Maintenance of an unobstructed airway and administra tion of controlled ventilation by face mask can save the life of the patient unable to sustain adequate spontane ous ventilation. Techniques for obtaining an unob structed airway are reviewed, as are methods of posi tioning and holding the face mask. Breathing bag systems used to deliver supplemental oxygen and posi tive-pressure ventilation to the nonintubated patient are discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Givner I., Jaffe N.Occlusion of the central retinal artery following anesthesia. Arch Ophthalmol1950;43:197-201
2.
Snow JC, Kripke BJ, Norton ML, et al. Corneal injuries during general anesthesia. Anesth Analg1975;54:465-467
3.
Batra YK, Bali IMCorneal abrasions during general anesthesia. Anesth Analg1977;56:363-365
Fuller JE, Thomas DVFacial nerve paralysis after general anesthesia. JAMA1956;162:645
7.
Safar P., Escarraga LA, Chang F.Upper airway obstruction in the unconscious patient. J Appl Physiol1959;14:760-764
8.
Morikawa S., Safar P., DeCarlo J.Influence of the head-jaw position upon upper airway patency. Anesthesiology1961; 22:265-270
9.
Hartigan ML, Cleary JL, Gross JB, Schaffer DWIs nasal cocaine superior to a lidocaine-phenylephrine mixture for blind nasotracheal intubation?Anesth Analg1984;63:227
10.
Moore MW, Rauscher LAA complication of oropharyngeal airway placement. Anesthesiology1977;47:526
11.
Shulman MSUvular edema without endotracheal intubation. Anesthesiology1981;55:82-83
12.
Sellick BACricoid pressure to control regurgitation of stomach contents during induction of anesthesia. Lancet1961;2:404—406
13.
Admani M., Yeh TF, Jain R., et al. Prevention of gastric inflation during mask ventilation in newborn infants. Crit Care Med1985;13:592-593
14.
Salem MR, Yong AY, Mani M., Sellick BAEfficacy of cricoid pressure in preventing gastric inflation during bag-mask ventilation in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology1974;40:96—98
15.
Don Michael TA, Lambert EH, Mehran A. "Mouth-to-lung airway" for cardiac resuscitation . Lancet1968;2:1329
16.
Meislin HWThe esophageal obturator airway: a study of respiratory effectiveness. Ann Emerg Med1980;9:54-59
17.
Schofferman J., Oill P., Lewis AJThe esophageal obturator airway. A clinical evaluation. Chest1976;69:67-71
18.
Auerbach PS , Geehr ECInadequate oxygenation and ventilation using the esophageal gastric tube airway in the prehospital setting. JAMA1983;250:3067-3071
19.
Donen N., Tweed WA, Dashfsky S., Guttormson B.The esophageal obturator airway: an appraisal. Can Anaesth Soc J1983 ; 30: 194-200
20.
Bryson TK, Benumof JL, Ward CFThe esophageal obturator airway. A clinical comparison to ventilation with a mask and oropharyngeal airway. Chest1978 ;74:537-539
21.
Berkebile PE , Narla R An unusual complication of esophageal obturator airway (EOA). Anesthesiology1982 ;57:414-415
Eisenberg RSA new airway for tracheal or esophageal insertion: description and field experience. Ann Emerg Med1980 ; 9: 270-272
24.
Niemann JT, Rosborough JP, Myers R., Scarberry ENThe pharyngeo-tracheal lumen airway: preliminary investigation of a new adjunct . Ann Emerg Med1984;13:591-596
25.
Brain Aij.The laryngeal mask—a new concept in airway management. Br J Anaesth1983;55:801-805
26.
Stewart RD, Paris PM, Winter PM, et al. Field endotracheal intubation by paramedical personnel. Success rates and complications. Chest1984;85:341-345
27.
Jacobs LM, Berrizbeitia LD, Bennett B., Madigan C.Endotracheal intubation in the prehospital phase of emergency medical care . JAMA 183;250:2175-2177
28.
Emergency Care Research Institute.Manually operated resuscitators. Health Devices1974;3:164-176
29.
Garden E., Bernstein M.Investigation of the nine most commonly used resuscitation bags. JAMA1970;212:589-592
30.
Ruben H.A new nonrebreathing valve. Anesthesiology1955;16:643-645
31.
White RD, Gilles BP, Polk BVOxygen delivery by hand-operated emergency ventilation devices. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians1973;2:105-107
32.
Hodgkin JE, Foster GL, Nicolay LICardiopulmonary resuscitation: development of an organized protocol. Crit Care Med1977;5:93-100
Brooks W., Stuart P., Gabel PVThe T-piece technique in anesthesia: an examination of its fundamental principle . Anesth Analg1958;37:191-196
35.
Mapleson WWThe elimination of rebreathing in various semi-closed anaesthetic systems. Br J Anaesth1954;26:323-332
36.
Nightingale DA, Richards CC, Glass A.An evaluation of rebreathing in a modified T-piece system during controlled ventilation in anaesthetized children. Br J Anaesth1965; 37:762-771
37.
Rose DK, Froese ABThe regulation of PaCO2 during controlled ventilation of children with a T-piece. Can Anaesth Soc J1979;26:104-113
38.
Bain JA, Spoerel WEFlow requirements for a modified Mapleson D system during controlled ventilation . Can Anaesth Soc J1973;20:629-636
39.
Hess D., Baran C.Ventilatory volumes using mouth-to-mouth, mouth-to-mask, and bag-valve-mask techniques. Am J Emerg Med1985;3:292-296
40.
Jesudian Mcs , Harrison RR, Keenan RL, Maull KLBag-valve-mask ventilation; two rescuers are better than one: preliminary report. Crit Care Med1985;13:122-123
41.
Mihm FG, Halperin BDNon-invasive monitoring of respiratory failure with pulse oximetry and capnography . Anesthesiology1983;59:A136
42.
Ries AL, Farrow JT, Clausen JLAccuracy of two ear Oximeters at rest and during exercise in pulmonary patients . Am Rev Respir Dis1985;132:685-689
43.
Clarke TA, Zmora E., Chen J-H., et al. Transcutaneous oxygen monitoring during neonatal transport. Pediatrics1980;65: 884-886
44.
Tremper KK, Waxman K., Bowman R., Shoemaker WCContinuous transcutaneous oxygen monitoring during respiratory failure, cardiac decompensation cardiac arrest, and CPR. Crit Care Med1980;8:377-381
45.
Waxman K., Sadler R., Eisner ME, et al. Transcutaneous oxygen monitoring of emergency department patients . Am J Surg1983;146:35-38