Making Inferences from Scientific Research

Finkler SA . The distinction between cost and charges. Ann Intern Med 1992;96:102–7.

Pratt CM Moye LA . The cardiac arrhythmia suppression trial: Background, interim results and implications. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:20B–9B.

Heyland DK Cook D King D . Maximizing oxygen delivery in critically ill patients: A methodologic appraisal of the evidence. Crit Care Med 1996;24:517–24.

Fleming TR DeMets DL . Surrogate end points in clinical trials: Are we being misled? Ann Intern Med 1996;125:605–13.

Sackett DL . Rules of evidence and clinical recommendations on the use of antithrombotic agents. Chest 1989;95:2S–4S.

Guyatt GH Sackett DL , Cook DJ, for the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Users' guides to the medical literature. II. How to use an article about therapy or prevention. Are the results of the study valid? J Am Med Assoc 1993;270:2598–601.

Guyatt GH Sackett DL , Cook DJ, for the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Users' guides to the medical literature. II. How to use an article about therapy or prevention. What were the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? J Am Med Assoc 1994;271:59–63.

Oxman AD Cook DJ , Guyatt GH, for the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Users' guides to the medical literature. VI. How to use an overview. J Am Med Assoc 1994;272:1367–71.

Yusuf S Wittes J Probstfiel J . Analysis and interpretation of treatment effects in subgroups of patients in randomized clinical trials. J Am Med Assoc 1991;266:93–8.

Oxman AD Guyatt GH . Apples, oranges and fish: A consumer's guide to subgroup analyses. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:78–84.

Drummond MF Stoddart GL Torrance GW . Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987:18–35.

Drummond MF Richardson WS O'Brien B . for the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. User's guides to the medical literature. XI. How to use an economic analysis of clinical practice: A. Are the results of the study valid?. J Am Med Assoc 1997;277:1552–7.

O'Brien B Heyland DK Richardson WS , for the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. User's guides to the medical literature. XI. How to use an economic analysis of clinical practice: B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? J Am Med Assoc 1997;277:1802–6.

Heyland DK Kernerman P Gafni A . Economic evaluations in the intensive care unit: Do they help us improve the efficiency of our unit? Crit Care Med 1996;24:1591–8.

Donabedian A . Evaluating the quality of medical care. Milbank Mem Fund Q 1966;44:166–206.

Naylor CD , Guyatt GH, for the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. User's guides to the medical literature. X. How to use an article reporting variations in the outcomes of health services. J Am Med Assoc 1996;275:554–8.

Naylor CD , Guyatt GH, for the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. User's guides to the medical literature. IX. How to use an article about a clinical utilization review. J Am Med Assoc 1996;275:1435–9.

Guyatt GH Naylor CD Juniper L , for the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. User's guides to the medical literature. XII. How to use an article about health-related quality of life. J Am Med Assoc 1997;277:1232–6.

Heyland DK Meade M Cook D . The frequency and methodological rigor of quality of life assessments in the critical care literature. Crit Care Med 1998;26:591–8.

Patrick DL Danis M Southerland LI . Quality of life following intensive care. J Gen Intern Med 1988;3:218–23.

Guyatt GH Tugwell PX Feeny DH . A framework for clinical evaluation of diagnostic technologies. Can Med Assoc 1986;134:587–94.