Enteral Nutrition for the Burn Patient

Langkamp-Henken B Glezer JA Kudsk KA . Immunologic structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract. NCP 1992; 7:100.

Alexander JW Gottschlich MM . Nutritional immuno-modulation in burn patients. Crit Care Med 1990: 18:5149.

Suchner V Senftleben U Eckart T . Enteral versus parenteral nutrition: Effects on gastrointestinal function and metabolism. Nutrition 1996; 12:13.

Hosoda N Nishi M Nakagawa M . Structural and functional alteration in the gut of parenterally or enterally fed rats. J Surg Res 1989; 47:129.

Gianotti L Nelson JL Alexander JW . Post-injury hypermetabolic response and magnitude of translocation prevention by early enteral nutrition. Nutrition 1994; 10:225.

Jenkins M Gottschlich M Alexander JW . An evaluation of the effect of immediate enteral feeding on the hypermetabolic response following severe burn injury. J Burn Care Rehabil 1994; 5:106.

Long JM Wilmore DW Mason AD . Effect of carbohydrate and fat intake on nitrogen excretion during total intravenous feeding. Ann Surg 1977; 85:417.

Alexander JW MacMillen BG Stinnett JP . Beneficial effects of aggressive protein feeding in severely burned children. Ann Surg 1980; 192:505.

Trocki O Mochizuki H Dominioni L . Intact protein versus free amino acids in the nutritional support of thermally injured animals. JPEN 1986; 10:139.

Barbul A Sisto DA Wasserkrug HL . Nitrogen sparing and immune mechanisms of arginine: Differential dose-dependent responses during post injury intravenous hyperalimentation. Curr Surg 1983; 40:114.

Nubysjubm ML Lavine ME Ulman EA Fisher H : Nitrogen retention, muscle creatinine and orotic acid excretion in traumatized rats fed arginine and glycine enriched diets. J Nutr 1981; 111:1265.

Barbul A Rettura G Levenson SM . Arginine: A thymotrophic and wound-healing promoting agent. Surg Forum 1977; 28:101.

Barbul A Rettura G Levenson SM . Wound healing and thymotrophic effects of arginine: A pituitary mechanism of action. Am J Clin Nutr 1983; 37:786.

Daly JM Reynolds J Thorm A . Immune and metabolic effects of arginine in the surgical patient. Ann Surg 1988; 208:512.

Barbul A Sisto DA Wasserkrug HL . Arginine stimulates lymphocyte immune response in healthy human beings. Surgery 1981; 90:244.

Mulloy AL Kari FW Visek WJ . Dietary arginine, insulin secretion, glucose tolerance and liver lipids during repletion of protein-depleted rats. Metab Res 1982; 14:471.

Merimee TJ Lillicrap DA Rabinowitz D. Effect of arginine on serum levels of human growth hormone. Lancet 1965; 2:668.

Saito H Trocki O Wang S . Metabolism and immune effects of dietary arginine supplementation after burn. Arch Surg 1987; 122:784.

Tenenhaus M Hansbrough JF Zapata-Servent RL . Supplementation of an elemental diet with alanyl-glutamine decreases bacterial translocation in burned mice. Burns 1990; 20:220.

Parry-Billings M Evans J Calder PC . Does glutamine contribute to immunosuppression after major burns. Lancet 1990; 336:523.

Gottschlich MM Jenkins M Warden GD . Differential effects of three enteral dietary regimens on selected outcome variables in burn patients. JPEN 1990; 14:225.

Garrel DR Razi M Lariviere F . Improved clinical status and length of care with lowfat nutrition support in burn patients. JPEN 1995; 19:482.

Mochizuki H Trocki O Dominioni L . Optimal lipid content for enteral diets following thermal injury. JPEN 1984; 80:638.

Trocki O Heyd TJ Waymack JP . Effects of fish oil on postburn metabolism and immunity. JPEN 1987; 11:521.

Mochizuki H Trocki O Dominioni L. Mechanisms of prevention of postburn hypermetabolism and catabolism by early enteral feeding. Ann Surg 1984; 200:297.

Dominioni L Trocki O Mochizuki H . Prevention of severe postburn hypermetabolism and catabolism by immediate intragastric feeding. J Burn Care Rehabil 1984; 5:106.

Chiarelli A Enzi G Casadei A . Very early nutrition supplementation in burned patients. J Clin Nutr 1990; 51: 1035.

Cone L Gilligan M Zite I . The use of bedside fluoroscopy in the placement of nasoduodenal feeding tubes in pediatric burn patients. Proceedings of the American Burn Association. American Burn Association Annual Meeting. 1993; 86 (Abstract).

Jenkins M Gottschlich M Warden G. Enteral feeding during operative procedures in thermal injuries. J Burn Care Rehabil 1994; 15:199.