Standards for Nutrition Support

American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Board of Directors. Definition of terms, style, and conventions used in A.S.P.E.N. Board of Directors–approved documents. http://nutritioncare.org/Professional_Resources/Guidelines_and_Standards/Guidelines/2012_Definitions_of_Terms,_Style,_and_Conventions_Used_in_A_S_P_E_N__Board_of_Directors-Approved_Documents/. Published May 2012. Accessed May 25, 2012.

Gamsjäger T Brenner L Schaden E Sitzwohl C Weinstabl C . Cost analysis of two approaches to parenteral nutrition in critically ill children. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2009;10(2):163-165.

Sánchez C López-Herce J Carrillo A Mencía S Vigil D . Early transpyloric enteral nutrition in critically ill children. Nutrition. 2007;23(1):16-22.

de Oliveira Iglesias SB Leite HP Santana e Meneses JF de Carvalho WB . Enteral nutrition in critically ill children: are prescription and delivery according to their energy requirements? Nutr Clin Pract. 2007;22(2):233-239.

Skillman HE Wischmeyer PE . Nutrition therapy in critically ill infants and children. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2008;32:520-534.

Rowell DS Jackson TJ . Additional costs of inpatient malnutrition, Victoria, Australia, 2003-2004. Eur J Health Econ. 2011;12(4):353-361.

Sullivan PB . Malnutrition in hospitalised children. Arch Dis Child. 2010;95(7):489-490.

Macias-Rosales R Vásquez-Garibay EM Larrosa-Haro A Rojo-Chávez M Bernal-Virgen A Romo-Rubio H . Secondary malnutrition and overweight in a pediatric referral hospital: associated factors. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;48(2):226-232.

Joosten KF Hulst JM . Prevalence of malnutrition in pediatric hospital patients. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2008;20(5):590-596.

Joosten KF Hulst JM . Malnutrition in pediatric hospital patients: current issues. Nutrition. 2011;27(2):133-137.

Correia MI Campos AC ; ELAN Cooperative Study. Prevalence of hospital malnutrition in Latin America: the multicenter ELAN study. Nutrition. 2003;19(10):823-825.

Campanozzi A Russo M Catucci A . Hospital-acquired malnutrition in children with mild clinical conditions. Nutrition. 2009;25(5):540-547.

Agostoni C Axelson I Colomb V ; ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. The need for nutrition support teams in pediatric units: a commentary by the ESPGHAN committee on nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005;41(1):8-11.

Ukleja A Freeman KL Gilbert K ; Task Force on Standards for Nutrition Support: Adult Hospital Patients, and the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Board of Directors. Standards for nutrition support: adult hospitalized patients. Nutr Clin Pract. 2010;25(4):403-414.

Mascarenhas MR August DA DeLegge MH ; Task Force on Standards for Nutrition Support Physicians and the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Board of Directors. Standards of practice for nutrition support physicians. Nutr Clin Pract. 2012;27(2):295-299.

American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) Board of Directors and Nurses Standards Revision Task Force, DiMaria-Ghalili RA, Bankhead R, et al. Standards of practice for nutrition support nurses. Nutr Clin Pract. 2007;22(4):458-465.

Task Force of A.S.P.E.N., American Dietetic Association Dietitians in Nutrition Support Dietetic Practice Group, Russell M, Stieber M, Brantley S, et al. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) and American Dietetic Association (ADA): standards of practice and standards of professional performance for registered dietitians (generalist, specialty, and advanced) in nutrition support. Nutr Clin Pract. 2007;22(5):558-586.

American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) Task Force for Revision of Nutrition Support Pharmacist Standards, Rollins C, Durfee SM, Holcombe BJ, et al. Standards of practice for nutrition support pharmacists. Nutr Clin Pract. 2008;23:189-194.

A.S.P.E.N. Practice Management Task Force, Delegge M Wooley JA Guenter P . The state of nutrition support teams and update on current models for providing nutrition support therapy to patients. Nutr Clin Pract. 2010;25(1):76-84.

Ogden CL Carroll MD Flegal KM . High body mass index for age among US children and adolescents, 2003-2006. JAMA. 2008;299(20):2401-2405.

Flegal KM Graubard BI Williamson DF Gail MH . Cause-specific excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity. JAMA. 2007;298(17):2028-2037.

Eaton DK Kann L Kinchen S . Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2007. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2008;57(4):1-131.

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals: The Official Handbook. Oakbrook Terrace, IL: Joint Commission Resources; 2009. PC.01.02.01, PC 01.02.03.

A.S.P.E.N. Board of Directors. Board of Directors. Clinical Pathways and Algorithms for Delivery of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Support in Adults. Silver Spring, MD: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition; 1998.

Klotz KA Wessel JJ Hennies GA . Goals of pediatric nutrition support and nutrition assessment. In: Merritt R , ed. The A.S.P.E.N. Nutrition Support Practice Manual. Silver Spring, MD: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition; 1998;23-1–23-13.

International Dietetics & Nutrition Terminology (IDNT) Reference Manual. 4th ed. Chicago, IL: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics; 2010.

Carney LN Blair J . Assessment of nutrition status by age and determining nutrient needs. In: Corkins MR , ed. The A.S.P.E.N. Pediatric Nutrition Support Core Curriculum. Silver Spring, MD: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition; 2010:409-432.

Soldin SJ Brugnara C Wong EC , eds. Pediatric Reference Intervals. 6th ed. Washington, DC: AACC Press; 2007.

Joosten KF Hulst JM . Malnutrition in pediatric hospital patients: current issues. Nutrition. 2011;27(2):133-137.

Kamen RS . Impaired development of oral-motor functions required for normal oral feeding as a consequence of tube feeding during infancy. Adv Perit Dial. 1990;6:276-278.

Cox JH . Obesity. In: Cox JH , ed. Nutrition Manual for At-Risk Infants and Toddlers. Chicago, IL: Precept Press; 1997.

Collier PE Goodman GB . Cardiac tamponade caused by central venous catheter perforation of the heart: a preventable complication. J Am Coll Surg. 1995;181(5):459-463.

Infusion Nurses Society. Infusion nursing standards of practice. J Infus Nurs. 2006;29(1)(suppl):S1-S92.

Mirtallo J Canada T Johnson D ; Task Force for the Revision of Safe Practices for Parenteral Nutrition. Safe practices for parenteral nutrition [published correction appears in JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2006;30(2):177]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2004;28(6):S39-S70.

United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. <797> Pharmaceutical Compounding—Sterile Preparations. United States Pharmacopeia 34—National Formulary 29. Rockville, MD: The United States Pharmacopeial Convention; 2011.

ASHP guidelines on the safe use of automated compounding devices for the preparation of parenteral nutrition admixtures. Developed through the ASHP Council on Professional Affairs and approved by the ASHP Board of Directors on April 27, 2000. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2000;57(14):1343-1348.

Crill CM Hak EB Robinson LA Helms RA . Evaluation of microbial contamination associated with different preparation methods for neonatal intravenous fat emulsion infusion. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2010;67(11):914-918.

Charney PJ , A.S.P.E.N. Aluminum Task Force. statement on aluminum in parenteral nutrition solutions. Nutr Clin Pract. 2004;19(4):416-417.

Speerhas RA Seidner DL . Measured versus estimated aluminum content of parenteral nutrient solutions. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007;64(7): 740-746.

Robbins ST Meyers R , eds. Infant Feedings: Guidelines for Preparation of Human Milk and Formula in Health Care Facilities. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association; 2011.

Jones F . Best Practice for Expressing, Storing and Handling Human Milk. 3rd ed. Fort Worth, TX: Human Milk Banking Association of North America; 2011.

Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric, and Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN). Evidence Based Clinical Practice Guideline: Breastfeeding Support: Prenatal Care Through the First Year. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: AWOHNN; 2007.

Oliveira MR Batista CR Aidoo KE . Application of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points system to enteral tube feeding in hospital. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2001;14(5):397-403.

Oliveira MR Bonelli R Aidoo KE Batista CR . Microbiological quality of reconstituted enteral formulations used in hospitals. Nutrition. 2000;16(9):729-733.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods. Hazard analysis and critical control point principles and application guidelines. Adopted August 14, 1997. http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/HazardAnalysisCriticalControlPointsHACCP/HACCPPrinciplesApplicationGuidelines/default.htm. Accessed June 21, 2011.

Institute for Safe Medication Practices. Fatal 1,000-fold overdoses can occur, particularly in neonates, by transposing mcg and mg. ISMP Medication Safety Alert! http://www.ismp.org/newsletters/acutecare/articles/20070906.asp. Published 2007. Accessed May 30, 2012.

Henry RS Jurgens RW Sturgeon R Athanikar N Welco A Van Leuven M . Compatibility of calcium chloride and calcium gluconate with sodium phosphate in a mixed TPN solution. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1980;37(5): 673-674.

Greene HL Hambidge KM Schanler R Tsang RC . Guidelines for the use of vitamins, trace elements, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorous in infants and children receiving total parenteral nutrition: report of the Subcommittee on Pediatric Parenteral Nutrient Requirements from the Committee on Clinical Practice Issues of the American Society for Clinical Nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;48(5):1324-1342.

A.S.P.E.N. Parenteral Nutrition Multivitamin Product Shortage Considerations. May 2012. http://www.nutritioncare.org/Professional_Resources/Drug_Shortages_Update/. Accessed November 17, 2012.

A.S.P.E.N. Parenteral Nutrition Trace Element Product Shortage Considerations 2011. http://www.nutritioncare.org/Professional_Resources/Drug_Shortages_Update/. Accessed November 17, 2012.

Bankhead R Boullata J Brantley S . Enteral nutrition practice recommendations. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2009;33(2):122-167.

McClave SA DeMeo MT DeLegge MH . North American Summit on Aspiration in the critically ill patient: consensus statement. JPEN J Parenteral Enteral Nutr. 2002;26(6)(suppl):S80-S85.

Brady SL Hildner CD Hutchins BF . Simultaneous videofluoroscopic swallow study and modified Evans blue dye procedure: an evaluation of blue dye visualization in cases of known aspiration. Dysphagia. 1999;14(3):146-149.

Metheny NA Dahms TE Stewart BJ . Efficacy of dye-stained enteral formula in detecting pulmonary aspiration. Chest. 2002;122(1):276-281.

Metheny NA Aud MA Wunderlich RJ . A survey of bedside methods used to detect pulmonary aspiration of enteral formula in intubated tube fed patients. Am J Crit Care. 1999;8(3):168-169.

Potts RG Zaroukian MH Guerrero PA Baker CD . Comparison of blue dye visualization and glucose oxidase test strip methods for detecting pulmonary aspiration of enteral feedings in intubated adults. Chest. 1993;103(1):117-121.

Thompson-Henry S Braddock B . The modified Evan’s blue dye procedure fails to detect aspiration in the tracheostomized patient: five case reports. Dysphagia. 1995;10(3):172-174.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA Public Health Advisory: Subject: Reports of Blue Dye Discoloration and Death in Patients Receiving Enteral Feedings Tinted with the Dye, FD&C blue No. 1. Rockville, MD: FDA; September 29, 2003.

Maloney JP Halbower AC Fouty BF . Systemic absorption of food dye in patients with sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(14):1047-1048.

Maloney JP Ryan TA Brasel KJ . Food dye use in enteral feedings: a review and a call for a moratorium. Nutr Clin Pract. 2002;17(3):169-181.

Maloney JP Ryan TA . Detection of aspiration in enterally fed patients: a requiem for bedside monitors of aspiration. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2002;26(6)(suppl):S34-S41.

Reyes FG Valim MF Vercesi AE . Effect of organic synthetic food colours on mitochondrial respiration. Food Addit Contam. 1996;13(1):5-11.

Albert M Lessin MS Gilchrist BF . Methylene blue: dangerous dye for neonates. J Pediatr Surg. 2003;38(8):1244-1245.

File TM Tan JS Thomson RB Stephens C Thompson P . An outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventilator-associated respiratory infection due to contaminated food coloring dye: further evidence of the significance of gastric colonization preceding nosocomial pneumonia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1995;16(7):417-418.

Bullock L Fitzgerald JF Walter WV . Emulsion stability in total nutrient admixtures containing a pediatric amino acid formulation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1992;16(1):64-68.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Toxicological profile for Di(2-ethylhexl)phthalate. September 2002. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp9.pdf. Accessed June 20, 2012.

O’Grady NP Alexander M Burns LA ; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Am J Infect Control. 2011;39(4)(suppl 1):S1-S34.

Pittiruti M Hamilton H Biffi R MacFie J Pertkiewicz M . ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: central venous catheters (access, care, diagnosis and therapy of complications). Clin Nutr. 2009;28(4):365-377.

Jensen AR Goldin AB Koopmeiners JS Stevens J Waldhausen JH Kim SS . The association of cyclic parenteral nutrition and decreased incidence of cholestatic liver disease in patients with gastroschisis. J Pediatr Surg. 2009;44(1):183-189.

Mehta NM Compher C , A.S.P.E.N. Board of Directors. A.S.P.E.N. Clinical Guidelines: nutrition support of the critically ill child. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2009;33(3):260-276.

Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. Enteral feeding set connectors and adapters. Nutr Clin Pract. 1997;12(1):suppl i-vi;1-2.

The Joint Commission. Sentinel event alert, tubing misconnections—a persistent and potentially deadly occurrence. Issue 36. http://www.jointcommission.org/sentinel_event_alert_issue_36_tubing_misconnections—a_persistent_and_potentially_deadly_occurrence/. Published 2006. Accessed July 1, 2012.

ECRI. Preventing misconnections of lines and cables. Health Devices. 2006;35(3):81-95.

Guenter P Hicks RW Simmons D . Enteral feeding misconnections: a consortium position statement. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2008;34(5):285-292.

A.S.P.E.N. Board of Directors and the Clinical Guidelines Task Force. Guidelines for the use of parenteral and enteral nutrition in adult and pediatric patients [published correction appears in JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2002;26(2):144]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2002;26(1)(suppl):1SA-138SA.

Grummer-Strawn LM Reinold C Krebs NF ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Use of World Health Organization and CDC growth charts for children aged 0-59 months in the United States. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010;59(RR-9):1-15.

Oztürk Y Büyükgebiz B Arslan N Ellidokuz H . Effects of hospital stay on nutritional anthropometric data in Turkish children. J Trop Pediatr. 2003;49(3):189-190.

Campanozzi A Russo M Catucci A . Hospital-acquired malnutrition in children with mild clinical conditions. Nutrition. 2009;25(5):540-547.

Szeszycki E Cruse W Strup M . Evaluation and monitoring of pediatric patients receiving specialized nutrition support. In: Corkins MR , ed. The A.S.P.E.N. Pediatric Nutrition Support Core Curriculum. Silver Spring, MD: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition; 2010:460-476.

Kovacevich DS Frederick A Kelly D ; American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Board of Directors; Standards for Specialized Nutrition Support Task Force. Standards for specialized nutrition support: home care patients. Nutr Clin Pract. 2005;20(5):579-590.