Physicians as Entrepreneurs

Institute of Medicine. For-Profit Enterprise in Health Care, National Academy Press, Washington, 1986.

Relman A. , Reinhardt U. Debating-for-Profit Health Care and the Ethics of Physicians. Health Affairs, 5-31, Summer 1986.

Id. at 18.

Id. at 10.

Id. at 22.

Reports of the Judicial Council of the American Medical Association, December 1984, JAMA 253(16): 2424-2425, April 26, 1985.

Id. at 2425.

21 U.S.C. §§ 360(a) and (g) (1985).

Cal Bus. & Prof. Code § 4080.5 (Deering Supp. 1986); Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 333.16221(e)(iii) (West 1980 and Supp. 1984-85).

Magan Medical Clinic v. California State Board of Medical Examiners, 249 Cal. App. 2d 124, 57 Cal. Rptr. 256 (1957); see esp. id., 57 Cal. Rptr. at 260-262.

Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 333.16221(e)(iii) West 1980 and Supp. 1984-85) (emphasis added).

Mich. Op. Atty. Gen. No. 5498 (June 8, 1979).

Lester v. Kelly, No. 79-189821-CZ (Circ. Ct. Oakland Co., Oct. 6, 1982).

See, e.g., Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 32-1401 (dd) (West 1986); Cal. Busin. & Prof. Code § 654.2 (Deering Supp. 1986).

See, e.g., N.Y. Admin. Code tit. 8, § 29.7(a)(12)(1984); Pa. Admin. Code § 27.18(q)(Shepard's 1984).

See, e.g., Fla. Stat. Ann. § 458.331(o)(West 1981).

Personal communications with counsel, executive secretaries, and other staff of Medical Boards in a number of states.

42 U.S.C. § 1395nn(b) (Medicare); 42 U.S.C. § 1396n(b) (Medicaid).

U.S. v. Greber, 760 F.2d 68, 72 (3d Circ. 1985); see also, U.S. v. Lipkis, 770 F.2d 1447 (9th Circ. 1985); U.S. v. Hancock, 604 F.2d 999 (7th Circ. 1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 991 (1979).

See, e.g. Medicare Part B Intermediary Letter 85-2 (April 1985), superceding Medicare Part B Intermediary Letter 84-9 (September 1984), advising that arrangements through which practitioners obtain an opportunity to generate fees by referring patients to medical suppliers may violate the federal anti-fraud and abuse law.

Pub. L. 96-499, § 930(e) and Pub. L. 98-369, § 2336, Amending Sections 1814(a) and 1835(a) of the Social Security Act, codified at 42 U.S.C. §§ 1102, 1395 f, m, and hh.

51 Fed. Reg. 23541-23546, June 30, 1986, to be codified at 42 C.F.R. § 405.1633(d).

Id., § 405.1633(d)(3).

Id., § 405.1633(e).

Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 752.1004 (West Supp. 1986).

42 U.S.C. §§ 1320a-7, 1395nn, and 1396h (1985).

Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association Press Release: Anti-fraud campaigns yield $51 million savings for Blue Cross and Blue Shield Plans, Dec. 10, 1986. [Contact: Charlotte Crenson, Blue Cross and Blue Shield Assoc., 1709 New York Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. (202) 783-6257.]

Id.