Pelham LDRational use of intravenous fat emulsions. Am J Hosp Pharm1981;38:198-208.
2.
Hadfield JIH.Preoperative and postoperative intravenous fat therapy. Br J Surg1965;52:291-8.
3.
Waddel WR, Geyer RP, Olsen FR, et al. Clinical observations on the use of non-phosphatide (pluronic) fat emulsions. Metabolism1957;6:815-21.
4.
Goodgame J., Lowry S., Brennan M., et al. Essential fatty acid deficiency in total parenteral nutrition: time course of development and suggestions for therapy. Surgery1978;84:271-6.
5.
Nordenstrom J., Carpenter YA, Askanazi J., et al. Metabolic utilization of intravenous fat emulsion during total parenteral nutrition. Ann Surg1982;196:221-31.
6.
Jeejeebhoy KNThe role of fat in parenteral nutrition. Chicago, IL: Medical Direction, Inc., 1980 .
7.
Tashiro T., Ogata H., Yokoyama H., et al. The effect of fat emulsion (Intralipid) on essential fatty acid deficiency in infants receiving intravenous alimentation. J Pediatr Surg1976;11:505-15.
8.
Faulkner WJ, Flint LMEssential fatty acid deficiency associated with total parenteral nutrition . Surg Gynecol Obstet1977;144:665-7.
9.
Sailer D., Berg G.Essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome in the adult. Nutr Metab1977;21:101-3.
10.
Bivins BA, Bell RM, Rapp RPLinoleic acid versus linolenic acid: what is essential?JPEN1983;7:473-8.
11.
O'Neill JA, Caldwell MD, Meng HCEssential fatty acid deficiency in surgical patients. Ann Surg1977;185:536-41.
12.
Marcus AJThe role of lipids in platelet function: with particular reference to the arachidonic acid pathway. J Lipid Res1978 ;19:793-826.
13.
Jelenko C., Wheeler ML, Anderson AP, et al. Studies in burns: healing in burn wounds treated with ethyl linoleate alone or in combination with selected topical antibacterial agents . Ann Surg1975;182:562-6.
14.
Anonymous.Essential fatty acids and water permeability of the skin. Nutr Rev1977;35:303-5.
15.
Heird WC, Winters RWTotal parenteral nutrition: the state of the art. J Pediatr1975;86:2-16.
16.
Holman RTEssential fatty acids in human nutrition. In: Holman RT, ed. Progress in the chemistry of fat and other lipids, vol 9. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press , 1968;279-348.
17.
Van Evert WCInhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid. Prostaglandins1978;15:267-78.
18.
Holman RTThe ratio of the trienoic:tetrenoic acid in tissue lipids as a measure of essential fatty acid requirements. J Nutr1960;70:405-21.
Jeejeebhoy KN, Anderson GH, Nakhooda AF, et al. Metabolic studies in total parenteral nutrition with lipid in man. J Clin Invest1976;57:125-36.
21.
Richardson TJ, Sgoutas D.Essential fatty acid deficiency in four adult patients during total parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr1975;28:258-63.
22.
Brignoli CA , Kinsella JL, Weihrauchi JLComprehensive evaluation of fatty acids in foods. J Am Diet Assoc1976 ;68:224-34.
23.
Hashim SA, Bergen SS, Krell K., et al. Intestinal absorption and mode of transport in portal vein of medium chain fatty acids. J Clin Invest1964 ;43:1238-44.
24.
Chernoff R.Enteral feedings. Am J Hosp Pharm1980;37:65-74.
25.
Hirono H.Essential fatty acid deficiency induced by total parenteral nutrition and by medium-chain triglyceride oil feeding. Am J Clin Nutr1977;30:1670-6.
26.
Friedman Z. , Danon A., Stahlman MT, et al. Rapid onset of essential fatty acid deficiency in the newborn. Pediatrics1976 ;58:640-9.
Prottey C., Hartop PJ, Press M.Correction of the cutaneous manifestations of essential fatty acid deficiency in man by application of sunflower seed oil to the skin. J Invest Dermatol1975;64:228-34.
29.
Hunt CE, Engel RR, Moder S., et al. Essential fatty acid deficiency in neonates: inability to reverse deficiency by topical applications of essential fatty acid rich oil. Pediatrics1978;92:603-7.
30.
Press M., Hartop PJ, Prottey C.Correction of fatty acid deficiency in man by cutaneous application of sunflower seed oil. Lancet1974;1:597-8.
31.
Van Way C., Meng HC, Sandstead HHAn assessment of the role of parenteral alimentation in the management of surgical patients. Ann Surg1973;177:103-11.
32.
Law DHCurrent concepts in nutrition. N Engl J Med1977;297:1104-7.
33.
Olson GB, Teasley KM, Cerra FMBalanced parenteral nutrition. Nutr Support Serv1985;5:16-20.
34.
Dietal M., Kaminsky V.Total parenteral nutrition by peripheral vein: the lipid system. Can Med Assoc J1974;111:152-4.
35.
Fleming CR, McGill DB, Hoffman HN et al. Total parenteral nutrition. Mayo Clin Proc1976;51:187-99.
36.
Sobrado J., Moldawer LL, Pomposelli JJ, et al. Lipid emulsions and reticuloendothelial system function in healthy and burned guinea pigs. Am J Clin Nutr1985 ;42:855-63.
37.
Wretlind A.Development of fat emulsions. JPEN1981;5:230-7.
38.
Long JM, Wilmore DW, Mason AD, et al. Effect of carbohydrate and fat intake on nitrogen excretion during total intravenous feeding. Ann Surg1977;185:417-21.
39.
Meguid MMReduced metabolic complications in total parenteral nutrition: pilot study using fat to replace one-third of glucose calories. JPEN1982;6:304-7.
40.
Twyman D., Rapp RP, Bivens B.Fat emulsions as a caloric source in total parenteral nutrition. Am J IV Therapy Clin Nutr1982;9:9-26, 31-4, 42.
41.
Shizgal HM, Forse RAProtein and calorie requirements with total parenteral nutrition. Ann Surg1980;192:562-9.
42.
Tulikoura I. , Huikuri K.Changes in nitrogen metabolism in catabolic patients given three different parenteral nutrition regimens . Acta Chir Scand1981;147:519-24.
43.
Nordenstrom J., Askanazi J., Elwyn DHNitrogen balance during total parenteral nutrition: glucose vs fat. Ann Surg1983;197:27-33.
44.
Macfie J., Smith RC, Hill GL, et al. Glucose or fat as a nonprotein energy source?Gastroenterology1981;80:103-7.
45.
Lee HAThe rationale for using fat emulsion (Intralipid) as part energy substrate during intravenous nutrition. In: Greep JM et al, eds. Current Concepts in Parenteral Nutrition . The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Medical Division. 1977;261-71.
46.
Askanazi J. , Nordenstrom J., Rosenbaum SH, et al. Nutrition for the patient with respiratory failure. Anesthesiology1981;54:373-7.
47.
Jeejeebhoy KN , Rapp RP, Bivens B., et al. Total parenteral nutrition at home for 23 months, without complication, and with good rehabilitation. A study of technical and metabolic features. Gastroenterology1973;68:811-20.
48.
Hessov I., Flemming M., Haug A.Post mortem findings in three patients treated with intravenous fat emulsions . Arch Surg1979;114:66-8.
49.
Nanni G., Pittiruti M., Giovannini I., et al. Plasma carnitine levels and urinary carnitine excretion during sepsis. JPEN1985;9:483-90.
50.
Askanazi J., Rosenbaum SH, Hyman AI, et al. Respiratory changes induced by the large glucose loads of total parenteral nutrition. JAMA1980;243:1441-7.
51.
Covelli HD, Black JW, Olsen MS, et al. Respiratory failure precipitated by high carbohydrate loads . Ann Int Med1981;95:579-81.
52.
Askanazi J. , Carpenter YA, Elwyn DH, et al. Influence of total parenteral nutrition on fuel utilization in injury and sepsis. Ann Surg1980;191:40-6.
53.
Nordenstrom J., Jarstrand C., Wiernik A.Decreased chemotactic and random migration of leukocytes during Intralipid infusion. Am J Clin Nutr1979;32:2416-22.
54.
Jarstrand C. , Berghelm X., Lahnburg G.Human granulocyte and reticuloendothelial system function during Intralipid infusion. JPEN1978;2:663-70.
55.
Ota DM, Jessup JM, Babcock GF, et al. Immune function during intravenous administration of a soybean oil emulsion. JPEN1985;9:23-7.
56.
Hamawy KJ, Moldawer LL, Georgieff M., et al. The effect of lipid emulsions on reticuloendothelial system function in the injured animal. JPEN1985;9:559-65.
57.
Buzby GP, Mullen JL, Stein TP, et al. Manipulation of TPN caloric substrate and fatty infiltration of the liver. J Surg Res1981;31:46-54.
58.
Lowry SF, Brennan MFAbnormal liver function during parenteral nutrition: relation to infusion excess. J Surg Res1979;26:300-7.
59.
Hallberg D.Elimination of exogenous lipids from the bloodstream . Acta Physiol Scand1965;65:3-21.
60.
McFayden B. , Dudrick S., Tagudar A., et al. Triglyceride and free fatty acid clearance in patients receiving complete parenteral nutrition using a 10% soybean emulsion . Surg Gynecol Obstet1973;137:813-815.
61.
Wretlind A.Parenteral nutrition. Surg Clin N Am1978;58:1055-1070.
62.
Gustafson A. , Kjellmer I., Olegard R., et al. Nutrition in low birth weight infants: I. Intravenous injection of fat emulsion. Acta Paediatr Scand1972;61:149-58.
63.
Shennan AT, Bryan MH, Angel A.The effect of gestational age on Intralipid tolerance in newborn infants . J Pediatr1977;91:134-7.
64.
Filler RM, Takada Y., Carreras T., et al. Serum Intralipid levels in neonates during parenteral nutrition: the relation of gestational age. J Pediatr Surg1980;15:405-10.
65.
Gustafson A. , Kjellmer I., Olegard R., et al. Nutrition in low birth weight infants: II. Repeated intravenous injections of fat emulsion . Acta Paediatr Scand1974;63:177-82.
66.
Lindholm M. , Rossner S.Rate of elimination of the Intralipid fat emulsion from the circulation in ICU patients. Crit Care Med1982;10:740-6.
67.
Yeo MT, Gazzaniga AB, Barlett RM, et al. Total intravenous nutrition. Arch Surg1973;106:792-6.
68.
Passwell JH , David R., Katznelson D., et al. Pigment deposition in the reticuloendothelial system after fat emulsion infusion. Arch Dis Child1976;51:366-8.
69.
Campbell AN , Freedman MH, Pencharz PB, et al. Bleeding disorder from the "fat overload" syndrome. JPEN1984 ;8:447-9.
70.
Lemperle G.Depression and stimulation of host defense mechanisms after severe burns. Plast Reconstr Surg1970 ;45:435-61.
71.
Kaminski MV , Abrahamian V., Chrysomilides SA, et al. Comparative study of clearance of 10% and 20% fat emulsion. JPEN1983;7:126-30.
72.
Meng HC, Zayan M., Kahn S., et al. Comparison of Intralipid 10% and Intralipid 20% as a source of energy and essential fatty acids: a multicenter study. Acta Chir Scand (suppl)1983;517:179-203.
73.
Coran AGThe intravenous use of fat for the total parenteral nutrition of the infant . Lipids1972;7:455-8.
74.
Brunzell J. , Bierman E.Pathophysiology of lipoprotein transport. Metabolism1978;27:1109-27.
75.
Goodenough Rd , Wolfe RREffect of total parenteral nutrition on free fatty acid metabolism in burn patients. JPEN1984;8:357-60.
76.
Grimley MWIntravenous fat emulsions (letter to editor). Am J Hosp Pharm1982;39:580-1.
77.
D'harlinque A., Hopper AO, Stevenson DK, et al. Limited value of nephelometry in monitoring the administration of intravenous fat in neonates . JPEN1983;7:55-8.
78.
Hansen EM, Hardie WR, Hidalgo J.Fat emulsions for intravenous administration: clinical experience with Intralipid 10%. Ann Surg1976;184:80-8.
79.
Belin RP, Bivins BA, Jona JZ, et al. Fat overload with a 10% soybean oil emulsion. Arch Surg1976;111:1391-3.
80.
Meng HCUse of fat emulsions in parenteral nutrition. Drug Intell Clin Pharm1972;6:321-30.
81.
Greene HL, Hazlett D., Demares R.Relationship between Intralipid-induced hyperlipemia and pulmonary function . Am J Clin Nutr1976;29:127-35.
82.
Jarnberg P. , Lindholm M., Eklund J.Lipid infusion in critically ill patients . Crit Care Med1981;9:27-31.
83.
VanDeyk K., Hempel V., Munch F., et al. Influence of parenteral fat administration on the pulmonary vascular system in man. Int Care Med1983;9:73-7.
84.
Starinsky R. , Shafrir E.Displacement of albumin-bound bilirubin by free fatty acids: implications for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Clin Chim Acta1970;29:311-8.
85.
Palmblad J. , Bronstrom O., Uden AM, et al. Intralipid and reticuloendothelial blockade (letter). Lancet1980;2:1138-9.
86.
Palmblad J. , Bronstrom O., Lahnborg G., et al. Neutrophil function during total parenteral nutrition and Intralipid infusion. Am J Clin Nutr1982;35:1430-6.
87.
Raasch RH, Hak LJ, Benaim V., et al. Effect of intravenous fat emulsion on experimental acute pancreatitis . JPEN1983;7:254-6.
88.
Klein E., Shnebaum S., Ben-Ari G., et al. Effects of total parenteral nutrition on exocrine pancreatic secretion. Am J Gastroenterol1983;78:31-7.
89.
Silberman H. , Dixon NP, Eisenberg P.The safety and efficacy of a lipid-based system of parenteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol1982;77:494-7.
90.
Edelman K., Valenzuela JEEffect of intravenous lipid on human pancreatic secretion. Gastroenterology1983; 85:1063-6.
91.
Rapp RP, Donaldson ES, Bivins BAParenteral nutrition in a patient with familial type IV hypertriglyceridemia: a dilemma. Drug Intell Clin Pharm1983;17:458-60.
92.
Maki DG, Goldmnan DA, Rhame FSInfection control in intravenous therapy. Ann Int Med1973;79:867-87.
93.
Ryan JA, Abel RM, Abbott WM, et al. Catheter complications in total parenteral nutrition: a prospective study of 200 consecutive patients. N Engl J Med1974;290:757-61.
94.
Melly MA, Meng HC, Schaffner W.Microbial growth in lipid emulsions used in parenteral nutrition. Ann Surg1975;110:1479-81.
95.
Crocker KS, Noga R., Filibeck DJ, et al. Microbial growth comparisons of five commercial parenteral lipid emulsions. JPEN1984;8:391-95.
96.
LaVeen HH, Giordano P., Johnson A.Flocculation of intravenous fat emulsions . Am J Clin Nutr1965;16:129-34.
97.
Dawes WH, Groves MJThe effect of electrolytes on phospholipid-stabilized soybean oil emulsions . Int J Pharm1978;1:141-50.
98.
Black CD, Popovich NGA study of IV emulsion compatibility: effects of dextrose, amino acids, and selected electrolytes. Drug Intell Clin Pharm1981;15:184-93.
99.
Pamperl H., Kleinberger G.Morphologic changes of Intralipid 20% liposomes in all-in-one solutions during prolonged storage. Infusionther Klin Ernahr1982;9:86-9.
100.
Baptista R.TPN admixture considerations. Address given at the 9th clinical congress of the American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Miami, FL: January 1985.
101.
Halberg D. , Wersall J.The electron-microscopic investigation of chylomicrons and fat emulsions for intravenous use. Acta Chir Scand Suppl1964;325:23-5.
102.
Abbott Laboratories: Department of Marketing and Marketed Nutritionals. Liposyn II: a new intravenous fat emulsion-rationale for formulation. December 1984;1-5.
103.
Holman RT, Johnson SB, Hatch TF, et al. A case of human linolenic acid deficiency involving neurological abnormalities. Am J Clin Nutr1982;35:617-23.
104.
Stein TP, Presti ME, Leskiw MJ, et al. Comparison of glucose, LCT, and LCT plus MCT as calorie sources for parenterally nourished rats. Am J Physiol1984;246:E277-E287.
105.
Tao RC , Yoshimura NNCarnitine metabolism and its application in parenteral nutrition. JPEN1980;4:469-86.
106.
Borum PRRole of carnitine supplementation in clinical nutrition, in Advances in Clinical Nutrition, vol 5. New York, Plenum Press, 1983, pp 315-24.
107.
Bach AC, Babayan VKMedium-chain triglycerides: an update. Am J Clin Nutr1982;36:950-62.
108.
Orzali A., Maetzke G., Donzelli F., et al. Effect of carnitine on lipid metabolism in the neonate. II. Carnitine addition to lipid infusion during prolonged parenteral nutrition . J Pediatr1984;104:436-40.
109.
Stein TP, Buzby GP, Gertner MH, et al. Effect of parenteral nutrition on protein synthesis and liver fat metabolism in man. Am J Physiol1980;239:G280-G287.
110.
Allardyce DPCholestasis caused by lipid emulsions. Surg Gynecol Obstet1982;154:641-7.
111.
Birkhahn RH , Border JRAlternate or supplemental energy source. JPEN1981;5:24-31.
112.
Mok KT , Maiz A., Yamazaki K., et al. Structured medium-chain and long-chain triglyceride emulsions are superior to physical mixtures in sparing body protein in the burned rat. Metabolism1984;33:910-5.
113.
Maiz A., Yamazaki K., Sobrado J., et al. Protein metabolism during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in injured rats using medium-chain triglycerides. Metabolism1984;33:901-9.