TragnoneAValpianiDMiglioF. Dietary habits as risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1995;7(1):47-51.
2.
PerssonPGAhlbomAHellersG. Diet and inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study. Epidemiology. 1992;3(1):47-52.
3.
SakamotoNKonoSWakaiK. Dietary risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease: a multicenter case-control study in Japan. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005;11(2):154-163.
4.
AmreDKD’SouzaSMorganK. Imbalances in dietary consumption of fatty acids, vegetables, and fruits are associated with risk for Crohn’s disease in children. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(9):2016-2025.
5.
AnanthakrishnanANKhaliliHKonijetiGG. A prospective study of long-term intake of dietary fiber and risk of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2013;145(5):970-977.
6.
PorterCKTribbleDRAliagaPAHalvorsonHARiddleMS. Infectious gastroenteritis and risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2008;135(3):781-786.
7.
GradelKONielsenHLSchønheyderHCEjlertsenTKristensenBNielsenH. Increased short- and long-term risk of inflammatory bowel disease after salmonella or campylobacter gastroenteritis. Gastroenterology. 2009;137(2):495-501.
8.
HollanderD. Crohn’s disease—a permeability disorder of the tight junction?Gut. 1988;29(12):1621-1624.
9.
RoberfroidM. Prebiotics: the concept revisited. J Nutr. 2007;137(3, suppl 2):830S-837S.
10.
WollowskiIRechkemmerGPool-ZobelBL. Protective role of probiotics and prebiotics in colon cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73(2, suppl):451S-455S.
11.
ButznerJDParmarRBellCJDalalV. Butyrate enema therapy stimulates mucosal repair in experimental colitis in the rat. Gut. 1996;38(4):568-573.
12.
ScheppachWBartramPRichterA. Effect of short-chain fatty acids on the human colonic mucosa in vitro. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1992;16(1):43-48.
13.
SegainJPRaingeard de la BlétièreDBourreilleA. Butyrate inhibits inflammatory responses through NFkappaB inhibition: implications for Crohn’s disease. Gut. 2000;47(3):397-403.
14.
MenzelTLührsHZirlikS. Butyrate inhibits leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells via modulation of VCAM-1. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004;10(2):122-128.
15.
CasellasFBorruelNTorrejónA. Oral oligofructose-enriched inulin supplementation in acute ulcerative colitis is well tolerated and associated with lowered faecal calprotectin. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;25(9):1061-1067.
16.
KanauchiOMitsuyamaKHommaT. Treatment of ulcerative colitis patients by long-term administration of germinated barley foodstuff: multi-center open trial. Int J Mol Med. 2003;12(5):701-704.
17.
HanaiHKanauchiOMitsuyamaK. Germinated barley foodstuff prolongs remission in patients with ulcerative colitis. Int J Mol Med. 2004;13(5):643-647.
18.
Fernández-BañaresFHinojosaJSánchez-LombrañaJL. Randomized clinical trial of Plantago ovata seeds (dietary fiber) as compared with mesalamine in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis. Spanish Group for the Study of Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (GETECCU). Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94(2):427-433.
19.
HallertCKaldmaMPeterssonBG. Ispaghula husk may relieve gastrointestinal symptoms in ulcerative colitis in remission. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1991;26(7):747-750.
20.
HillCGuarnerFReidG. Expert consensus document. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;11(8):506-514.
21.
Garcia VilelaEDe Lourdes De Abreu FerrariMOswaldo Da Gama TorresH. Influence of Saccharomyces boulardii on the intestinal permeability of patients with Crohn’s disease in remission. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2008;43(7):842-848.
22.
StephaniJRadulovicKNiessJH. Gut microbiota, probiotics and inflammatory bowel disease. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2011;59(3):161-177.
23.
PrisciandaroLGeierMButlerRCumminsAHowarthG. Probiotics and their derivatives as treatments for inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;15(12):1906-1914.
24.
O’MahonyCScullyPO’MahonyD. Commensal-induced regulatory T cells mediate protection against pathogen-stimulated NF-kappaB activation. PLoS Pathog. 2008;4(8):e1000112.
25.
MatsumotoSWatanabeNImaokaAOkabeY. Preventive effects of Bifidobacterium- and Lactobacillus-fermented milk on the development of inflammatory bowel disease in senescence-accelerated mouse P1/Yit strain mice. Digestion. 2001;64(2):92-99.
26.
GionchettiPRizzelloFVenturiA. Oral bacteriotherapy as maintenance treatment in patients with chronic pouchitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2000;119(2):305-309.
27.
GionchettiPRizzelloFHelwigU. Prophylaxis of pouchitis onset with probiotic therapy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2003;124(5):1202-1209.
28.
PardiDSD’HaensGShenBCampbellSGionchettiP. Clinical guidelines for the management of pouchitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;15(9):1424-1431.
29.
BibiloniRFedorakRNTannockGW. VSL#3 probiotic-mixture induces remission in patients with active ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(7):1539-1546.
30.
HuynhHQdeBruynJGuanL. Probiotic preparation VSL#3 induces remission in children with mild to moderate acute ulcerative colitis: a pilot study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;15(5):760-768.
31.
MieleEPascarellaFGiannettiEQuagliettaLBaldassanoRNStaianoA. Effect of a probiotic preparation (VSL#3) on induction and maintenance of remission in children with ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(2):437-443.
32.
SoodAMidhaVMakhariaGK. The probiotic preparation, VSL#3 induces remission in patients with mild-to-moderately active ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7(11):1202-1209.
33.
TursiABrandimarteGGiorgettiGMFortiGModeoMEGigliobiancoA. Low-dose balsalazide plus a high-potency probiotic preparation is more effective than balsalazide alone or mesalazine in the treatment of acute mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis. Med Sci Monit. 2004;10(11):PI126-PI131.
34.
TursiABrandimarteGPapaA. Treatment of relapsing mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis with the probiotic VSL#3 as adjunctive to a standard pharmaceutical treatment: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(10):2218-2227.
35.
JonkersDPendersJMascleeAPierikM. Probiotics in the management of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of intervention studies in adult patients. Drugs. 2012;72(6):803-823.
36.
DohertyGBennettGPatilSCheifetzAMossAC. Interventions for prevention of post-operative recurrence of Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD006873.
37.
RahimiRNikfarSRahimiF. A meta-analysis on the efficacy of probiotics for maintenance of remission and prevention of clinical and endoscopic relapse in Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53(9):2524-2531.
38.
RolfeVEFortunPJHawkeyCJBath-HextallF. Probiotics for maintenance of remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(4):CD004826.
39.
ShenJRanHZYinMHZhouTXXiaoDS. Meta-analysis: the effect and adverse events of Lactobacilli versus placebo in maintenance therapy for Crohn disease. Intern Med J. 2009;39(2):103-109.
40.
FedorakRNFeaganBGHotteN. The probiotic VSL#3 has anti-inflammatory effects and could reduce endoscopic recurrence after surgery for Crohn’s disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(5):928-935.
41.
RembackenBJSnellingAMHawkeyPMChalmersDMAxonAT. Non-pathogenic Escherichia coli versus mesalazine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;354(9179):635-639.
42.
KruisWSchützEFricPFixaBJudmaierGStolteM. Double-blind comparison of an oral Escherichia coli preparation and mesalazine in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1997;11(5):853-858.
43.
KruisWFricPPokrotnieksJ. Maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis with the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 is as effective as with standard mesalazine. Gut. 2004;53(11):1617-1623.
KatoKMizunoSUmesakiY. Randomized placebo-controlled trial assessing the effect of bifidobacteria-fermented milk on active ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20(10):1133-1141.
46.
IshikawaHAkedoIUmesakiYTanakaRImaokaAOtaniT. Randomized controlled trial of the effect of bifidobacteria-fermented milk on ulcerative colitis. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003;22(1):56-63.
47.
TsudaYYoshimatsuYAokiH. Clinical effectiveness of probiotics therapy (BIO-THREE) in patients with ulcerative colitis refractory to conventional therapy. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2007;42(11):1306-1311.
48.
KuismaJMentulaSJarvinenHKahriASaxelinMFarkkilaM. Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on ileal pouch inflammation and microbial flora. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;17(4):509-515.
49.
BousvarosAGuandaliniSBaldassanoRN. A randomized, double-blind trial of Lactobacillus GG versus placebo in addition to standard maintenance therapy for children with Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005;11(9):833-839.
50.
PranteraCScribanoMLFalascoGAndreoliALuziC. Ineffectiveness of probiotics in preventing recurrence after curative resection for Crohn’s disease: a randomised controlled trial with Lactobacillus GG. Gut. 2002;51(3):405-409.
51.
SchultzMTimmerAHerfarthHHSartorRBVanderhoofJARathHC. Lactobacillus GG in inducing and maintaining remission of Crohn’s disease. BMC Gastroenterol. 2004;4:5.
52.
Van GossumADewitOLouisE. Multicenter randomized-controlled clinical trial of probiotics (Lactobacillus johnsonii, LA1) on early endoscopic recurrence of Crohn’s disease after ileo-caecal resection. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007;13(2):135-142.
53.
MarteauPLémannMSeksikP. Ineffectiveness of Lactobacillus johnsonii LA1 for prophylaxis of postoperative recurrence in Crohn’s disease: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled GETAID trial. Gut. 2006;55(6):842-847.
54.
GuslandiMMezziGSorghiMTestoniPA. Saccharomyces boulardii in maintenance treatment of Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2000;45(7):1462-1464.
55.
McFarlandLV. Systematic review and meta-analysis of Saccharomyces boulardii in adult patients. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(18):2202-2222.
56.
GuslandiMGiolloPTestoniPA. A pilot trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in ulcerative colitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;15(6):697-698.
57.
SangLXChangBZhangWLWuXMLiXHJiangM. Remission induction and maintenance effect of probiotics on ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(15):1908-1915.
58.
ZigraPIMaipaVEAlamanosYP. Probiotics and remission of ulcerative colitis: a systematic review. Neth J Med. 2007;65(11):411-418.
59.
FujimoriSTatsuguchiAGudisK. High dose probiotic and prebiotic cotherapy for remission induction of active Crohn’s disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22(8):1199-1204.
60.
SteedHMacfarlaneGTBlackettKL. Clinical trial: the microbiological and immunological effects of synbiotic consumption—a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study in active Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32(7):872-883.
61.
ChermeshITamirAReshefR. Failure of Synbiotic 2000 to prevent postoperative recurrence of Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52(2):385-389.
62.
IshikawaHMatsumotoSOhashiY. Beneficial effects of probiotic bifidobacterium and galacto-oligosaccharide in patients with ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled study. Digestion. 2011;84(2):128-133.
63.
FujimoriSGudisKMitsuiK. A randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of synbiotic versus probiotic or prebiotic treatment to improve the quality of life in patients with ulcerative colitis. Nutrition. 2009;25(5):520-525.
64.
WhitingCVBlandPWTarltonJF. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce disease and colonic proinflammatory cytokines in a mouse model of colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005;11(4):340-349.
65.
CamuescoDGálvezJNietoA. Dietary olive oil supplemented with fish oil, rich in EPA and DHA (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids, attenuates colonic inflammation in rats with DSS-induced colitis. J Nutr. 2005;135(4):687-694.
66.
HegaziRASaadRSMadyHMatareseLEO’KeefeSKandilHM. Dietary fatty acids modulate chronic colitis, colitis-associated colon neoplasia and COX-2 expression in IL-10 knockout mice. Nutrition. 2006;22(3):275-282.
67.
AritaMYoshidaMHongS. Resolvin E1, an endogenous lipid mediator derived from omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid, protects against 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(21):7671-7676.
68.
HudertCAWeylandtKHLuY. Transgenic mice rich in endogenous omega-3 fatty acids are protected from colitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103(30):11276-11281.
69.
MeisterDGhoshS. Effect of fish oil enriched enteral diet on inflammatory bowel disease tissues in organ culture: differential effects on ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(47):7466-7472.
70.
AslanATriadafilopoulosG. Fish oil fatty acid supplementation in active ulcerative colitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Am J Gastroenterol. 1992;87(4):432-437.
71.
StensonWFCortDRodgersJ. Dietary supplementation with fish oil in ulcerative colitis. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116(8):609-614.
72.
BarbosaDSCecchiniREl KadriMZRodríguezMABuriniRCDichiI. Decreased oxidative stress in patients with ulcerative colitis supplemented with fish oil omega-3 fatty acids. Nutrition. 2003;19(10):837-842.
73.
LorenzRWeberPCSzimnauPHeldweinWStrasserTLoeschkeK. Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids from fish oil in chronic inflammatory bowel disease—a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over trial. J Intern Med Suppl. 1989;731:225-232.
74.
AlmallahYZRichardsonSO’HanrahanT. Distal procto-colitis, natural cytotoxicity, and essential fatty acids. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93(5):804-809.
75.
SeidnerDLLashnerBABrzezinskiA. An oral supplement enriched with fish oil, soluble fiber, and antioxidants for corticosteroid sparing in ulcerative colitis: a randomized, controlled trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3(4):358-369.
76.
DichiIFrenhanePDichiJB. Comparison of omega-3 fatty acids and sulfasalazine in ulcerative colitis. Nutrition. 2000;16(2):87-90.
77.
FeaganBGSandbornWJMittmannU. Omega-3 free fatty acids for the maintenance of remission in Crohn disease: the EPIC Randomized Controlled Trials. JAMA. 2008;299(14):1690-1697.
78.
Lev-TzionRGriffithsAMLederOTurnerD. Omega 3 fatty acids (fish oil) for maintenance of remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2:CD006320.
79.
Lorenz-MeyerHBauerPNicolayC. Omega-3 fatty acids and low carbohydrate diet for maintenance of remission in Crohn’s disease. A randomized controlled multicenter trial. Study Group Members (German Crohn’s Disease Study Group). Scand J Gastroenterol. 1996;31(8):778-785.
80.
RomanoCCucchiaraSBarabinoAAnneseVSferlazzasC. Usefulness of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in addition to mesalazine in maintaining remission in pediatric Crohn’s disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(45):7118-7121.
81.
BelluzziABrignolaCCampieriMPeraABoschiSMiglioliM. Effect of an enteric-coated fish-oil preparation on relapses in Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(24):1557-1560.
82.
BelluzziABrignolaCCampieriM. A new enteric coated preparation of omega-3 fatty acids for preventing post-surgical recurrence in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 1997;112(4):A494.
83.
SiguelENLermanRH. Prevalence of essential fatty acid deficiency in patients with chronic gastrointestinal disorders. Metabolism. 1996;45(1):12-23.
84.
HawthorneABDaneshmendTKHawkeyCJ. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with fish oil supplementation: a prospective 12 month randomised controlled trial. Gut. 1992;33(7):922-928.
85.
LoeschkeKUeberschaerBPietschA. n-3 fatty acids only delay early relapse of ulcerative colitis in remission. Dig Dis Sci. 1996;41(10):2087-2094.
86.
MantzarisGJArchavlisEZografosCPetrakiKSpiliadesCTriantafyllouG. A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study of fish oil in ulcerative colitis. Hellenic J Gastroenterol. 1996;9(2):138-141.
87.
JobinCBradhamCARussoMP. Curcumin blocks cytokine-mediated NF-kappa B activation and proinflammatory gene expression by inhibiting inhibitory factor I-kappa B kinase activity. J Immunol. 1999;163(6):3474-3483.
88.
DuvoixABlasiusRDelhalleS. Chemopreventive and therapeutic effects of curcumin. Cancer Lett. 2005;223(2):181-190.
89.
JianYTMaiGFWangJDZhangYLLuoRCFangYX. Preventive and therapeutic effects of NF-kappaB inhibitor curcumin in rats colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(12):1747-1752.
90.
DeguchiYAndohAInatomiO. Curcumin prevents the development of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52(11):2993-2998.
91.
SugimotoKHanaiHTozawaK. Curcumin prevents and ameliorates trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in mice. Gastroenterology. 2002;123(6):1912-1922.
92.
HoltPRKatzSKirshoffR. Curcumin therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a pilot study. Dig Dis Sci. 2005;50(11):2191-2193.
BengmarkS. Curcumin, an atoxic antioxidant and natural NFkappaB, cyclooxygenase-2, lipooxygenase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor: a shield against acute and chronic diseases. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2006;30(1):45-51.
95.
ChengALHsuCHLinJK. Phase I clinical trial of curcumin, a chemopreventive agent, in patients with high-risk or pre-malignant lesions. Anticancer Res. 2001;21(4B):2895-2900.
96.
PerkinsSVerschoyleRDHillK. Chemopreventive efficacy and pharmacokinetics of curcumin in the min/+ mouse, a model of familial adenomatous polyposis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002;11(6):535-540.
97.
KumarSAhujaVSankarMJKumarAMossAC. Curcumin for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;10:CD008424.
98.
GayathriBManjulaNVinaykumarKSLakshmiBSBalakrishnanA. Pure compound from Boswellia serrata extract exhibits anti-inflammatory property in human PBMCs and mouse macrophages through inhibition of TNFalpha, IL-1beta, NO and MAP kinases. Int Immunopharmacol. 2007;7(4):473-482.
99.
GuptaIPariharAMalhotraP. Effects of gum resin of Boswellia serrata in patients with chronic colitis. Planta Med. 2001;67(5):391-395.
100.
GerhardtHSeifertFBuvariPVogelsangHRepgesR. Therapy of active Crohn disease with Boswellia serrata extract H 15 [in German]. Z Gastroenterol. 2001;39(1):11-17.
101.
HoltmeierWZeuzemSPreissJ. Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of Boswellia serrata in maintaining remission of Crohn’s disease: good safety profile but lack of efficacy. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011;17(2):573-582.
102.
LangmeadLMakinsRJRamptonDS. Anti-inflammatory effects of aloe vera gel in human colorectal mucosa in vitro. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;19(5):521-527.
103.
Aloe vera helps ulcerative colitis. Health News. 2004;10(6):2.
104.
CartyEBallingerAAzoozO. Does topical aloe vera reduce the severity of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) colitis in rats?Gastroenterology. 1998;114(4):A948.
105.
KorkinaLSuprunMPetrovaAMikhal’chikELuciADe LucaC. The protective and healing effects of a natural antioxidant formulation based on ubiquinol and aloe vera against dextran sulfate-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Biofactors. 2003;18(1-4):255-264.
106.
LangmeadLBallingerACartyE. Aloe vera enemas ameliorate trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) colitis in rats. Gastroenterology. 1999;116(4):A802.
107.
LangmeadLFeakinsRMGoldthorpeS. Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral aloe vera gel for mild-moderately active ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(4):A463.
108.
LangmeadLFeakinsRMGoldthorpeS. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral aloe vera gel for active ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;19(7):739-747.
109.
LangmeadLFeakinsRMGoldthorpeS. Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial of oral aloe vera gel for mild-moderately active ulcerative colitis. Gut. 2004;53:A30.
110.
KulkarniSDTilakJCAcharyaRRajurkarNSDevasagayamTPReddyAV. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum L.) as a function of growth under different conditions. Phytother Res. 2006;20(3):218-227.
111.
NicholasCBatraSVargoMA. Apigenin blocks lipopolysaccharide-induced lethality in vivo and proinflammatory cytokines expression by inactivating NF-kappaB through the suppression of p65 phosphorylation. J Immunol. 2007;179(10):7121-7127.
112.
Ben-AryeEGoldinEWengrowerDStamperAKohnRBerryE. Wheat grass juice in the treatment of active distal ulcerative colitis: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2002;37(4):444-449.
113.
LanghorstJVarnhagenISchneiderSB. Randomised clinical trial: a herbal preparation of myrrh, chamomile and coffee charcoal compared with mesalazine in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis—a double-blind, double-dummy study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;38(5):490-500.
114.
LemireJMAdamsJSKermani-ArabVBakkeACSakaiRJordanSC. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses human T helper/inducer lymphocyte activity in vitro. J Immunol. 1985;134(5):3032-3035.
115.
CantornaMTMahonBD. D-hormone and the immune system. J Rheumatol Suppl. 2005;76:11-20.
116.
CantornaMTZhuYFroicuMWittkeA. Vitamin D status, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and the immune system. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(6 suppl):1717S-1720S.
117.
TossGSymrengT. Delayed hypersensitivity response and vitamin D deficiency. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1983;53(1):27-31.
118.
WuSSunJ. Vitamin D, vitamin D receptor, and macroautophagy in inflammation and infection. Discov Med. 2011;11(59):325-335.
119.
YukJMShinDMLeeHM. Vitamin D3 induces autophagy in human monocytes/macrophages via cathelicidin. Cell Host Microbe. 2009;6(3):231-243.
120.
ZhangYLeungDYRichersBN. Vitamin D inhibits monocyte/macrophage proinflammatory cytokine production by targeting MAPK phosphatase-1. J Immunol. 2012;188(5):2127-2135.
121.
HolickMF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(3):266-281.
122.
LeichtmannGABengoaJMBoltMJSitrinMD. Intestinal absorption of cholecalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in patients with both Crohn’s disease and intestinal resection. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54(3):548-552.
123.
RosenCJ. Clinical practice. Vitamin D insufficiency. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(3):248-254.
124.
SentongoTASemaeoEJStettlerNPiccoliDAStallingsVAZemelBS. Vitamin D status in children, adolescents, and young adults with Crohn disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(5):1077-1081.
125.
TajikaMMatsuuraANakamuraT. Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency in patients with Crohn’s disease. J Gastroenterol. 2004;39(6):527-533.
126.
LimWCHanauerSBLiYC. Mechanisms of disease: vitamin D and inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;2(7):308-315.
127.
HarriesADBrownRHeatleyRVWilliamsLAWoodheadSRhodesJ. Vitamin D status in Crohn’s disease: association with nutrition and disease activity. Gut. 1985;26(11):1197-1203.
128.
VogelsangHFerenciPWoloszczukW. Bone disease in vitamin D-deficient patients with Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1989;34(7):1094-1099.
129.
AnanthakrishnanANKhaliliHHiguchiLM. Higher predicted vitamin D status is associated with reduced risk of Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(3):482-489.
130.
AnanthakrishnanANCaganAGainerVS. Normalization of plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D is associated with reduced risk of surgery in Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(9):1921-1927.
YangLWeaverVSmithJPBingamanSHartmanTJCantornaMT. Therapeutic effect of vitamin D supplementation in a pilot study of Crohn’s patients. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2013;4:e33.