Ryan C., Anthony MB, Byrne P., et al On resuscitation and withdrawal of therapy in a neonatal and a pediatric intensive care unit in Canada. J Pediatr1993,123.534-538
2.
Mink R., Pollack M.Resuscitation and withdrawal of therapy in pediatric intensive carePediatrics1992,89961-963
3.
Levetown M., Pollack MM, Cuerdon TT, et al Limitations and withdrawal of medical intervention in pediatric critical careJAMA1994;2721271-1275
4.
Vernon D., Dean JM, Timmons O., et al Modes of death in the pediatric intensive care unit withdrawal and limitation of supportive careCrit Care Med1993;211798-1802
5.
Nelson LJ, Nelson RMEthics and the provision of futile, harmful, or burdensome treatment to childrenCnt Care Med1992,20427-433
6.
Pollack MM, Patel KM, Ruttiman UEPRISM II an updated pediatric risk of mortality scoreCrit Care Med1996,24743-752
7.
Rogers J., Fuller HDUse of daily acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II scores to predict individual patient survival rateCrit Care Med1994,221402-1405
8.
Ethics Committee of the Society of Critical Care MedicineConsensus statement of the Society of Critical Care Medicine's Ethics Committee regarding futile and other possibly inadvisable treatmentsCrit Care Med1997,25.887-891
9.
Luce JM, Wachter RMThe ethical appropriateness of using prognostic scoring systems in clinical managementCrit Care Clin1994,10229-241
10.
Lemeshow S. , Klar J., Teres D.Outcome prediction for individual intensive care patients- useful, misused, or abused? Intensive Care Med1995,21770-776
11.
Lynn J., Harrell F., Cohn F., et al Prognoses of seriously ill hospitalized patients on the days before death implications for patient care and public policyNew Honz1997,556-61
12.
Ruttimann UE , Pollack MM, Fiser DHPrediction of three outcome states from pediatric intensive care. Crit Care Med1996,2478-85
13.
Schafer JH, Maurer A., Jochimsen F., et al Outcome prediction models on admission in a medical intensive care unit do they predict individual outcome? Crit Care Med1990,181111-1118
14.
Walter SD, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH, et al Confidence in life-support decisions in the intensive care unit a survey of healthcare workersCrit Care Med1998,2644-49
15.
Zollo M., Randolph A., Guyatt G., et al Physician variability in describing the probability of survival for patients in a PICUCnt Care Med1998,26(suppl).A72
16.
Strambouly J., Mandel F., Boxer R.Pediatncians' attitudes toward withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining treatment in children. Cnt Care Med1998,26(suppl).A71
17.
Randolph AG, Zollo MB, Egger MJ, et al Variability in physician opinion on limiting pediatnc life support Pediatncs 1999;103 807 Available http//www.pediatricsorg/cgi/content/full/103/4/e46
18.
Orentlicher D.The illusion of patient choice in end-of-life decisionsJAMA1992,267.2101-2104
19.
Randolph AG , Guyatt GH, Richardson WSPrognosis in the intensive care unit finding accurate and useful estimates for counseling patientsCnt Care Med1998,26.767-772
20.
Nelson RMEthics in the intensive care unit creating an ethical environmentCrit Care Clin1997;13691-701
21.
Anspach RRDeciding who lives fateful choices in the intensive-care nurseryBerkeleyUniversity of California Press , 1993
22.
Gramelspacher GP, Howell JD, Young MJPerceptions of ethical problem by nurses and doctorsArch Intern Med1986,146.577-578
23.
Liaschenko J.Artificial personhood. nursing ethics in a medical worldNurs Ethics1995,2186-196
24.
Prescott PA , Bowen SAPhysician-nurse relationshipsAnn Intern Med1985,103127-133
25.
Unden G., Norberg A., Lindseth A., et al Ethical reasoning in nurses' and physicians' stones about care episodesJ Adv Nurs1992,171028-1034
26.
Rushton CHCreating an ethical practice environmentCnt Care Nurs Clin N Am1995,7387-397
27.
Rushton CHStrategies for family-centered care in the critical care settingPediatr Nursing1990,16195-199
28.
Rushton C., Brooks-Brunn JAEnvironments that support ethical practiceNew Honz1997;520-29
29.
Todres ID, Earle M., Jellmek MSEnhancing commumcation the physician and family in the pediatric intensive care unitPediatr Clin N Am1994,411395-1404
30.
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Bioethics.Informed consent, paternal permission, and assent in pediatnc practicePediatrics1995 ;95314-317
31.
Lantos JD, Miles SHAutonomy in adolescent medicineJ Adolesc Health Care1989,10460-466
32.
Leikin SLMinor's assent or dissent to medical treatmentJ Pediatr1983,102169-176
33.
Leiken SLA proposal concerning decisions to forgo life-sustaining treatment for young peopleJ Pediatr1989;115: 17-22
34.
Scholwalter JE, Ferholt JB, Mann NMThe adolescent patient's decision to diePediatrics1973,5197-103
35.
Weir RF, Peters C.Affirming the decisions adolescents make about life and deathHastings Cen Rep1997,2729-40
36.
President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral ResearchDeciding to forego life-sustaining treatmentWashington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983
37.
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Bioethics Religious objections to medical care.Pediatrics1997;99. 279-281
38.
Hastings CenterGuidelines on the termination of life sustaining treatment and the care of the dyingBloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987
39.
Troug RD, Brent AS, Frader J.The problem with futilityN Engl J Med1992 ,3261560-1564
40.
Schneiderman LJ, Jecker NSWrong medicine doctors, patients, and futile treatmentBaltimoreJohns Hopkins University Press, 1995
41.
Task Force on Ethics of the Society of Critical CareMedicine Consensus report on the ethics of foregoing life-sustaining treatments in the critically illCrit Care Med1990,181435-1439
42.
Emamuel EJ, Emanuel LLThe economics of dying the illusion of cost savings at the end of life. N Engl J Med1994, 330540-544
43.
Sachdeva RC , Jefferson LS, Coss-Bu J., et al Resource consumption and the extent of futile care among patients in a pediatric intensive care unitJ Pediatr1996;128742-747
44.
Annas GJAsking the courts to set the standard of emergency care—the case of Baby KN Engl J Med1994,330.1524-1525
45.
Miles SHInformed demand for "non-beneficial" medical treatmentN Engl J Med1991;325.512-525
46.
Nelson RM , Shapiro RSThe role of an ethics committee in resolving conflict in the neonatal intensive care unitJ Law Med Ethics1995,2327-32
47.
Tomlinson T. , Czlonka D.Futility and hospital policyHastings Cent Rep1995,2528-35
48.
Halevy A., Brody BAA multi-institutional collaborative policy on medical futilityJAMA1996;276571-574
49.
Burns JP, Truog RDEthical controversies in pediatric critical careNew Honz1997,572-84
50.
Dyck AJAn alternative to the ethic of euthanasia. In: Reiser S, Dyck A, Curran W, eds. Ethics in medicine- histoncal perspectives and contemporary concernsCambridge, MAMIT Press, 1977.529-535
51.
Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 27th ed. PhiladelphiaWB Saunders , 1988
52.
Gostin LODeciding life and death in the courtroom from Quirdan to Cruzan, Glucksburg, and Vaco—a brief history and analysis of constitutional protection of the 'right to die ' JAMA1997,2781523-1528
53.
Office of Human Services, Department of Health and Human ServicesNondiscrimination on the basis of handicap procedures and guidelines relating to health care for handicapped infants . Fed Regist1984,49.1622-1654
54.
Office of Human Services, Department of Health and Human ServicesChild abuse and neglect prevention and treatment program, final ruleFed Regist1985 ,5014878-14892
55.
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on BioethicsGuidelines on forgoing life-sustaining medical treatmentPediatncs1994,93532-536
56.
Nelson LJ, Rushton CH, Cranford RE, et al Forgoing medically provided nutrition and hydration in pediatric patientsJ Law Med Ethics1995,2333-46
57.
Truog RD, Fackler J.Withdrawing mechanical ventilationCrit Care Med1993,21S396-S397
58.
Truog RD, Berde CB, Mitchell C., et al Barbiturates in the care of the terminally illN Engl J Med1992,3271678-1682
59.
Truog RD, Arnold JH, Rockoff MASedation before ventilator withdrawal: medical and ethical considerations . J Clin Ethics1991,2127-129
60.
Weatherhill GGPharmacologic symptom control during the withdrawal of life support lessons in palliative careAACN Clin Issues1995,6.344-351
61.
Wilson WC, Smedira NG, Fink C., et al Ordering and administration of sedatives and analgesics during the withholding and withdrawal of life support from critically ill patientsJAMA1992,267949-953
62.
Asch DAThe role of critical care nurses in euthanasia and assisted suicideN Engl J Med1996; 3341374-1379
63.
Rudis MI, Sikora CA, Peterson E., et al A prospective, randomized, controlled evaluation of peripheral nerve stimulation versus standard clinical dosing of neuromuscular blocking agents in critically ill patients. Cnt Care Med1997, 25.575-583
64.
Will J.Canng for the dying childContemp Pediatr1995;12. 79-90
65.
Arnold RM, Youngner SJ, eds Special issue- ethical, psychosocial, and public policy implications of procuring organs from non-heart-beating cadaversKennedy Inst Ethics J1993,3103-278
66.
Campbell ML , Weber LJProcuring organs from a non-heart-beating cadaver commentary on a case reportKennedy Inst Ethics J1995;5.35-42
67.
DeVita MA, Vukmir R., Snyder JV, et al. Non-heart-beating organ donation a reply to Campbell and Weber . Kennedy Inst Ethics J1995;5.43-49
68.
Spielman B. , McCarthy CSBeyond Pittsburgh protocols for controlled non-heart-beating cadaver organ recoveryKennedy Inst Ethics J1995,5.323-333
69.
Frader J., Thompson A.Ethical issues in the pediatric intensive care unitPediatr Crit Care1994,411405-1421
70.
Koogler T., Costarino ATThe potential benefits of the pediatric nonheartbeating organ donor . Pediatrics1998;101: 1049-1052
71.
Riggs D., Weibley R.Autopsies and the pediatric intensive care unitPediatr Clin North Am1994,411383-1393
72.
Paris JJ, Bell AJ, Murphy JJEthical issues in perinatologyJ Pennatol1995,1567-70
73.
New Jersey Declaration of Death Act 1991Kennedy Inst Ethics J1991,1.289-292
74.
Olick RSBrain death, religious freedom, and public policy New Jersey's landmark legislative initiativeKennedy Inst Ethics J1991,1.275—288