlled Hydrophilicity for Tissue Engineering, J. Mat. Sci. Mat. Med., 2005: 16: 693-698.
27.
Soria, J.M. , Martínez Ramos , C., Bahamonde, O. et al. Influence of the Substrate’s Hydrophilicity on the in vitro Shwann Cells Viability , J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2007: 83A: 463-470.
28.
Soria, J.M. , Martínez Ramos , C., Salmerón Sánchez, M. et al. Survival and Differentiation of Embryonic Neural Explants on Different Biomaterials, J. Biomed. Res., 2006: 79A: 495-502.
29.
Martínez-Ramos, C., Lainez , S., Sancho-Bielsa, F. et al. Differentiation of Postnatal Neural Stem Cells into Glia and Functional Neurons on Polymeric Substrates, Tissue Eng., 2008 : Part A 14: 1365-1375.
30.
Campillo-Fernández, A.J., Unger, R.E., Peters, K. et al. Analysis of the Biological Response of Endothelial and Fibroblast Cells Cultured on Synthetic Scaffolds with Various Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Ratios. Influence of Fibronectin Adsorption and Conformation , Tissue Eng. , 2008: Part A 14: DOI: 10.1089=ten.tea.2008.0146.
31.
Campillo-Fernandez, A.J., Pastor, S., Abad-Collado , M. et al. Future Design of a New Keratoprosthesis. Physical and Biological Analysis of Polymeric Substrates for Epithelial Cell Growth, Biomacromolecules, 2007: 8: 2429-2436.
32.
Rodríguez Hernández , J.C., Salmerón Sánchez, M., Soria, J.M., Gómez Ribelles, J.L. and Monleón Pradas, M.Substrate Chemistry-dependent Conformations of Single Laminin Molecules on Polymer Surfaces are Revealed by the Phase Signal of Atomic Force Microscopy , Biophys. J., 2007: Apr 6.
33.
Gao, C. , Hu, X., Hong, Y., Guan, J. and Shen, J.Photografting of Poly(Hydroxylethyl Acrylate) onto Porous Polyurethane Scaffolds to Improve Their Endothelial Cell Compatibility , J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed., 2003: 14: 937-950.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
