This study aims to construct a hybrid biomaterial by seeding osteoblastic cells into a CaP/PLGA scaffold by a centrifugal force. Constructs are evaluated with respect to potential application in bone tissue engineering. Cells adher, spread, and form a layer of tissue lining the scaffold and are capable of migrating, proliferating, and producing mineralized matrix. We have demonstrated that the centrifugal force is highly efficient for constructing a hybrid biomaterial, which acts similarly to bone explants in a cell culture environment. In this way, these constructs could mimic an autogenous bone graft in clinical circumstances. Such a strategy may be useful for bone tissue engineering.
Langer, R. and Vacanti, J.P. (1993). Tissue Engineering, Science, 260: 920-926.
2.
Sittinger, M. , Bujia, J., Rotter, N., Reitzel, D., Minuth, W.W. and Burmester , G.R. (1996). Tissue Engineering and Autologous Transplant Formation: Practical Approaches with Resorbable Biomaterials and New Cell Culture Techniques, Biomaterials, 17: 237-242.
3.
Griffith, L.G. and Naughton, G. (2002). Tissue Engineering-Current Challenges and Expanding Opportunities, Science, 295: 1009-1014.
4.
Hoffman, R.M. (1993). To do Tissue Culture in Two or Three Dimensions? That is the Question, Stem Cells , 11: 105-111.
5.
Minuth, W.W. , Sittinger, M. and Kloth, S. (1998). Tissue Engineering: Generation of Differentiated Artificial Tissues for Biomedical Applications, Cell Tissue Res., 291: 1-11.
Sabolinski, M.L., Alvarez, O., Auletta, M., Mulder, G. and Parenteau, N.L. (1996). Cultured Skin as a Smart Material for Healing Wounds: Experience in Venous Ulcers, Biomaterials, 17: 311-320.
8.
Ishaug-Riley, S.L., Crane-Kruger , G.M., Yaszemski, M.J. and Mikos, A.G. (1998). Three-dimensional Culture of Rat Calvarial Osteoblasts in Porous Biodegradable Polymers, Biomaterials, 19: 1405-1412.
9.
Kaushal, S., Amiel, G.E., Guleserian, K.J., Shapira, O.M., Perry, T., Sutherland, F.W., Rabkin, E., Moran, A.M., Schoen, F.J., Atala, A., Soker, S., Bischoff, J. and Mayer Jr, J.E. (2001). Functional Small-diameter Neovessels Created using Endothelial Progenitor Cells Expanded Ex Vivo, Nat. Med., 7: 1035-1040.
10.
Teng, Y.D., Lavik, E.B., Qu, X., Park, K.I., Ourednik, J., Zurakowski, D., Langer, R. and Snyder, E.Y. (2002). Functional Recovery Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Mediated by a Unique Polymer Scaffold Seeded with Neural Stem Cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 99: 3024-3029.
11.
De Bruijn, J.D. , van den Brink, I., Mendes, S., Dekker, R., Bovell, Y.P. and van Blitterswijk , C.A. (1999). Bone Induction by Implants Coated with Cultured Osteogenic Bone Marrow Cells , Adv. Dent. Res., 13: 74-81.
12.
Goshima, J., Goldberg, V.M. and Caplan, A.I. (1991). The Osteogenic Potential of Culture-expanded rat Marrow Mesenchymal Cells Assayed in vivo in Calcium Phosphate Ceramic Blocks, Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., 262: 298-311.
13.
Anselme, K., Noel, B., Flautre, B., Blary, M.C., Delecourt, C., Descamps, M. and Hardouin, P. (1999). Association of Porous Hydroxyapatite and Bone Marrow Cells for Bone Regeneration, Bone, 25: 51S-54S.
14.
Ohgushi, H., Okumura, M., Tamai, S., Shors, E.C. and Caplan, A.I. (1990). Marrow Cell Induced Osteogenesis in Porous Hydroxyapatite and Tricalcium Phosphate: A Comparative Histomorphometric Study of Ectopic Bone Formation, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 24: 1563-1570.
15.
Mao, X. , Chu, C.L., Mao, Z. and Wang, J.J. (2005). The Development and Identification of Constructing Tissue Engineered Bone by Seeding Osteoblasts From Differentiated Rat Marrow Stromal Stem Cells Onto Three-dimensional Porous Nano-hydroxylapatite Bone Matrix in vitro, Tissue Cell, 37: 349-357.
16.
Logeart-Avramoglou, D., Anagnostou, F., Bizios, R. and Petite, H. (2005). Engineering Bone: Challenges and Obstacles, J. Cell Mol. Med., 9: 72-84.
17.
Guan, L. and Davies, J.E. (2004). Preparation and Characterization of a Highly Macroporous Biodegradable Composite Tissue Engineering Scaffold, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 71A: 480-487.
18.
Holy, C.E., Fialkov, J.A., Davies, J.E. and Shoichet, M.S. (2003). Use of a Biomimetic Strategy to Engineer Bone , J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 65A: 447-453.
19.
Lickorish, D., Guan, L. and Davies, J.E. (2007). A Three-phase, Fully Resorbable, Polyester/Calcium Phosphate Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering: Evolution of Scaffold Design, Biomaterials, 28: 1495-1502.
20.
Yang, T.H., Miyoshi, H. and Ohshima, N. (2001). Novel Cell Immobilization Method Utilizing Centrifugal Force to Achieve High-Density Hepatocyte Culture in Porous Scaffold, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 55: 379-386.
21.
Holy, C.E., Shoichet, M.S. and Davies, J.E. (2000). Engineering Three-dimensional Bone Tissue in vitro Using Biodegradable Scaffolds: Investigating Initial Cell-seeding Density and Culture Period, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 51: 376-382.
22.
Sikavitsas, V.I., Bancroft, G.N. and Mikos, A.G. (2002). Formation of Three-dimensional Cell/Polymer Constructs for Bone Tissue Engineering in a Spinner Flask and a Rotating Wall Vessel Bioreactor, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. , 62: 136-148.
23.
Holtorf, H.L. , Sheffield, T.L., Ambrose, C.G., Jansen, J.A. and Mikos, A.G. (2005). Flow Perfusion Culture of Marrow Stromal Cells Seeded on Porous Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Ceramics , Ann. Biomed. Eng., 33: 1238-1248.
24.
Godbey, W.T., Hindy, S.B., Sherman, M.E. and Atala, A. (2004). A Novel Use of Centrifugal Force for Cell Seeding into Porous Scaffolds, Biomaterials, 25: 2799-2805.
25.
Beloti, M.M., De Oliveira, P.T., Gimenes, R., Zaghete, M.A., Bertolini, M.J. and Rosa, A.L. (2006). In Vitro Biocompatibility of a Novel Membrane of the Composite Poly(vinylidene-trifluoroethylene)/Barium Titanate, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 79A: 282-288.
26.
Rosa, A.L. and Beloti, M.M. (2003). Effect of cpTi Surface Roughness on Human Bone Marrow Cell Attachment, Proliferation, and Differentiation, Braz. Dent. J., 14: 16-21.
27.
Coelho, M.J. and Fernandes, M.H. (2000). Human Bone cell Cultures in Biocompatibility Testing. Part II: Effect of Ascorbic Acid, Beta-Glycerophosphate and Dexamethasone on Osteoblastic Differentiation, Biomaterials, 21: 1095-1102.
28.
Freed, L.E. , Vunjak-Novakovic , G., Biron, R.J., Eagles, D.B., Lesnoy, D.C., Barlow, S.K. and Langer, R. (1994). Biodegradable Polymer Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering, Biotechnology , 12: 689-693.
29.
Kim, B.S. and Mooney, D.J. (1998). Development of Biocompatible Synthetic Extracellular Matrices for Tissue Engineering, Trends Biotechnol., 16: 224-230.
30.
Oreffo, R.O. and Triffitt, J.T. (1999). Future Potentials for Using Osteogenic Stem Cells and Biomaterials in Orthopedics, Bone, 25(Suppl): 5S-9S.
31.
Casabona, F. , Martin, I., Muraglia, A., Berrino, P., Santi, P., Cancedda, R. and Quarto, R. (1998). Prefabricated Engineered Bone Flaps: An Experimental Model of Tissue Reconstruction in Plastic Surgery, Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 101: 577-581.
32.
Breitbart, A.S., Grande, D.A., Kessler, R., Ryaby, J.T., Fitzsimmons, R.J. and Grant, R.T. (1998). Tissue Engineered Bone Repair of Calvarial Defects using Cultured Periosteal Cells, Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 101: 567-574.
33.
Krupnick, A.S. , Shaaban, A., Radu, A. and Flake, A.W. (2002). Bone Marrow Tissue Engineering, Tissue Eng., 8: 145-155.
34.
Xiao, Y., Qian, H., Young, W.G. and Bartold, P.M. (2003). Tissue Engineering for Bone Regeneration Using Differentiated Alveolar Bone Cells in Collagen Scaffolds, Tissue Eng., 9: 1167-1177.
35.
Akintoye, S.O. , Lam, T., Shi, S., Brahim, J., Collins, M.T. and Robey, P.G. (2006). Skeletal Site-specific Characterization of Orofacial and Iliac Crest Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in Same Individuals, Bone, 38: 758-768.
36.
Burg, K.J., Holder Jr, W.D.Culberson, C.R., Beiler, R.J., Greene, K.G., Loebsack, A.B., Roland, W.D., Eiselt, P., Mooney, D.J. and Halberstadt, C.R. (2000). Comparative Study of Seeding Methods for Three-dimensional Polymeric Scaffolds, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 51: 642-649.
37.
Dar, A. , Shachar, M., Leor, J. and Cohen, S. (2002). Optimization of Cardiac Cell Seeding and Distribution in 3D Porous Alginate Scaffolds, Biotechnol . Bioeng., 80: 305-312.
38.
Dvir-Ginzberg, M., Gamlieli-Bonshtein , I., Agbaria, R. and Cohen, S. (2003). Liver Tissue Engineering within Alginate Scaffolds: Effects of Cell-seeding Density on Hepatocyte Viability, Morphology, and Function, Tissue Eng., 9: 757-766.
39.
Schultz, O., Sittinger, M., Haeupl, T. and Burmester, G.R. (2000). Emerging Strategies of Bone and Joint Repair, Arthritis Res., 2: 433-436.
