AndersonFAJrWheelerHBGoldbergRJA population-based perspective of the hospital incidence and case-fatality rates of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: the Worcester DVT study. Arch Intern Med1991; 151:933–938.
2.
CoonWW.The spectrum of pulmonary embolism—twenty years later. Arch Surg1976;111: 398–402.
CoonWW.Epidemiology of venous thromboembolism. Ann Surg1977;186: 149–164.
5.
SmithGTDamminGJDexterL.Post-mortem arteriographic studies of the human lung in pulmonary embolization. JAMA1964;188: 143–151.
6.
LilienfeldDEChanEEhlandJMortality from pulmonary embolism in the United States: 1962 to 1984. Chest1990;98: 1067–1072.
7.
NeuhausABentzRRWegJG.Pulmonary embolism in respiratory failure. Chest1978;73: 460–465.
8.
PingletonSKBoneRCPingletonWWRuthWE.Prevention of pulmonary emboli in a respiratory intensive care unit. Efficacy of low-dose heparin. Chest1981;79: 647–650.
9.
KakkarVVHoweCTNicolaidesANDeep vein thrombosis of the legs: is there a “high risk” group?Am J Surg1970;120: 527–530.
10.
ClagettGPReischJS.Prevention of venous thromboembolism in general surgical patients: results of a meta-analysis. Ann Surg1988;208: 227–240.
11.
HeatleyRVHughesLEMorganA.Preoperative or postoperative deep vein thrombosis?Lancet1976;1: 437–439.
12.
FisherMMicheleAMcCannW.Thrombophlebitis and pulmonary infarction associated with fractured hip. Clin Res1963;11:407.
13.
FittsWTJrLehrHBAn analysis of 950 fatal injuries. Surgery1964;56: 663–668.
14.
CoonWW.Risk factors in pulmonary embolism. Surg Gynecol Obstet1976;143: 385–390.
15.
WarlowCOgstonDDouglasAS.Deep venous thrombosis of the legs after strokes: incidence and predisposing factors. Br Med J1976;1: 1178–1181.
16.
WaringWPKarunasRS.Acute spinal cord injuries and the incidence of clinically occurring thromboembolic disease. Paraplegia1991;29: 8–16.
17.
CoonWWCollerFA.Some epidemiologic considerations of thromboembolism. Surg Gynecol Obstet1959;109: 487–501.
18.
CarsonJLKelleyMADuffyAThe clinical course of pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med1992;326: 1240–1245.
19.
HandleyAJEmersonPAFlemingPR.Heparin in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis after myocardial infarction. Br Med J1972;2: 436–438.
20.
MaurerBJWrayRShillingfordJP.Frequency of deep venous thrombosis after myocardial infarction. Lancet1972; 2:1385–1387.
21.
PineoGFBrainMCGallusASTumors, mucus production and hypercoagulability. Ann NY Acad Sci1974;230: 262–270.
22.
VesseyMPDollR.Investigation of the relation between use of oral contraceptives and thromboembolic disease. Br Med J1968;2: 199–205.
23.
KaunitzAMHughesJMGrimesDACauses of maternal mortality in the United States. Obstet Gynecol1985;65: 605–612.
24.
CoonWWWillisPWIIIKellerJB.Venous thromboembolism and other venous disease in the Tecumseh community health study. Circulation1973;48: 839–846.
25.
KierkegaardA.Incidence and diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis associated with pregnancy. Atta Obstet Gynecol Scand1983;62: 239–243.
26.
SartwellPEMasiATArthesFGThromboembolism and oral contraceptives: an epidemiological case-control study. Am J Epidemiol1969;90: 365–380.
27.
Veterans Administration Cooperative Urologic Research Group.Treatment and survival of patients with cancer of the prostate. Surg Gynecol Obstet1967;124: 1011–1017.
28.
GoldhaberSZHennekensCHEvansDAFactors associated with correct antemortem diagnosis of major pulmonary embolism. Am J Med1982;73: 822–826.
29.
MangionDM.Pulmonary embolism—incidence and prognosis in hospitalized elderly. PG Med J1989;65: 814–817.
30.
CrosbyWH.Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: Relation of the clinical manifestations to underlying pathogenic mechanism. Blood1953;8: 769–812.
31.
CarsonNAJDentCEFieldCMBHomocystinuria: clinical and pathological review of ten cases. J Pediatr1965;66: 565–583.
32.
HaimSSobelJDFriedman-BirnbaumR.Thrombophlebitis, a cardinal symptom of Behcet's syndrome. Acta Derm Venereol1974;54: 299–301.
33.
ChievitzEThiedeT.Complications and causes of death in polycythaemia vera. Acta Med Scand1962;172: 513–523.
34.
BroekmansAWVeltkampJJBertinaRM.Congenital protein C deficiency and venous thromboembolism: a study of three Dutch families. N Engl J Med1983;309: 340–344.
35.
DemersCGinsbergJSHirshJThrombosis in antithrombin III deficient persons. Report of a large kindred and literature review. Ann Intern Med1992;116: 754–761.
36.
SteinPDWillisPWIIIDeMetsDL.History and physical examination in acute PE in patients without preexisting cardiac or pulmonary disease. Am J Cardiol1981;47: 218–223.
37.
The Urokinase Pulmonary Embolism Trial.A national cooperative study. Circulation1973;47 (suppl II):1–108.
38.
The PIOPED Investigators.Value of the ventilation/perfusion scan in acute pulmonary embolism. Results of the prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism diagnosis. JAMA1990;263: 2753–2759.
39.
SzucsMMJrBrooksHLGrossmanWDiagnostic sensitivity of laboratory findings in acute pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med1971;74: 161–166.
40.
SteinPDTerrinMLHalesCAClinical, laboratory, roentgenographic, and electrocardiographic findings in patients with acute pulmonary embolism and no pre-existing cardiac or pulmonary disease. Chest1991;100: 598–603.
41.
McNeillBJHesselSJBranchWTMeasures of clinical efficacy: part 3: the value of the lung scan in the evaluation of young patients with pleuritic chest pain. J Nucl Med1976;17: 163–164.
42.
LesserBALeeperKVJrSteinPDThe diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest1992;102: 17–22.
43.
GreenRMMeyerTJDunnMGlassrothJ.Pulmonary embolism in younger adults. Chest1992;101: 1507–1511.
44.
BounameauxHCiraficiPDeMoerloosePMeasurement of D-dimer in plasma as diagnostic aid in suspected pulmonary embolism. Lancet1991;337:196.
45.
RowbothamBJEgerton-VernonJWhitakerANPlasma cross-linked fibrin degradation products in pulmonary embolism. Thorax1990;45: 684–687.
46.
DalenJEBrooksHLJohnsonLW.Pulmonary angiography in acute pulmonary embolism: indications, techniques, and result in 367 patients. Am Heart J1971;81: 175–185.
47.
SteinPDAthanasoulisCAlaviAComplications and validity of pulmonary angiography in acute pulmonary embolism. Circulation1992;85: 462–485.
48.
ComePC.Echocardiographic evaluation of pulmonary embolism and its response to therapeutic interventions. Chest1992;101: 151S–162S.
49.
KasperWMeinertzTKerstingFEchocardiography in assessing acute pulmonary hypertension due to pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol1980;45: 567–572.
50.
GoldhaberSZHaireWDFeldsteinMLAlteplase versus heparin in acute pulmonary embolism: randomized trial assessing right ventricular function and pulmonary perfusion. Lancet1993;341: 507–510.
51.
TapsonVFDavidsonCJGurbelPARapid and accurate diagnosis of pulmonary emboli in a canine model using intravascular ultrasound imaging. Chest1991;100: 1410–1413.
52.
RicouFNicodPHMoserKMPetersonKL.Catheter-based intravascular ultrasound imaging of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease. Am J Cardiol1991;67: 749–752.
53.
HullRHirshJPowersP.Impedance plethysmography: the relationship between venous filling and sensitivity and specificity for proximal vein thrombosis. Circulation1978; 58:898–902.
54.
HullRvan AkenWGHirshJImpedance plethsmography using the occlusive cuff technique in the diagnosis of venous thrombosis. Circulation1976;53: 696–700.
55.
PattersonRB.The limitations of impedance plethysmography in the diagnosis of acute DVT. J Vasc Surg1989;9:725.
56.
AndersonDRLensingAWAWellsPSLimitations of impedance plethysmography in the diagnosis of clinically suspected deep-vein thrombosis. Ann Intern Med1993;118: 25–30.
57.
LensingAWLeviMMBullerHRDiagnosis of deepvein thrombosis using an objective Doppler method. Ann Intern Med1990;113: 9–13.
58.
WhiteRMcGahanJPDaschbachMMHartlingMM.Diagnosis of deep-vein thrombosis using duplex ultrasound. Ann Intern Med1989;111: 297–304.
59.
BeckerDMPhilbrickJTAbbittPJ.Real-time ultrasonography for the diagnosis of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis. Arch Intern Med1989;149: 1731–1734.
60.
CronanJJLeenV.Recurrent deep venous thrombosis: limitations of ultrasound. Radiology1989;170: 739–742.
61.
KillewichLABedfordGRBeachKWStrandnessDE.Diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis: a prospective study comparing duplex scanning to contrast venography. Circulation1989;79: 810–814.
62.
DavidsonBLElliottCGLensingAWA.Low accuracy of color Doppler ultrasound in the detection of proximal leg vein thrombosis in asymptomatic high-risk patients. Ann Intern Med1992;117: 735–738.
63.
RabinovKPaulinS.Roentgen diagnosis of venous thrombosis in the leg. Arch Surg1972;104: 134–144.
64.
EvansAJTapsonVFSostmanHDThe diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis: a prospective comparison of venography and magnetic resonance imaging. Chest1992; 102:120S.
65.
WittyLATapsonVFEvansAJMR1 versus ultrasound: a radiologic and clinical evaluation of DVT. Am Rev Respir Dis1993;147: A998.
66.
AndersonFAJrBrownellWGoldbergRJPhysician practices in the prevention of venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med1991;115: 591–595.
67.
ColditzGATudenRLOsterG.Rates of venous thrombosis after general surgery: combined results of randomised clinical trials. Lancet1986;2:143.
68.
CollinsRScrimgeourAYusufSPetoR.Reduction in fatal pulmonary embolism and venous thrombosis by perioperative administration of subcutaneous heparin. N Engl J Med1988;318: 1162–1173.
69.
LevineMNHirshJGentMPrevention of deep vein thrombosis after elective hip surgery: a randomized trial comparing low molecular weight heparin with standard unfractioned heparin. Ann Intern Med1991;114: 545–551.
70.
TurpieAGGGentMCoteRA low-molecular-weight heparinoid compared with unfractionated heparin in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Ann Intern Med1992;117: 353–357.
71.
SobelMMcNeillPMCarlsonPLHeparin inhibition of von Willebrand factor-dependent platelet function in vitro and in vivo. J Clin Invest1991;87: 1787–1793.
72.
BlajchmanMAYoungEOfosuFA.Effects of unfractionated heparin, dermatan sulfate and low molecular weight heparin on vessel wall permeability in rabbits. Ann NY Acad Sci1989;556: 245–254.
73.
TurpieAGGLevineMNHirshJA randomized controlled trial of a low-molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) to prevent deep-vein thrombosis in patients undergoing elective hip surgery. N Engl J Med1986;315: 925–929.
74.
ClagettGPSalzmanEWWheelerHBPrevention of venous thromboembolism. Chest1992;102 (suppl):391–407.
75.
HirshJDalenJEDeykinDPollerL.Heparin: mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing considerations, monitoring, efficacy and safety. Chest1992;102 (suppl):337–351.
76.
HullRDRaskobGEHirshJContinuous intravenous heparin compared with intermittent subcutaneous heparin in the initial treatment of proximal vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med1986;315: 1109–1114.
77.
HullRRaskobGRosenbloomDOptimal therapeutic level of heparin therapy in patients with venous thrombosis. Arch Intern Med1992;152: 1589–1595.
78.
KingDJKeltonJG.Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia. Ann Intern Med1984;100: 535–540.
JohnsonAJMcCarthyWR.The lysis of artificially induced intravascular clots in man by intravenous infusion of streptokinase. J Clin Invest1959;38: 1627–1643.
85.
MillerGAHGibsonRVSuttonGC.Treatment of pulmonary embolism with streptokinase. Br Med J1969;1: 812–815.
86.
SasaharaAACannillaJEBelksJJUrokinase therapy in clinical pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med1969;277: 1168–1173.
GoldhaberSZKesslerCMHeitJA randomized controlled trial of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator versus urokinase in the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism. Lancet1988;2: 293–298.
89.
GoldhaberSZKesslerCMHeitJARecombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator versus a novel dosing regimen of urokinase in acute pulmonary embolism. A randomized controlled multi-center trial. J Am Coll Cardiol1992;20: 24–30.
90.
LevineMHirshJWeitzJA randomized trial of a single bolus dosage regimen of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Chest1990;98: 1473–1479.
91.
LeeperKVJrPopovichJJrLesserBATreatment of massive acute pulmonary embolism. The use of low doses of intrapulmonary arterial streptokinase combined with full doses of systemic heparin. Chest1988;93: 234–240.
92.
VujicIYoungJWRGobienRPMassive Pulmonary embolism: treatment with full heparinization and topical low-dose streptokinase. Radiology1983;148: 671–675.
93.
EdwardsIRMacLeanKSDowJD.Low-dose urokinase in major pulmonary embolism. Lancet1973;2: 409–413.
94.
RubenfireMBlevinsRDCascadePNThe systemic fibrinolytic effect of low-dose intraarterial streptokinase: observations in 12 patients. Radiology1984;142: 41–43.
95.
PetitpretzPSimmoneauGCerrinaJEffects of a single bolus of urokinase in patients with life-threatening pulmonary emboli: a descriptive trial. Circulation1984;70: 861–866.
96.
DickieKJdeGrootWJCooleyRNHemodynamic effects of bolus infusion of urokinase in pulmonary thromboembolism. Am Rev Respir Dis1974;109: 48–56.
97.
BarberenaJ.Intraarterial infusion of urokinase in the treatment of acute pulmonary thromboembolism: preliminary observations. AJR1983;140: 883–886.
98.
SchwarzFStehrHZimmermanRSustained improvement of pulmonary hemodynamics in patients at rest and during exercise after thrombolytic treatment of massive pulmonary embolism. Circulation1985;71: 117–123.
99.
The UKEP Study.Multicentre clinical trial on two local regimens of urokinase in massive pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J1987;8: 2–10.
100.
TapsonVFGurbelPARoysterRPharmacomechanical thrombolysis of experimental pulmonary emboli in a canine model: a novel thrombolytic agent delivery system. Am Rev Respir Dis1991;143: A668.
101.
TapsonVFDavidsonCJBaumanRRapid thrombolysis of massive pulmonary emboli without systemic fibrino-genolysis: intra-embolic infusion of thrombolvtic therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis1992;145: A719.
102.
VerstraeteMMillerGAHBounameauxHIntravenous and intrapulmonary recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator in the treatment of acute massive pulmonary embolism. Circulation1988;77: 353–360.
103.
WittyLASteinfeldADTapsonVF.Thrombolytic therapy in acute pulmonary embolism: physician attitudes. Am Rev Respir Dis1993;147: A1000.
104.
Symposium.Thrombolytic therapy in thrombosis: a National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference. Ann Intern Med1980;93: 141–143.
105.
GoldhaberSZ.Evolving concepts in thrombolytic therapy for pulmonary embolism. Chest1992;101 (suppl):183S–185S.
106.
GoldhaberSZBuringJELipnickRJHennekensCH.Pooled analyses of randomized trials of streptokinase and heparin in phlebographically documented deep venous thrombosis. Am J Med1984;76: 393–397.
107.
RogersLQLutcherCL.Streptokinase therapy for deep vein thrombosis: A comprehensive review of the literature. Am J Med1990;88: 389–395.
108.
SaneDCCaliffRMTopolEJBleeding during thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: mechanisms and management. Ann Intern Med1989;111: 1010–1022.
109.
GoreJM.Prevention of severe neurologic events in the thrombolytic era. Chest1992;101 (suppl):124S–130S.
110.
JardinFGenevrayBBrun-NeyDMargairazA.Dobutamine: a hemodynamic evaluation in pulmonary embolism shock. Crit Care Med1985;13: 1009–1012.
111.
ManierGCastaingY.Influence of cardiac output on oxygen exchange in acute pulmonary embolism. Am Rev Respir Dis1992;145: 130–136.
112.
BergerRL.Pulmonary embolectomy with preoperative circulatory support. Ann Thorac Surg1973;16: 217–227.
113.
SautterRDMyersWORayJFIIIWenzelFJ.Pulmonary embolectomy: review and current status. Prog Cardiovasc Dis1975;17: 371–389.
114.
del CampoC.Pulmonary embolectomy: a review. Can J Surg1985;28: 111–113.
115.
GrayHHMorganJMPanethMMillerGAH.Pulmonary embolectomy: indications and results. Br Heart J1987; 57:572.
116.
MeyerGTamisierDSorsHPulmonary embolectomy: a 20 year experience at one center. Ann Thorac Surg1991; 51:232–236.
117.
GreenfieldLJKimmellGOMcCurdyWC.Transvenous removal of pulmonary emboli by vacuum-cup catheter technique. J Surg Res1969;9: 347–352.
118.
TimsitJFReynaudPMeyerGSorsH.Pulmonary embolectomy by catheter device in massive PE. Chest1991;100: 655–658.
