WardenGD.Outpatient care of thermal injuries. Surg Clin North Am1987; 57:147–157.
2.
LloydJR.Thermal trauma: therapeutic achievements and investigative horizons. Surg Clin North Am1977; 57:121–138.
3.
HurtAErikssonE.Management of the burn wound. Clin Plast Surg1986; 13:57–67.
4.
TompkinsRGBurkeJG.Burn therapy 1985: acute management. Intensive Care Med1986; 12:289–295.
5.
BurkeJFBondocCCQuinbyWC.Primary burn excision and immediate grafting: a method shortening illness. J Trauma1974; 14:389–395.
6.
TompkinsRGBurkeJFSchoenfeldDAPrompt eschar excision: a treatment system contributing to reduced burn mortality. A statistical evaluation of burn care at the Massachusetts General Hospital (1974-1984). Ann Surg1986; 204:272–281.
7.
TompkinsRGRemensnyderJPBurkeJFSignificant reductions in mortality for children with burn injuries through the use of prompt eschar excision. Ann Surg1988; 208:577–585.
8.
YarbroughDR.Improving survival in the burned patient. J SC Med Assoc1990; 86:347–349.
9.
HeimbachDM.Early burn excision and grafting. Surg Clin North Am1987; 67:93–107.
10.
HerndonDNCurreriPWAbstonSTreatment of burns. Curr Probl Surg1987; 24:341–397.
11.
HerndonDNLeMasterJBeardSThe quality of life after major thermal injury in children: an analysis of 12 survivors with greater than or equal to 80% total body, 70% third-degree burns. J Trauma1986; 26:609–619.
12.
HerndonDNBarrowRERutanRLA comparison of conservative versus early excision. Therapies in severely burned patients. Ann Surg1989; 209:547–552.
13.
HeimbachDHerndonDNLutermanAEarly excision of thermal burns—an international round-table discussion, Geneva, June 22, 1987. J Burn Care Rehab1988; 9:549–561.
14.
ThompsonPHerndonDNAbstonSRutanT.Effect of early excision on patients with major thermal injury. J Trauma1987; 27:205–207.
BurkeJFQuinbyWCBondocCC.Early excision and prompt wound closure supplemented with immunosup-pression. Surg Clin North Am1978; 58:1141–1150.
17.
ChicarilliZNCuonoCBHeinrichJJSelective aggressive burn excision for high mortality subgroups. J Trauma1986; 26:18–25.
18.
CryerHGAnigianGMMillerFBEffects of early tangential excision and grafting on survival after burn injury. Surg Gynecol Obstet1991; 173:449–453.
19.
Scott-ConnerCELoveRWheelerW.Does rapid wound closure improve survival in older patients with burns?Am Surg1990; 56:57–60.
20.
HerndonDNGoreDColeMDeterminants of mortality in pediatric patients with greater than 70% full-thickness total body surface area thermal injury treated by early total excision and grafting. J Trauma1987; 27:208–212.
21.
McManusWFMasonADJrPruittBAJr.Excision of the burn wound in patients with large burns. Arch Surg1989; 124:718–720.
22.
MerrellSWSaffleJRLarsonCMSullivanJJ.The declining incidence of fatal sepsis following thermal injury. J Trauma1989; 29:1362–1366.
23.
PeckMDHeimbachDM.Does early excision of burn wounds change the pattern of mortality?J Burn Care Rehab1989; 10:7–10.
24.
EchinardCESajdel-SulkowskaEBurkeBSBurkeJF.The beneficial effect of early excision on clinical response and thymic activity after burn injury. J Trauma1982; 22:560–565.
25.
GregorettiSGelmanSDimickAR.Lack of immediate effects of wound excision on the hyperdynamic circulation of burned patients. J Burn Care Rehabil1988; 9:180–183.
26.
DemlingRHFryeEReadT. Effect of sequential early burn wound excision and closure on postburn oxygen consumption. Crit Care Med1991; 19: 861–866.
27.
Ireton-JonesCSTurnerWWJrBaxterCR.The effect of burn wound excision on measured energy expenditure and urinary nitrogen excretion. J Trauma1987; 27:217–220.
28.
LalondeCDemlingRH.The effects of complete burn wound excision and closure on postburn oxygen consumption. Surgery1987; 102:862–868.
29.
DemlingRHLalondeC.Effect of partial burn excision and closure on postburn oxygen consumption. Surgery1988; 104:846–852.
30.
DemlingRHKatzALalondeCThe immediate effect of burn wound excision on pulmonary function in sheep: the role of prostanoids, oxygen radicals and chemoattractants. Surgery1987; 101:44–55.
31.
GregorettiSGelmanSDimickABradleyELJr.Hemody-namic changes and oxygen consumption in burned patients during enflurane or isoflurane anesthesia. Anesth Analg1989; 69:431–436.
32.
StrattaRJWardenGDNinnemannJLSaffleJR.Immunologic parameters in burned patients: effect of therapeutic interventions. J Trauma1986; 26:7–17.
33.
TchervenkovJIEpsteinMDSilbersteinEBAlexanderJW.Early burn wound excision and skin grafting postburn trauma restores in vivo neutrophil delivery to inflammatory lesions. Arch Surg1988; 123:1477–1481.
34.
HerndonDNParksDH.Comparison of serial debridement and autografting and early massive excision with cadaver skin overlay in the treatment of large burns in children. J Trauma1986; 26:149–152.
35.
LoftsJA.Cost analysis of a major burn. NZ Med J1991; 104:488–490.
36.
DesaiMHRutanRLHerndonDN.Conservative treatment of scald burns is superior to early excision. J Burn Care Rehab1991; 12:482–484.
37.
RobsonMCBarnettRALeitchIOWHowardPG.Prevention and treatment of postburn scars and contractures. World J Surg1992; 16:87–96.
38.
O'ReillyTJSpenceRJTaylorRMScheulenJJ.Laser doppler flowmetry evaluation of burn wound depth. J Burn Care Rehab1989; 10:1–6.
39.
GreenHABuaDAndersonRRNishiokaNS.Burn depth estimation using indocyanine green fluoresence. Arch Dermatol1992; 128:43–49.
40.
ColeRPJonesSGShakespearePG.Thermographic assessment of hand burns. Burns1990; 16:60–63.
41.
WyllieFJSutherlandAB.Measurement of surface temperature as an aid to the diagnosis of burn depth. Burns1991; 17:123–127.
42.
BrinkJASheetsPWDinesKAQuantitative assessment of burn injury in porcine skin with high-frequency ultrasonic imaging. Invest Radiol1986; 21:645–651.
43.
JanzekovicZ.A new concept in early excision and immediate grafting of burns. J Trauma1970; 10:1103–1108.
44.
JonesTMcDonaldSDeitchEA.Effect of graft bed on long-term functional results of extremity skin grafts. J Burn Care Rehab1988; 9:72–74.
45.
SchlagintweitSSnellingCFGermannEMajor burns managed without blood or blood products. J Burn Care Rehab1990; 11:214–220.
46.
HaithLRJrPattonMCGoldmanWTMcCutchanKM.Diminishing blood loss during operation for burns. Surg Gynecol Obstet1993; 176:119–123.
47.
IreiMAbstonSBondsEThe optimal time for excision of scald burns in toddlers. J Burn Care Rehab1986; 7:508–510.
48.
RosenbergJLZawackiBE.Reduction of blood loss using tourniquets and “compression” dressings in excising limb burns. J Trauma1986; 26:47–50.
49.
MaranoMAO'SullivanGMaddenMTourniquet technique for reduced blood loss and wound assessment during excisions of burn wounds of the extremity. Surg Gynecol Obstet1990; 171:249–250.
50.
KahalleyLDimickARGillespieRW.Methods to diminish intraoperative blood loss. J Burn Care Rehab1991; 12:160–161.
51.
NilssonGLindblomPPalmerBThe effect of triglycyl-lysine-vasopressin (terlipressin INN, Glypressin) on skin blood flow, measured with laser doppler flowmetry, ther-mography and plethysmography. A dose-response study. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg1987; 21:149–157.
52.
AchauerBMHernandezJParkerA.Burn excision with intraoperative vasopressin. J Burn Care Rehab1989; 10:375–378.
53.
OfodileFASadanaMK.The role of topical thrombin in skin grafting. J Natl Med Assoc1991; 83:416–418.
54.
FoyHMPavlinEDHeimbachDM.Excision and grafting of large burns: operation length not related to increased morbidity. J Trauma1986; 26:51–53.
55.
DavisJWHansbroughJFSteinJM.The use of bone curet in debridement of the burn wound and graft recipient sites. J Burn Care Rehab1989; 10:99.
56.
HukkiJHarmaMAsko-SeljavaaraSSchroderT.Burn excision with contact neodymium: YAG laser. J Burn Care Rehab1989; 10:402–405.
57.
GreenHADomankevitzYNishiokaNS.Pulsed carbon dioxide laser ablation of burned skin: in vitro and in vivo analysis. Lasers Surg Med1990; 10:476–484.
58.
GriswoldJAGrubeBJEngravLHDeterminants of donor site infections in small burn grafts. J Burn Care Rehab1989; 10:531–535.
59.
AlexanderJWMacMillanBKLawEJKrummelR.Prophylactic antibiotics are an adjunct for skin grafting in clean reconstructive surgery following burn injury. J Trauma1982; 22:687–690.
HeimbachDLutermanABurkeJArtificial dermis for major burns. A multi-center randomized clinical trial. Ann Surg1988; 208:313–320.
62.
BurkeJFYannasIVQuinbyWCJrThe successful use of a physiologically acceptable artificial skin in the treatment of extensive burn injury. Ann Surg1981; 194: 413–428.
63.
TompkinsRGHiltonJFBurkeJFIncreased survival after massive thermal injury in adults: preliminary report using artificial skin. Crit Care Med1989; 17:734–740.
64.
LoLJYangJYWeiFC.Free flap transfer in burn reconstruction. Chang Keng I Hsueh1991; 14:8–14.
65.
KomurcuFStufferMHusslHAnderlH.Maintenance of stump length of both upper extremities after severe electrical burn injury. Burns1990; 16:227–229.
66.
NeliganPCPetersWJ.Advances in burn scar reconstruction: the use of tissue expansion. Ann Plast Surg1989; 22:203–210.
67.
McCauleyRLOliphantJRRobsonMC.Tissue expansion in the correction of burn alopecia: classification and methods of correction. Ann Plast Surg1990; 25:103–115.
68.
BondocCCBurkeJ.Clinical experience with viable frozen human skin and a frozen skin bank. Ann Surg1971; 174:371–382.
69.
ZawackiB.Round table discussion: temporary wound closure after burn excision. J Burn Care Rehab1986; 7:138–143.
70.
CedernaPBaleJFStraussRKealeyGP.Transmission of cytomegalovirus infection by cadaveric allograft in burn patients (abstract). Presented at the American Burn Association Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, UT, April 1-4, 1992.
71.
BurkeJFMayJWAlbrightNTemporary skin transplantation and immunosuppression for extensive burns. N Engl J Med1974; 290:269–271.
72.
KoumansRKJFullerTCRussellPSBurkeJF.Skin allotrans-plantation and immunosuppression in severe burns. Transplant Proc1975, 7 (suppl 1):771–774.
73.
BurkeJFQuinbyWCBondocCCImmunosuppression and temporary skin transplantation in the treatment of massive third degree burns. Ann Surg1975; 182:183–197.
74.
BlackKSHewittCWHensonLECyclosporine-in-duced long-term allograft survival and its potential in post-trauma tissue replacement. J Burn Care Rehab1987; 8:531–535.
75.
HewittCWBlackKSAguinaldoAMCyclosporine and skin allografts for the treatment of thermal injury. I. Extensive graft survival with low-level long-term administration and prolongation in a rat burn model. Transplantation1988; 45:8–12.
76.
BlackKSHewittCWSmelserSCyclosporine and skin allografts for the treatment of thermal injury. II. Development of an experimental massive third-degree burn model demonstrating extensive graft survival. Transplantation1988; 45:13–16.
77.
SakubaSAHansbroughJFCooperMLGreenleafG.Cyclosporine A for prolonging allograft survival in patients with massive burns. J Burn Care Rehab1990; 11:410–418.
78.
HewittCWBlackKSAchauerBMPatelMP.Reconstructive allotransplantation: considerations regarding integumentary/musculoskeletal grafts, cyclosporine, wound coverage in thermal injury, and the immune response. J Burn Care Rehab1990; 11:74–85.
HansbroughJFZapata-SirventRCarrollWJClinical experience with Biobrane biosynthetic dressing in the treatment of partial thickness burns. Burns1984; 10:415–419.
81.
McHughTPRobsonMCHeggersJPTherapeutic efficacy of Biobrane in partial and full thickness thermal injury. Surgery1986; 100:661–664.
82.
PurdueGFHuntJLGillespieRWBiosynthetic skin substitute versus frozen human cadaver allograft for temporary coverage of excised burn wounds. J Trauma1987; 27:155–157.
83.
PhillipsLGRobsonMCSmithDJUses and abuses of a biosynthetic dressing for partial skin thickness burns. Burns1989; 15:254–256.
84.
Bolivar-FloresJPoumianEMarsch-MorenoMUse of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes for allografting burns and conditions for temporary banking of the cultured allografts. Burns1990; 16:3–8.
85.
AubockJIrschickERomaniNRejection, after a slightly prolonged survival time, of Langerhans cell-free allogeneic cultured epidermis used for wound coverage in humans. Transplantation1988; 45:730–737.
JonssonCEDalsgaardEarly excision and skin grafting of selected burns of the face and neck. Plast Reconstr Surg1991; 88:83–92.
88.
EngravLHHeimbachDMWalkinshawMDMarvinJA.Excision of burns of die face. Plast Reconstr Surg1986; 77:744–751.
89.
HuntJLPurdueGFSpicerTFace burn reconstruction—does early excision and autografting improve aesthetic appearance?Burns Incl Therm Inj1987; 13: 39–44.
90.
Gonzales-UlloaM.Restoration of the face covering by means of selected skin in regional aesthetic units. Br J Plast Surg1956; 9:212–221.
91.
OsguthorpeJD.Head and neck burns. Evaluation and current management. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg1991; 117:969–974.
92.
DicksonWASharpeDTRobertsAH.Tangential excision of scalp burns: experience from the Bradford fire disaster. Burns Incl Therm Inj1988; 14:151–155.
93.
MannisMJMillerRBKrachmerJH.Contact thermal burns of the cornea from electric curling irons. Am J Ophthal-mol1984; 98:336–339.
94.
BloomSMGittingerJWJrKazarianEL.Management of corneal contact thermal burns. Am J Ophthalmol1986; 102:536.
95.
KulwinDR.Treatment of periorbital burns. Adv Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg1987; 7:167–169.
96.
SaydjariRDesaiMJonesRHerndonDN.Corneal perforations caused by multiple resistant Pseudomonas organisms: a case report. J Burn Care Rehab1987; 8:406–409.
97.
BeatryRFSmithRE.Eschar-induced eyelid perforation. Am J Ophthalmol1987; 103:336–338.
98.
AchauerBM.Eyelids and eyebrows. In: AchauerBM, ed. Burn reconstruction. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers, 199142–46.
99.
MillsDCIIRobertsLCMasonADJrSuppurative chondritis: its incidence, prevention and treatment in burn patients. Plast Reconstr Surg1988; 82:267–276.
100.
PurdueGFHuntJL.Chondritis of the burned ear: a preventable complication. Am J Surg1986; 152:257–259.
101.
EngravLHRicheyKJWalkinshawMDGottliebJR.Chondritis of the burned ear: a preventable complication if (letter). Ann Plast Surg1989; 23:1–2.
HarriesCAPeggSP.Foam ear protectors for burnt ears. J Burn Rehab1989; 10:183–184.
104.
TurpinIMAltmanDICruzHGAchauerBM.Salvage of the severely injured ear. Ann Plast Surg1988; 21:170–179.
105.
AchauerBMWittPDLambR.Salvage of ear cartilage in patients with acute full-thickness burns. J Burn Care Rehab1991; 12:339–343.
106.
FristWAckroydFBurkeJFBondocCC.Long-term functional results of selective treatment of hand burns. Am J Surg1985; 149:516–521.
107.
MahlerDBenmeirPBen-YakarYTreatment of the burned hand: early surgical treatment (1975-85) vs. conservative treatment (1964-74). A comparative study. Burns Incl Therm Inj1987; 13:45–48.
108.
HanumadassMKaganRMatsudaT.Early coverage of deep hand burns with groin flaps. J Trauma1987; 27:109–114.
109.
HowellJW.Management of the acutely burned hand for the nonspecialized clinician. Phys Ther1989; 69:1077–1090.
110.
CoveyMHDutcherKMarvinJAHeimbachDM.Efficacy of continuous passive motion (CPM) devices with hand burns. J Burn Care Rehab1988; 9:397–400.
111.
GoreDDesaiMHerndonDNComparison of complications during rehabilitation between conservative and early surgical management in thermal burns involving the feet of children and adolescents. J Burn Care Rehab1988; 9:92–95.
112.
LaitungJKLuthraPK.Isolated penile burns: a plea for early excision. Br J Plast Surg1988; 41:644–648.
113.
AlghaneumAAMcCauleyRLRobsonMCManagement of pediatric perineal and genital burns: twenty-year review. J Burn Care Rehab1990; 11:308–311.
114.
PeckMDBoileauMAGrubeBJHeimbachDM.The management of burns to the perineum and genitals. J Burn Care Rehab1990; 11:54–56.
115.
SellersDSParshleyPFWaldramDWManagement of burned long bones. J Trauma1987; 27:322–325.
116.
Escudero-NafsFJRabanal-SuarezFLeiva-OlivaRM.Costal chondritis following very deep flame burns involving the chest wall. Burns1989; 15:394–396.
117.
CurtisMJClarkeJA.Skeletal injury in thermal trauma: a review of management. Injury1989;20: 333–336.
118.
SawhneyCPKaushishR.Acid and alkali burns: considerations in management. Burns1989;15: 132–134.
ChobanPSMarshallWJ.Leukopenia secondary to silver sulfadiazine: frequency, characteristics and clinical consequences. Am Surg1987;53: 515–517.
135.
ThomsonPDMooreNPRiceTLPrasadJK.Leukopenia in acute thermal injury: evidence against topical silver sulfadiazine as the causative agent. J Burn Care Rehab1989;10: 418–420.
136.
FullerFWEnglerPE.Leukopenia in non-septic burn patients receiving topical 1% silver sulfadiazine cream therapy: a survey. J Burn Care Rehab1988;9: 606–609.
137.
MillerLHansbroughJSlaterHSildimac: a new delivery system for silver sulfadiazine in the treatment of full thickness burn injuries. J Burn Care Rehab1990;11: 35–41.
138.
MonafoWWWestMA.Current treatment recommendations for topical burn therapy. Drugs1990;40: 364–373.
139.
GrayJHHenryDAForbesMComparison of silver sulfadiazine 1 per cent, silver sulfadiazine 1 per cent plus chlorhexidine digluconate 0.2 per cent and mafenide acetate 8.5 per cent for topical antibacterial effect in infected full skin thickness rat burn wounds. Burns1991;17: 37–40.
140.
LeeJJMarvinJAHeimbachDMGrubeBJ.Use of 5% sulfamylon (mafenide) solution after excision and grafting of burns. J Burn Care Rehab1988;9: 602–605.
141.
LivingstonDHCryerHGMillerFBA randomized prospective study of topical antimicrobial agents on skin grafts after thermal injury. Plast Reconstr Surg1990;56: 1059–1064.
142.
RodeHde-WetPMMillerAJCywesS.Bactericidal efficacy of mupirocin in multi-antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus burn wound infection. J Antimicrob Chemother1988;21: 589–595.
143.
StrockLLLeeMMRutanRLTopical Bactroban (mupirocin): efficacy in treating burn wounds infected with methicillin resistant staphylococci. J Burn Care Rehab1990;11: 454–459.
144.
BrunsDEHeroldDARodenhearerGTEdlichRF.Polyethlene glycol intoxication in burn patients. Burns1982;9: 49–52.
145.
KistlerDHafemannBSchoenenbergerGAHettichR.Increased survival rates by topical treatment of burns with cerium nitrate. Eur Surg Res1990;22: 283–290.
146.
WassermannDSchlottererMLebretonFUse of topically applied silver sulfadiazine plus cerium nitrate in major burns. Burns1989;15: 257–260.
147.
DeitchEAMarinoAAMalakanokVAlbrightJA.Silver nylon cloth: in vitro and in vivo evaluation of antimicrobial activity. J Trauma1987;27: 301–304.
148.
CooperMLBoyceSTHansbroughJFCytotoxicity to cultured human keratinocytes of topical antimicrobial agents. J Surg Res1990;48: 190–195.
149.
BeckerWKCioffiWGJrMcManusATFungal burn wound infection. A ten year experience. Arch Surg1991;126: 44–48.
150.
PenslerJMHerndonDNPtakHFungal sepsis: an increasing problem in major thermal injuries. J Burn Care Rehab1986;7: 488–491.
151.
GrubeBJMarvinJAHeimbachDM.Candida. A decreasing problem for the burned patient? Arch Surg1988;123: 194–196.
152.
DesaiMHHerndonDN.Eradication of Candida burn wound septicemia in massively burned patients. J Trauma1988;28: 140–145.
153.
MakepeaceAR.Enzymatic debridement of burns: a review. Burns Incl Therm Inj1983;9: 153–157.
154.
RowanADChristopherCWKelleySFDebridement of experimental full-thickness skin burns of rats with enzyme fractions derived from pineapple stem. Burns1990;16: 243–246.
155.
CoopwoodTB.Evaluation of a topical enzymatic debridement agent—sutilains ointment: a preliminary report. South Med J1976;69: 834–836.
156.
DimickAR.Experience with the use of proteolytic enzyme (Travase) in burn patients. J Trauma1977;17: 948–955.
157.
ZawackiBE.The effect of Travase on heat injured skin. Surgery1975;77: 132–136.
158.
MichaeliDMcPhersonM.Immunologic study of artificial skin used in the treatment of thermal injuries. J Burn Care Rehab1990;11: 21–26.
159.
HerzogSRMeyerAWoodleyDPetersonHD.Wound coverage with cultured autologous keratinocyes: use after burn wound excision, including biopsy follow-up. J Trauma1988;28: 195–198.
160.
ClugstonPASnellingCFMacdonaldIBCultured epithelial autografts: three years of clinical experience with eighteen patients. J Burn Care Rehab1991;12: 533–536.
161.
RueLWIIICioffiWGMcManusWFPruittBAJr.Wound closure and outcome in extensively burned patients treated with cultured autologous keratinocytes. J Trauma1993;34: 662–668.
162.
LangdonRCCuonoCBBirchallNReconstitution of structure and cell function in human skin grafts derived from cryopreserved allogeneic dermis and autologous cultured keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol1988;91: 478–485.
163.
HansbroughJF.Current status of skin replacements for coverage of extensive burn wounds. J Trauma1990;30: S155–S160.
164.
HansbroughJFBoyceSTCooperMLForemanTJ.Burn wound closure with cultured autologous keratinocytes and fibroblasts attached to a collagen-glycosaminoglycan substrate. JAMA1989;262: 2125–2130.
165.
FangCHYuGSFanYFA preliminary report on transplantation of microskin autografts with sheet allograft in the treatment of large burns. J Burn Care Rehab1988;9: 629–633.