Ultrasound Assessment of the Inferior Vena Cava for Fluid Responsiveness: Making the Case for Skepticism

Abstract

Determining whether a patient in shock is in a state of fluid responsiveness (FR) has long been the Holy Grail for clinicians who care for acutely ill patients. While various tools have been put forth as solutions to this important problem, ultrasound assessment of the inferior vena cava has received particular attention of late. Dozens of studies have examined its ability to determine whether a patient should receive volume expansion, and general enthusiasm has been strengthened by the fact that it is easy to perform and non-invasive, unlike many competing FR tests. A deeper examination of the technique, however, reveals important concerns regarding inaccuracies in measurement and a high prevalence of confounding factors. Furthermore, a detailed review of the evidence (small individual studies, multiple meta-analyses, and a single large trial) reveals that the tool performs poorly in general and is unlikely to be helpful at the bedside in circumstances where genuine clinical uncertainty exists.