Palliative Care in the Intensive Care Unit: Part I

Meier DE , Mornson S. , Cassel CK Improving palliative care Ann Intern Med 1997 ,127 225-230

Raffin TA Ethical and legal aspects of forgomg life-sustaining treatments In Carlson RW , Geheb MA , eds Principles and practice of medical intensive care Philadelphia W B Saunders , 1993 1731-1740

Knaus WA , Wagner DP , Zimmerman JE Variations in mortality and length of stay in intensive care units Ann Intern Med 1993,11875 3-761

Nasraway SA , Cohen IL , Dennis RC , et al Guidelines on admission and discharge for adult intermediate care units Grit Care Med 1998,26 607-610

Groeger JS , Lemeshow S. , Price K. , et al Multicenter outcome study of cancer patients admitted to the intensive care unit a probability of mortality model J Clin Oncol 1998,16 761-770

Papadakis MA , Browner WS Prognosis of noncardiac medical patients receiving mechanical ventilation in a veterans hospital Am J Med 1987;83 687-692

Gracey DR , Gillespie D. , Nobrega F. , et al Financial implications of prolonged ventilator care of Medicare patients under the prospective payment system Chest 1987,91 424-427

Multz AS , Chalfin DB , Samson IM , et al A closed medical intensive care unit (MICU) improves resource utilization when compared with an "open" MICU Am J Respir Cnt Care Med 1998,157 1468-1473

Larson R. , Elpern E. , Douglass P. , et al. Long term outcomes for elderly survivors of chronic ventilator assistance Am Rev Resp Dis 1988,137 A62

Rubenfeld GD , Crawford SW Withdrawing life-support for mechanically ventilated bone marrow transplant patients a case for evidence-based guidelines Ann Intern Med 1996, 125 625-633

Teres D. , Lemeshow S. Why seventy models should be used with caution Cnt Care Clin 1994,10 93-110

Lynn J. , Harrell F. Jr , Cohn F. , et al Prognoses of senously ill hospitalized patients on the days before death implications for patient care and public policy New Honz 1997,5 56-61

SUPPORT Principal Investigators A controlled trial to improve care for senously ill hospitalized patients JAMA 1995, 274 1591-1598

Hayden WR Life and near-death in the intensive care unit Crit Care Clin 1994,10.651-657

Gilligan T. , Raffin TA Withdrawmg life-support extubation and prolonged terminal weans are inappropriate Crit Care Med 1996,24.352-353

Ballard KS Identification of environmental stressors for patients in a surgical intensive care unit Issues Ment Health Nurs 1981,3 89-108

Harvey MA , Ninos NP , Adler DC , et al Results of the 1990 consensus conference on fostering more humane care creating a healing environment In Taylor RW , Shoemaker WC , eds Critical care state of the art, vol 12 Fullerton, CA Society of Critical Care Medicine, 1991.197-228

Desbiens NA , Wu AW , Broste SK , et al Pain and satisfaction with pain control in seriously ill hospitalized adults findings from the SUPPORT research investigations Crit Care Med 1996 ,24 1953-1961

Asch DA The role of critical care nurses in euthanasia and assisted suicide N Engl J Med 1996,334 1374-1379

Hoyt JW Ethics the new mainstream issue for the ICU and SCCM New Horiz 1997;5 3-4

American Thoracic Society. Fair allocation of intensive care unit resources Am J Respir Cnt Care Med 1997,156 1282-1301

Gilligan T. , Raffin TA Physician virtues and communicating with patients New Horiz 1997,5 6-14

Garrett JM , Harris RP , Norburn JK , et al Life-sustaining treatments during terminal illness who wants what? J Gen Intern Med 1993,8 361-368

Suhl J. , Simons P. , Reed T. Myth of substituted judgement surrogate decision making regarding life support is unreliable Arch Intern Med 1994,154 90-96

Seckler AB , Meier DE , Mulvihill M. , et al Substituted judgment how accurate are proxy predictions? Ann Intern Med 1991,115 92-98

Uhlmann RF , Pearlman RA , Cain KC Physicians' and spouses' predictions of elderly patients' resuscitation preferences J Gerontol 1988,43 M115-M121

Dams M. , Gernty MS , Southerland LI , et al A comparison of patient, family, and physician assessment of the value of medical intensive care Crit Care Med 1988,16 594-600

Dams M. , Jarr SL , Southerland LI , et al A comparison of patient, family, and nurse evaluations of the usefulness of intensive care Crit Care Med 1987,15 138-143

Faber-Langendoen K. A multi-institutional study of care given to patients dying in hospitals ethical and practice implications Arch Intern Med 1996;156 2130-2136

Prendergast TJ , Luce JM Increasing incidence of withholding and withdrawal of life support from the critically ill Am J Respir Cnt Care Med 1997,155:15-20

Keenan SP , Busche KD , Chen LM , et al Withdrawmg and withholding of life support in the intensive care unit a comparison of teaching and community hospitals. Cnt Care Med 1998,26 245-251

Smedira NG , Evans BH , Grais LS , et al Withholding and withdrawal of life support from the critically ill N Engl J Med 1990,322 309-315

Karlawish Jht , Hall JB Managing death and dying in the intensive care unit Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997,155 1-2

Kernerman P. , Cook DJ , Griffith LE Documenting life-support preferences in hospitalized patients J Crit Care 1997, 12 155-160

Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990, 4571 U S C 4206

Koch KA , Rodeffer HD , Wears RL Changing patterns of terminal care management in an intensive care unit Crit Care Med 1994,22 233-243

Johnson RF Jr , Baranowski-Birkmeier T. , O'Donnell JB Advance directives in the medical intensive care unit of a community teaching hospital Chest 1995,107.752-756

Task Force for the Distribution of ICU Resources in the United States Advance directives, policies for terminating life support, and utilization of ethics committees in intensive care units of the United States (abstract Cnt Care Med 1993, 21(suppl).S219

Dams M. , Southerland LI , Garrett JM A prospective study of advance directives for life-sustaining care N Engl J Med 1991,324 882-888

Mornson RS , Olson E. , Mertz KR , et al The inaccessibility of advance directives on transfer from ambulatory to acute care settings JAMA 1995,274 478-482

Meier DE, Fuss BR , O'Rourke D. , et al Marked improvement in recognition and completion of health care proxies Arch Intern Med 1996,156 1227-1232

Hanson LC , Tulsky JA , Dams M. Can clinical interventions change care at the end of life? Ann Intern Med 1997,126 381-388

Phillips RS , Wenger NS , Teno J. , et al Choices of senously ill patients about cardiopulmonary resuscitation correlates and outcomes Am J Med 1996,100 128-137

Dams M. , Garrett J. , Harris R. Stability of choices about life-sustaining treatments. Ann Intern Med 1994,120 567-573

Nuland SB Doctors and patients at the hour of death Paper presented at the Douglas West Memorial Endowed Visiting Lecture in Geriatrics/Palliative Care, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, April 6, 1998

Teno JM , Lynn J. , Phillips RS Do formal advance directives affect resuscitation decisions and the use of resources for seriously ill patients? J Clin Ethics 1994,5 23-30

Asch DA , Hansen-Flaschen J. , Lanken PN Decisions to limit or continue life-sustaining treatment by critical care physicians in the United States conflicts between physicians' practices and patients' wishes Am J Respir Cnt Care Med 1995,151 288-292

Fried TR , Stein MD , O'Sullivan PS , et al Limits of patient autonomy Arch Intern Med 1993;153 722-728

Faber-Langendoen K. The clinical management of dying patients receiving mechanical ventilation a survey of physician practice Chest 1994,106 880-888

Schneiderman LJ , Jecker NS , Jonsen AR Medical futility response to critiques Ann Intern Med 1996,125 669-674

Luce JM Withholding and withdrawal of life support ethical, legal, and clinical aspects New Horiz 1997,5 30-37

Solomon M. "Futility" as a criterion in limiting treatment N Engl J Med 1992,327:1239

Truog RD , Brett AS , Frader J. The problem with futility N Engl J Med 1992 ,326.1560-1564

Guyatt GH , Mitchell A. , Molloy DW , et al Measuring patient and relative satisfaction with level or aggressiveness of care and involvement in care decisions in the context of life threatening illness J Clin Epidemiol 1995,48 1215-1224

Solomon MZ , O'Donnell L. , Jennings B. Decisions near the end of life professional views on life-sustaining treatments Am Public Health 1993,83 14-23

Dams M. , Mutran E. , Garrett JM A prospective study of the impact of patient preferences on life-sustaining treatment and hospital cost Crit Care Med 1996,24 1811-1817

Seravalli EP The dying patient, the physician, and the fear of death N Engl J Med 1988,319 1728-1730

Ruark JE , Raffin TA Initiating and withdrawing life support N Engl J Med 1988,318 25-30

Kane AC , Hogan JD Death anxiety in physicians defensive style, medical specialty, and exposure to death Omega 1985, 16 11-22

Johnson D. , Wilson M. , Cavanaugh B. , et al Measuring the ability to meet family needs in an intensive care unit Crit Care Med 1998,26 266-271

Molter N. Needs of relatives of critically ill patients a descriptive study Heart Lung 1979,8 332-339

Hickey M. What are the needs of families of critically ill patients? A review of the literature since 1976 Heart Lung 1990 ,19 401-415

Tilden VP , Tolle SW , Garland MJ , et al Decisions about life-sustaining treatment Arch Intern Med 1995,155 633-638

American College of Chest Physicians Society of Critical Care Medicine Ethical and moral guidelines for the initiation, continuation, and withdrawal of intensive care Chest 1990, 97 949-958

Cook DJ Health professional decision-making in the ICU a review the evidence New Honz 1997;5 15-19

Cook DJ Determinants in Canadian health care workers of the decision to withdraw life support from the critically ill JAMA 1995,273 703-708

Raffin TA Withdrawing life support JAMA 1995 ,273 738-739

Walter SD , Cook DJ , Guyatt GH , et al Confidence in life-support decisions in the intensive care unit a survey of health care workers Crit Care Med 1998;26 44-49

Poses RM , Bekes C. , Copare FJ , et al The answer to "What are my chances, Doctor?" depends on whom is asked prognostic disagreement and inaccuracy for critically ill patients Crit Care Med 1989,17 827-833