The strongest predictor of breast cancer risk is family history, although the relationship of many dietary factors in regards to increased or decreased risk of future breast cancer appears to be related to their modification of estrogenic exposure. Another major mechanism of nutrients may be through their effect on the immune system. Inconsistencies in studies, their methodologies, and in some cases the lack of human data make it difficult to discern which nutrients may or may not be effective in the prevention of breast cancer, much less their mechanism of action. This review discusses the possible mechanisms of action of nutrients, types of nutrition studies and their respective merit, and available data in major areas of research—fat, alcohol, fiber, antioxidants, protein, phytoestrogens and phytochemicals, and ongoing trials.
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