Alimentation with Carbohydrate in the Severely Ill and Injured: Historical Perspectives

1. Cuthbertson DP. The disturbance of metabolism produced by bony and non-bony injury with notes on certain abnormal conditions of bone. Biochem J 24:1244–1263, 1930

2. Cuthbertson DP. The distribution of nitrogen and sulphur in the urine during conditions of increased catabolism. Biochem J 25:236–244, 1931

3. Cuthbertson DP. Further observations of the disturbance of metabolism caused by injury, with particular reference to the dietary requirements of fracture cases. Br J Surg 23:505–520, 1936

4. Cuthbertson DP. Post-shock metabolic response. Lancet 1:433–437, 1942

5. Munro HN , Cuthbertson DP. The response of protein metabolism in injury. Biochem J 37:12P, 1943

6. Cuthbertson DP. Symposium on "Surgery and Nutrition." Proc Nutr Soc 39:101–105, 1930

7. Cuthbertson DP , Munro HN. A study of the effect of over-feeding on the protein metabolism of man. III. The protein-saving effect of carbohydrate and fat when superimposed on a diet adequate for maintenance. Biochem J 31:694–705, 1937

8. Dudrick SJ , Wilmore DW , Vars HM , et al.Long-term TPN with growth, development, and positive nitrogen balance. Surgery 64:134–142, 1968

9. Thompson WD , Ravdin IS , Frank IL. Effect of hypoproteinemia on wound disruption. Arch Surg 36:500–505, 1938

10. Rhoads JE , Kasinskas W. The influence of hypoproteinemia on the formation of callus in experimental fracture. Surgery 11:38–45, 1942

11. Jones CM , Eaton FB. Postoperative nutritional edema. Arch Surg 27:159–163, 1933

12. Mecray PM , Barden RP , Ravdin IS. Nutritional edema: Its effect on gastric emptying time before and after gastric operations. Surgery 1:53–56, 1937

13. Cannon PR , Wissler RW , Woolridge RL. Relationship of protein deficiency to surgical infection. Ann Surg 120:514–520, 1944

14. Studley HO. Percentage of weight loss: A basic indicator of surgical risk in patients with chronic peptic ulcer. JAMA 106: 458–460, 1936

15. Brunschwig AD , Clark DE , Corbin N. Symposium on abdominal surgery; post-operative nitrogen loss and studies on parenteral nitrogen nutrition by means of casein digest. Ann Surg 2001;115: 1091–1097

16. Elman R. Amino acid content of blood following intravenous injection of hydrolyzed casein. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 37:437–443, 1937

17. Rose WC , Wixom RL. The amino acid requirements of man. XVI. The role of nitrogen intake. J Biol Chem 217:997–1007, 1955

18. Geyer RP , Mann GV , Stare FJ. Parenteral nutrition. VI. Fat emulsions for intravenous nutrition: Turbidimetric determination of infused fat in blood after intravenous administration of fat emulsions. J Lab Clin Med 33:175–186, 1948

19. Lehr HB , Rhoads JE , Rosenthal O. The use of intravenous fat emulsions in surgical patients. JAMA 181:745–748, 1962

20. Rhoads JE , Vars HM , Dudrick SJ. The development of intravenous hyperalimentation. Surg Clin N Am 661:429–435, 1981

21. Töpke VB , Menzel K. Das overloading syndrome–-eine komplikation der parenteralen ernährung neuegeborener. Z Aertzl Fortbild 71:713–716, 1977

22. Dudrick SJ. The genius of intravenous hyperalimentation. JPEN 1:23–29, 1977

23. Rhoads JE , Rawnsley HM , Vars HM. The use of diuretics as an adjunct in parenteral hyperalimentation for surgical patients with prolonged disability of the gastrointestinal tract. Bull Int Soc Surg 24:59–70, 1965

24. Mogil RA , DeLaurentis DA , Rosemond GP. The infraclavicular venipuncture. Arch Surg 95:320–322, 1967

25. Dudrick SJ , Wilmore DW , Vars HM. Long term venous catheterization: An adjunct to surgical care and study. Curr Top Surg Res 1:325–340, 1969

26. Rhode CM , Parkins W , Tourtellote D , et al.Method for continuous intravenous administration of nutritive solutions suitable for prolonged metabolic studies in dogs. Am J Physiol 159:409–418, 1949

27. Dudrick SJ , Wilmore DW , Vars HM , et al.Can intravenous feeding as a sole means of nutrition support growth in the child and restore weight loss in an adult? An affirmative answer Ann Surg 169:974–984, 1969

28. Wilmore DW , Dudrick SJ. Growth and development of an infant receiving all nutrients exclusively by vein. JAMA 203:860–864, 1968

29. Cuthbertson DP , Fell GS , Tilstone WJ. Nutrition in the posttraumatic period. Nutr Metab 14:92–109, 1972

30. Dobbie RP , Hoffmeister JA. Continuous pump-tube enteric hyperalimentation. Surg Gynecol Obstet 143:273–276, 1976

31. Keller PT. A technique of intestinal intubation with a fiberoptic endoscope. Gut 14:143–144, 1973

32. Chung RS , Denbesten L. New procedures. Improved technique for placement of intestinal feeding tube with the fibreoptic endoscope. Gut 17:264–266, 1976

33. Delany HM , Carnevale N , Garvey JW , et al.Postoperative nutritional support using needle catheter feeding jejunostomy. Ann Surg 186:165–170, 1977

34. Dunn EL , Moore EE , Bohus RW. Immediate postoperative feeding following massive abdominal trauma-the catheter jejunostomy. JPEN 4:393–395, 1980

35. Gauderer MW , Ponsky JL , Izant RJ Jr. Gastrostomy without laparotomy: A percutaneous endoscopic technique. J Pediatr Surg 15:872–875, 1960

36. Preshaw RM. A percutaneous method for inserting a feeding gastrostomy tube. Surg Gynecol Obstet 152:658–660, 1981

37. Rutledge R , Buckwalter JA. Enteral alimentation using fluoro-scopically placed catheters. Am Surg 49:492–493, 1983

38. Tompkins RK , Kraft AR , Zollinger RM. Double lumen gastrojejunostomy tube for simplified postoperative management. Arch Surg 105:121–122, 1972

39. Rombeau JL , Twomey PL , McLean GK , et al.Experience with a new gastrostomy-jejunal feeding tube. Surgery 93:574–578, 1983

40. Rowlands BJ , Giddings AE , Johnston AO , et al.Nitrogen-sparing effect of different feeding regimes in patients after operation. Br J Anaesth 49:781–787, 1977

41. Hoover HC Jr, Ryan JA , Anderson EJ , et al. Nutritional benefits of immediate postoperative jejunal feeding of an elemental diet. Am J Surg 139:153–159, 1980

42. Fletcher JP , Little JM. A comparison of parenteral nutrition and early postoperative enteral feeding on the nitrogen balance after major surgery. Surgery 100:21–24, 1986

43. Adams S , Dellinger EP , Wertz MJ , et al. Enteral versus parenteral nutritional support following laparotomy for trauma: A randomized prospective trial. J Trauma 26:882–891, 1986

44. Moore FA , Moore EE , Jones TN , et al. TEN versus TPN following major abdominal trauma–-reduced septic morbidity. J Trauma 29:916–922, 1989

45. Burt ME , Gorschboth CM , Brennan MF. A controlled, prospective, randomized trial evaluating the metabolic effects of enteral and parenteral nutrition in the cancer patient. Cancer 49:1092–1105, 1982

46. Glass EJ , Hume R , Lang MA , et al. Parenteral nutrition compared with transpyloric feeding. Arch Dis Child 59:131–135, 1984

47. Herndon DN , Barrow RE , Stein M , et al. Increased mortality with intravenous supplemental feeding in severely burned patients. J Burn Care Rehabil 10:309–313, 1989

48. Moore FA , Feliciano DV , Andrassy RJ , et al. Early enteral feeding, compared with parenteral, reduces postoperative septic complications. The results of a meta-analysis. Ann Surg 216:172–183, 1992

49. Haber LM , Hawkins EP , Seilheimer DK , et al. Fat overload syndrome. An autopsy study with evaluation of the coagulopathy. Am J Clin Pathol 90:223–227, 1988

50. Ravdin IS , Thorogood E , Riegel C. The prevention of liver damage and the facilitation of repair in the liver by diet. JAMA 121:322–326, 1943

51. Wolfe RR , Martini WZ. 'Changes in intermediary' metabolism in severe surgical illness. World J Surg 24:639–647, 2000

52. Hallberg D , Schuberth O , Wretlind A. Experimental and clincial studies with fat emulsion for intravenous nutrition. Nutr Diet 8:245–261, 1966

53. Meng HC , Kaley JS. Effects of multiple infusions of fat emulsion on blood coagulation, liver function, and urinary excretion of steroids in schizophrenic patients. Am J Clin Nutr 16:156–164, 1965

54. Wilmore DW , Moylan JA , Helmkamp GM. Clinical evaluation of a 10% intravenous fat emulsion for parenteral nutrition in thermally injured patients. Ann Surg 178:503–513, 1973

55. Jeejcebhoy KN , Zohrab WJ , Langes B. TPN at home for 23 months without complications and with good rehabilitation. Gastroenterology 65:811–820, 1973

56. Wolfe RR , Durkot MJ , Allsop JR , et al. Glucose metabolism in severely burned patients. Metabolism 28:1031–1039, 1979

57. Goodenough RD , Wolfe RR. Effect of TPN on free fatty acid metabolism in burned patients. JPEN 8:357–360, 1984

58. Long JM, III , Wilmore DW , Mason AD Jr , et al. Effect of carbohydrate and fat intake on nitrogen excretion during total intravenous feeding. Ann Surg 185:417–422, 1977

59. Brennan MF , Moore FD. An intravenous fat emulsion as a nitrogen sparer: Comparison with glucose. J Surg Res 14:501–504, 1973

60. Brennan MF , Fitzpatrick GF , Cohen KH , et al. Glycerol: Major contributor to the short term protein sparing effect of fat emulsions in normal man. Ann Surg 182:386–394, 1975

61. Macfie J , Smith RC , Hill GL. Glucose or fat as a nonprotein energy source? A controlled clinical trial in gastroenterological patients requiring intravenous nutrition. Gastroenterology 80:103–107, 1981

62. Jeejeebhoy KN , Anderson GH , Nakhooda F , et al. Metabolic studies in TPN with lipid in man. J Clin Invest 57:125–136, 1976