Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Vitamin E containing copolymers for biomedical applications were obtained by copolymerization reaction of vitamin E methacrylate (VEMA) with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), N,N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMA) or vinyl pyrrolidone (VP), in different experiments. High molecular weight copolymers prepared by free radical reactions initiated by azobisisobutironitrilo, AIBN, present a random distribution of vitamin E derivatives along the macromolecular chains, and the average composition depends on the initial composition of the reaction medium. The relative flexibility of the polymeric systems was analyzed measuring the glass transition temperature of copolymeric sequences and that of the pure alternating diad (T _g12) obtained by the application of the treatments proposed by Johnston and Barton to all the systems. T _g12 was higher than the average T _g12 of both homopolymers (T _g12) for the VEMA-HEMA system, T _g12 was lower than T _g12 for the VEMA-DMA system and T _g12 was similar to T _g for the VEMA-VP system. VEMA-HEMA copolymers gave rise to hydrogels in water, acidic and alkaline media. VEMA-DMA copolymers gave rise to hydrogels in acidic medium and dissolved in water and alkaline medium. VEMA-VP copolymers were soluble in all media. The swelling of all the hydrogels fit a second-order kinetics. A VEMA-HEMA hydrogel was selected for in vivo experiments in order to study the influence of vitamin E on the regeneration process of Achilles tendon. The polymeric derivatives of vitamin E stimulated the regenerative process as a consequence of the antiaging effect in the local area of application.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

1. Mead, J.F. , Free Radicals in Biology, Vol. 1, Academic Press (1976).

2. Scott, G. , Antioxidants in Science, Technology, Medicine and Nutrition, Chichester (UK), Albion Publishing (chapters 1 and 2) (1997).

3. Cho, I. , "Synthesis and properties of tocopherol-containing polymeric vesicle systems," Macromol. Sym., 118, 631-640 (1997).

4. Ortiz, C. , Vazquez, B. and San Roman, J. , "Synthesis, characterization and properties of polyacrylic systems derived from vitamin E," Polymer, 39, 4107-4114 (1998).

5. Migliaresi, C. , Nicodemo, L. , Nicolais L. and Passerini, P. , "Water sorption and desorption in 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate/methylmethacrylate copolymers," Polymer, 25, 686-688 (1984).

6. Allen, P.E.M. , Bennett, D.J. and Williams, D.R.G. , "Water in methacrylates.-I. Sorption and desorption properties of poly(2-hydroxyethylmetha-crylate-co-glycol dimethacrylate) networks," Eur. Polym. J., 28, 347-352 (1992).

7. Khare, A.R. and Peppas, N.A. , "Swelling/deswelling of anionic copolymer gels," Biomaterials, 16, 559-567 (1995).

8. Hariharan, D. and Nikolaos A.P. , "Characterization, dynamic swelling behaviour and solute transport in cationic networks with applications to the development of swelling-controlled release systems," Polymer, 37, 149-161 (1996).

9. Levenfeld, B. , San Román, J. , Bunel, C. and Vairon, J.P. , "Polymers with pharmacological activity. 5. Hydrolytical behavior of polymethacrylic hydrogels bearing "paracetamol" side groups," Makromol. Chem., 192, 793-803 (1991).

10.

10. Molyneux, P. , "The physical chemistry and pharmaceutical applications of polyvinyl pyrrolidone," Proceedings of the International Symposium on Povidone, University of Kentucky, April, 17-20, 1983, Lexington, U.S.A., pp 1-19.

11.

11. Corkhill, P.H. , Trevett, A.S. and Tighe, B.J. , "The potential of hydrogels as synthetic articular cartilage," Proc. Instn. Mech. Engrs, 204, 147-155 (1990).

12.

12. Korsmeyer, R.W. and Peppas, N.A. , "Solute and penetrant diffusion in swellable polymers. III. Drug release from glassy poly(HEMA-co-NVP) copolymers," J. Controlled Release, 1, 89-98 (1984).

13.

13. Liu, Y. and Huglin M.B. , "Effective crosslinking densities and elastic moduli of some physically crosslinked hydrogels," Polymer, 36, 1715-1718 (1995).

14.

14. Corkhill, P.H. and Tighe, J. , "Synthetic hydrogels. Part 8.-Physicochemical properties of NN-dimethylacrylamide semi-interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels," J. Mater. Chem., 2, 491-496 (1992).

15.

15. Alencar de Queiroz, A.A. , Castro, S.C. and Higa, O.Z. , "Adsorption of plasma proteins to DMAA hydrogels obtained by ionizing radiation and its relationship with blood compatiblility," J. Biomater. Sci. Polymer Edn., 8, 335-347 (1997).

16.

16. Ortiz, C. , Vazquez, B. , and San Romdn, J. , "Hydrophilic acrylic biomaterials derived from vitamin E with antioxidant properties," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 45, 184-191 (1999).

17.

17. Fort, R.J. and Polyzoidis, T. M. , "Intrinsic viscosity-molecular weight relationships for poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)," Eur. Polym. J., 12, 685-689 (1976).

18.

18. Liu, Y. and Huglin, M.B. , "Observations by DSC on bound water structure in some physically crosslinked hydrogels," Polym. Int., 37, 63-67 (1995).

19.

19. Chiellini, E.E. , Giannasi, D. , Solaro, R. , Chielini, E. and Grillo-Fernandes, E. , "Hybrid polymeric hydrogels for the controlled release of protein drugs: DSC investigation of water structure," in Frontiers in Biomedical Polymer Applications, R.M. Ottenbrite, Technomic (eds.), Lancaster, Pennsylvania, (1998) pp. 13-25.

20.

20. Fineman, M. and Ross, S.D. , "Linear method for determining monomer reactivity ratios in copolymerization," J. Polym. Sci., 5, 259-265 (1950).

21.

21. Kelen, T. and Tüdos, F. , "Analysis of the linear methods for determining copolymerization reactivity ratios. I. A new improved linear graphic method," J. Macromol. Sci., A9, 1-27 (1975).

22.

22. Tidwell, P.W. and Mortimer, G.G.A. , "An improved method of calculating copolymerization reactivity ratios," J. Polym. Sci., A3, 369-387 (1965).

23.

23. Odian, G. Principles of Polymerization, 3rd Edn., Wiley Interscience, New York (1992).

24.

24. Bork J. F. and Coleman, L.E. , "Nitrogen-containing monomers. II. Reactivity ratios of N-vinyloxazolidone and N-vinylpyrrolidone with vinyl monomers," J. Polym. Sci., 43, 413-421 (1960).

25.

25. Al.Issa, M.A. , Davis T.P. , Huglin, M.B. and Yip, D.C.F. , "Copolymerization involving N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone," Polymer, 26, 1869-1874 (1985).

26.

26. Deboudt, K. , Delporte, M. and Loucheux, C. , "Copolymers of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 1. Synhesis, characterization, quaternization," Macromol. Chem., 196, 279-290 (1995).

27.

27. Fox, T.G. , "Influence of diluent and of copolymer composition on the glass temperature of a polymer system," Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., 1, 123 (1956).

28.

28. DiMarzio, E. A. , "The glass temperature of polymer blends," Polymer, 31, 2294-2298 (1990).

29.

29. Johnston, N.W. , "Sequence distribution-Glass transition effects," J. Macromol. Sci., Rev. Macromol. Chem., C14, 215-250 (1976).

30.

30. Barton, J.M. , "Relation of glass transition temperature to molecular structure of addition copolymers," J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Symp., 30, 573-597 (1970).

31.

31. Hirooka, M. and Kato, T. , "Glass transition temperature and sequential structure of equimolar copolymers," Polym. Letters Ed., 12, 31-37 (1974).

32.

32. Cowie, J.M.G. , Reid, V.M.C. and Mc Ewen, I.J. , "Effects of side chain length on the glass transition of copolymers from styrene with N-alkyl citraconimides and with N-alkyl itaconimides," British Polymer Journal, 23, 353-357 (1990).

33.

33. Schott, H. J. , "Swelling kinetics of polymers," Macromol. Sci.-Phys., B31, 1-9 (1992).

34.

34. Quinn, F.X. , Kampff, E. , Smyth, G. and McBrierty, V.J. , "Water in hydrogels. 1. A study of water in poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone/methyl methacrylate) copolymer," Macromolecules, 21, 3191-3198 (1988).

35.

35. Plasencia, M.A. , Ortiz, C. , Vazquez, B. , Lopez-Bravo, A. , Lopez-Alonso, A. and San Romain, J. , "Resorbable polyacrylic hydrogels derived from vitamin E and their application in the healing of tendons," J. Mater. Sci. Materials in Medicine, 10, 641-648 (1999).

Hydrophilic Polymers Derived from Vitamin E

Abstract

Get full access to this article

References