A Comprehensive Review of Vascular Ultrasound for Intensivists

1. Foley WD Erickson SJ. Color Doppler flow imaging. AJR 1991;156:3–13

2. Abu-Yousef MM Wiese JA Shamma AR. The “to-and-fro” sign: duplex Doppler evidence of femoral artery pseudoaneurysm. AJR 1988;150:632–634

3. Mitchell DG Needleman L Bezzi M , et al. Femoral artery pseudoaneurysm: diagnosis with conventional duplex and color Doppler US. Radiology 1987;165:687–690

4. Mills JL Wiedeman JE Robison JG Hallett JW. Minimizing mortality and morbidity from iatrogenic arterial injuries: the need for early recognition and prompt repair. J Vasc Surg 1986;4:22–27

5. Roberts SR Main D Pinkerton J. Surgical therapy of femoral artery pseudoaneurysm after angiography. Am J Surg 1987;154:676–680

6. DiPrete DA Cronan JJ. Compression ultrasound: treatment for acute femoral artery pseudoaneurysms in selected cases. J Ultrasound Med 1992;11:489–492

7. Kotval PS Khoury A. Doppler sonographic demonstration of the progressive spontaneous thrombosis of pseudoaneurysms. J Ultrasound Med 1990;9:185–190

8. Fellmeth BD Roberts AC Bookstein JJ , et al. Postangiographic femoral artery injuries: nonsurgical repair with US-guided compression. Radiology 1001;178:671–675

9. Millikan CH McDowell FH. Treatment of transient ischaemic attacks. Stroke 1978;9:299–302

10. Brown PB Zwiebel WJ Call GK. Degree of cervical carotid artery stenosis and hemispheric stroke: duplex US findings. Radiology 1989;170:541–543

11. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 1991;325:445–453

12. Mayberg MR Wilson SE Yatsu F , et al. Carotid endarterectomy and prevention of cerebral ischemia in symptomatic carotid stenosis. JAMA 1991;266:3289-3294

13. Polak JF Dobkin GR O'Leary DH , et al. Internal carotid artery stenosis: accuracy and reproducibility of color Doppler assisted duplex imaging. Radiology 1989;173:793–798

14. Middleton WD Foley WD Lawson TL. Color-flow Doppler imaging of carotid artery abnormalities. AJR 1988;150:419–425

15. Robinson ML Sacks D Perlmutter GS Marinelli DL. Diagnostic criteria for carotid duplex sonography. AJR 1988;151:1045–1049

16. Garth KE Carroll BA Sommer FG Oppenheimer DA. Duplex ultrasound scanning of carotid arteries with velocity spectrum analysis. Radiology 1983;147:823–827

17. Asalid R Huber P Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound. J Neurosurg 1984;60:37–41

18. Newell DW Grady MS Eskridge JM Winn HR. Distribution of angiographic vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: implications for diagnosis by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Neurosurgery 1990;27:574–577

19. Klingelhoffer J Sander K Molzgraefe M , et al. Cerebral vasospasm evaluated by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography at different intracranial pressures. J Neurosurg 1991;75:752–758

20. Gomez CR Gomez SM Hall IS. The elusive transtemporal window. A demographic and technical study. Presented at the 3rd International Symposium and Tutorial on Transcranial Doppler and Cerebral Blood Flow, San Antonio, Texas, Feb 13, 1989

21. Lederle FA Walker JM Reinke DB. Selective screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms with physical examination and ultrasound. Arch Intern Med 1988;148:1753–1756

22. Cabellon S Moncrief CL Pierre DR Cavanaugh DG. Incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysms in patients with atheromatous arterial disease. Am J Surg 1983;146:575–576

23. Ohman EM Fitzsimons P Butler F Bouchier-Hayes D. The value of ultrasonography in the screening for asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm. Ir Med J 1985;78:127-129.

24. Thurmond AS Semler HJ. Abdominal aortic aneurysm: incidence in a population at risk. J Cardiovasc Surg 1986;27:457-460.

25. Twomey A Twomey E Wilkins RA Lewis JD. Unrecognised aneurysmal disease in male hypertensive patients. Int Angiol 1986;5:269–273

26. David E Bernatz PE. Diagnosis and management of ruptured: abdominal aortic aneurysm. Postgrad Med 1971; 49:123

27. Gomes MN Choyke PL. Pre-operative evaluation of abdominal aortic aneurysms: ultrasound or computed tomography? J Cardiovasc Surg 1987;28:159–166

28. Volpetti G Barker CF Derkowitz H Roberts B. A twenty-two year review of elective resection of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1976; 142:321–324

29. Friedman SA Hufnagel CA Conrad PW , et al. Abdominal aortic aneurysm: clinical status and results of surgery in 100 consecutive cases. JAMA 1967;200:1147–1151

30. Foster JH Bolasny BL Gobbel WG Jr Scott HW. Comparative study of elective resection and expectant treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1969;129:1–9

31. McCabe CJ Coleman WS Brewster DC. The advantages of early operation for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Arch Surg 1981;116:1025–1029

32. Cronenwett JL Sargent SK Wall MH , et al. Variables that affect the expansion rate and outcome of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 1990;11:260–269

33. Cronenwett JL Murphy TF Zelenock GB , et al. Actuarial analysis of variables associated with rupture of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Surgery 1985;98:472–483

34. Nevitt MP Ballard DJ Hallett JW. Prognosis of abdominal aortic aneurysms: a population-based study. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1009–1014

35. Maloney JD Pairolero PC Smith BF , et al. Ultrasound evaluation of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Circulation 1977;80(suppl II):1180-1185

36. Brewster DC Retana A Waltman AC Darling RC. Angiography in the management of aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. Its value and safety. N Engl J Med 1975;292:822–825

37. Rosch J Keller FS Porter JM Baur GM. Value of angiography in the management of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Cardiovasc Radiol 1978;1:83–94

38. Lynch TG Hobson RW Wright CB , et al. Interpretation of Doppler segmental pressures in peripheral vascular occlusive disease. Arch Surg 1984;119:465–467

39. Kohler TR Nance DR Cramer MM , et al. Duplex scanning for diagnosis of aortoiliac and femoropopliteal disease: a prospective study. Circulation 1987;76:1074–1080

40. Chikos PM Fisher LD Hirsch JH , et al. Observer variability in evaluation of extracranial carotid artery stenosis. Stroke 1983;14:885–892

41. Polak JF Darmel MI Mannick JA , et al. Determination of the extent of lower-extremity peripheral arterial disease with color-assisted duplex sonography: comparison with angiography. AJR 1990;155:1085–1089

42. Cossman DV Ellison JE Wagner WH , et al. Comparison of contrast arteriography to arterial mapping with color-flow duplex imaging in the lower extremities. J Vasc Surg 1989;10:522–529

43. Grigg MJ Nicolaides AN Wolfe JHN. Detection and grading of femorodistal vein graft stenoses: duplex velocity measurements compared with angiography. J Vasc Surg 1988;8:661–666

44. Gooding GAW Perez S Rapp JH Krupski WC. Lower-extremity vascular grafts placed for peripheral vascular disease: prospective evaluation with duplex Doppler sonography. Radiology 1991;180:379–386

45. Whittemore AD Clowes AW Couch NP Mannick JA. Secondary femoropopliteal reconstruction. Ann Surg 1981;193:35–42

46. Etheredge EE Haid SD Maeser MN , et al. Salvage operations for malfunctioning polytetrafluoroethylene hemodialysis access grafts. Surgery 1983;94:464–470

47. Tordoir JHM De Bruin HG Hoeneveld H , et al. Duplex ultrasound scanning in the assessment of arteriovenous fistulas created for hemodialysis access: comparison with digital subtraction angiography. J Vasc Surg 1989;10:122–128

48. Middleton WD Picus DD Marx MV Melson GL. Color doppler sonography of hemodialysis vascular access: comparison with angiography. AJR 1989;152:633–639

49. Dousset V Grenier N Douws C , et al. Hemodialysis grafts: color Doppler flow imaging correlated with digital subtraction angiography and functional status. Radiology 1991;181:89–94

50. Scoutt LM Zawin ML Taylor KJW. Doppler US. Part II. Clinical applications. Radiology 1990;174:309–319

51. Hoddick W Filly RA Backman U , et al. Renal allograft rejection: US evaluation. Radiology 1986;161:469–473

52. Rigsby CM Burns PN Weltin GG , et al. Doppler signal quantitation in renal allografts: comparison in normal and rejecting transplants with pathologic correlation. Radiology 1987;162:39–42

53. Rifkin MD Needleman L Pasto ME , et al. Evaluation of renal transplant rejection by duplex Doppler examination: value of the resistive index. AJR 1987;148:759–767

54. Warshauer DM Taylor KJW Bia MJ , et al. Duplex Doppler evaluation of the renal transplant: unusual causes of increased vascular impedance. Radiology 1988;169:367–370

55. Dodd GD Tublin ME Shah A Zajko AB. Imaging of vascular complications associated with renal transplants. AJR 1991;157:449–459

56. Taylor KJW Morse SS Rigsby CM , et al. Vascular complications in renal allografts: detection with duplex Doppler ultrasound. Radiology 1987;162:31–38

57. Taylor KJW Morse SS Weltin GG , et al. Liver transplant recipients: portable duplex US with correlative angiography. Radiology 1986;159:357–363

58. Dominguez R Young LW Ledesma-Medina J , et al. Pediatric liver transplantation. Part II. Diagnostic imaging in postoperative management. Radiology 1985;157:339–344

59. Worney P Zajko AB Bron KM , et al. Vascular complications after liver transplantation: a 5-year experience. AJR 1986;147:657–663

60. Greenfield LJ. Venous and lympahtic disease. In: Schwartz SI , ed. Principles of surgery, ed 5. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989;1011–1040

61. Habscheid W Stratmann A Dammrich J. Compression sonography as a screening method in thrombosis diagnosis. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 1990;115:1003–1008

62. Cronan JJ Froehlich JA Dorfman GS. Image-directed Doppler ultrasound: a screening technique for patients at high risk to development deep vein thrombosis. J Clin Ultras 1991;19:133–138

63. Woolson ST McCrory DW Walter JF , et al. B-mode ultrasound scanning in the detection of proximal venous thrombosis after total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg 1990;72:983–987

64. Leyvraz PR Richard J Bachmann F , et al. Adjusted versus fixed-dose subcutaneous heparin in the prevention of deep-vein thrombosis after total hip replacement. N Engl J Med 1983;309:954–958

65. Kistner RL Ball JJ Nordyke RA Freeman GC. Incidence of pulmonary embolism in the course of thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities. Am J Surg 1972;124:169–176

66. Dorfman GS Cronan JJ Tupper TB , et al. Occult pulmonary embolism: a common occurrence in deep venous thrombosis. AJR 1987;148:263–266

67. Huisman MV Vuller HR Ten Cate JW , et al. Unexpected high prevalence of silent pulmonary embolism in patients with deep venous thrombosis. Chest 1989;95:498–502

68. Barritt DW Jordan SC. Anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of pulmonary embolism: a controlled clinical trial. Lancet 1960;1:1309–1312

69. Terblanche J Benatar SR Immelman EJ. Prophylaxis against fatal postoperative pulmonary embolism. Surgery 1982;91:534–536

70. Salzman EW. Progress in preventing venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1983;309:980–982

71. Lambie JM Mahaffy RG Barber DC , et al. Diagnostic accuracy in venous thrombosis. Br Med J 1970;2:142–143

72. Bettmann MA Paulin S. Leb phlebography: the incidence, nature and modification of undesirable side effects. Radiology 1977;122:101–104

73. Thomas L McAllister V Tonge K. Simplified phlebography in deep venous thrombosis. Clin Radiol 1971;22:490–494

74. Albrechtsson U Olsson C. Thrombotic side-effects of lower-limb phlebography. Lancet 1976;1:723–724

75. Naidich JB Feinberg AW. et al. Contrast venography: reassessment of its role. Radiology 1988;168:97–100

76. Ramchandani P Soulen RL Fedullo LM Gaines VD. Deep vein thrombosis: significant limitations of noninvasive tests. Radiology 1985;156:47–49

77. Holden RW Klatte EC Park HM , et al. Efficacy of noninvasive modalities for diagnosis of thrombophlebitis. Radiology 1981;141:63–66

78. Barnes RW. Current status of noninvasive tests in the diagnosis of venous disease. Surg Clin North Am 1982;62:489–500

79. Raghavendra BN Horii SC Hilton Subramanyam BR , et al. Deep venous thrombosis: detection by probe compression of veins. J Ultrasound Med 1986;5:89–95

80. Cronan JJ Dorfman GS Grusmark J. Lower-extremity deep venous thrombosis: further experience with and refinements of US assessment. Radiology 1988;168:101–107

81. Effeney DJ Friedman MB Gooding GAW. Iliofemoral venous thrombosis: real-time ultrasound diagnosis, normal criteria, and clinical application. Radiology 1984;150:787–792

82. Foley WD Middleton WD Lawson TL , et al. Color Doppler ultrasound imaging of lower-extremity venous disease. AJR 1989;152:371–376

83. Murphy TP Cronan JJ. Evolution of deep venous thrombosis: a prospective evaluation with US. Radiology 1990;177:543–548

84. Raghavendra BN Rosen RJ Lam S , et al. Deep venous thrombosis: detection by high-resolution real-time ultrasonography. Radiology 1984;152:789–793

85. Cronan JJ Dorfman GS Scola FH , et al. Deep venous thrombosis: US assessment using vein compression. Radiology 1987;162:191–194

86. Sullivan ED Peter DJ Cranley JJ. Real-time B-mode venous ultrasound. J Vasc Surg 1984;1:465–471

87. Dauzat MM Laroche J Charras C , et al. Real-time B-mode ultrasonography for better specificity in the noninvasive diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. J Ultrasound Med 1986;5:625–631

88. Vogel P Laing FC Jeffrey RB Wing V. Deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity: US evaluation. Radiology 1987;163:747–751

89. Appelman PT De Jong TE Lampmann LE. Deep venous thrombosis of the leg: US findings. Radiology 1987;163:743–746

90. Langsfeld M Hershey FB Thorpe L , et al. Duplex B-Mode imaging for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. Arch Surg 1987;122:587–591

91. Aitken AG Godden DJ. Real-time ultrasound diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis: a comparison with venography. Clin Radiol 1987;38:309–313

92. George JE Smith MO Berry RE. Duplex scanning for the detection of deep venous thrombosis of lower extremities in a community hospital. Curr Surg 1987;44:202–204

93. Oliver MA. Duplex scanning in venous disease. Bruit 1988;9:206–209

94. O'Leary DH Kane RA Chase BM. A prospective study of the efficacy of B-scan sonography in the detection of deep venous thrombosis in the lower extremities. J Clin Ultrasound 1988;16:1–8

95. White RH McGahan JP Daschbach MM Hartling RP. Diagnosis of deep-vein thrombosis using duplex ultrasound. Ann Intern Med 1989;111:297–304

96. Lensing AWA Prandoni P Brandjes D , et al. Detection of deep-vein thrombosis by real-time B-mode ultrasonography. N Engl J Med 1989;320:342–345

97. Monreal M Montserrat E Salvador R , et al. Real-time ultrasound for diagnosis of symptomatic venous thrombosis and for screening of patients at risk: correlation with ascending conventional venography. Angiology 1989;40:527–533

98. Habscheid W Hohmann M Wilhelm T Epping J. Real-time ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity. Angiology 1990;41:599–608

99. Mussurakis S Papaioannou S Voros D Vrakatselis T. Compression ultrasonography as a reliable imaging monitor in deep venous thrombosis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1990;171:233–239

100. Norris CS Greenfield LJ Herrmann JB. Free-floating iliofemoral thrombus. Arch Surg 1985;120:806–808

101. Yucel EK Fisher JS Egglin TK , et al. Isolated calf venous thrombosis: diagnosis with compression US. Radiology 1991;179:443–446

102. Mussurakis S. Compression US in isolated calf venous thrombosis. Radiology 1991;181:351–353

103. Rose SC Zwiebel WJ Nelson BE , et al. Symptomatic lower extremity deep venous thrombosis: accuracy, limitations, and role of color duplex flow imaging in diagnosis. Radiology 1990;175:639–644

104. McLachlan MSF Thomson JG Taylor DW , et al. Observer variation in the interpretation of lower limb venograms. AJR 1979;132:227–229

105. Lund F Diener L Ericson J. Postmortem intraosseous phlebography as an aid in studies of venous thromboembolism. Angiology 1969;20:155–176

106. Hull RD Hirsh J Carter CJ , et al. Pulmonary angiography, Ventilation lung scanning, and venography for clinically suspected pulmonary embolism with abnormal perfusion lung scan. Ann Intern Med 1983;98:891–899

107. Cronan JJ , Contemporary venous imaging. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1991;14:87–97

108. Smith LL Iber C. Venous duplex ultrasound in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. J Vasc Tech 1989;13:227–230

109. Knudson GJ Wiedmeyer DA Erickson SJ , et al. Color Doppler sonographic imaging in the assessment of upper-extremity deep venous thrombosis. AJR 1990;154:399–403

110. Horattas MC Wright DJ Fenton AH , et al. Changing concepts of deep venous thrombosis of the upper-extremity—report of a series and review of the literature. Surgery 1988;104:561–567

111. Monreal M Lafoz E Ruiz J , et al. Upper-extremity deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a prospective study. Chest 1991;99:280–283

112. Falk RL Smith DF. Thrombosis of upper-extremity thoracicinlet veins: diagnosis with duplex Doppler sonography. AJR 1987;149:677–682

113. Hubsch PJS Stiglbauer RL Schwaighofer BWAM , et al. Internal jugular and subclavian vein thrombosis caused by central venous catheters: evaluation using Doppler blood flow imaging. J Ultrasound Med 1988;7:629–636

114. Weissleder R Elizondo G Stark DD. Sonographic diagnosis of subclavian and internal jugular vein thrombosis. J Ultrasound Med 1987;6:577–587

115. Gaitini D Kaftori JK Pery M Engel A. High-resolution real-time ultrasonography, diagnosis and follow-up of jugular and subclavian vein thrombosis. J Ultrasound Med 1988;7:621–627

116. Nack TL Needleman L. Comparison of duplex ultrasound and contrast venography for evaluation of upper extremity venous disease. J Vasc Tech 1992;16:69–73

117. Froehlich JB Zide RS Persson AV. Diagnosis of upper extremity deep venous thrombosis using color Doppler imaging system. J Vasc Tech 1991;15:251–253

118. Haire WD Lynch TG Lieberman RP , et al. Utility of duplex ultrasound in the diagnosis of asymptomatic catheter-induced subclavian vein thrombosis. J Ultrasound Med 1991;10:493–496