Closed Systems: Counterpoint

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

1. Food and Drug Administration : Compliance program guidance manual. Washington, DC: Food and Drug Administration, Chapter 21 Program 7321.002, May 3, 1995

2. Kohn-Keeth C , Shott S , Olree K : The effects of rinsing enteral delivery sets on formula contamination. Nutr Clin Pract 11:269–262, 1996

3. Kiddy K , Josse E , Griffin N : An outbreak of Klebsiella infections related to food blenders. J Hosp Infect 9:191–193, 1987

4. File T , Tan J , Thomson R , et al: An outbreak of pseudomonas aeruginosa ventilator-associated respriatory infections due to contaminated food coloring dye-Further evidence of the significance of gastric colonization preceding nosocomial pneumonia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 16(7):417–418, 1995

5. Navajas M , Chacon D , Solvas J , et al: Bacterial contamination of enteral feeds as a possible risk of nosocomial infection. J Hosp Infect 21:111–120, 1992

6. Casewell M , Cooper J , Webster J : Enteral feeds contaminated with Enterobacter cloacoo as a cause of septicemia. Br J Med 282:973, 1980

7. Fernandez-Crehuet Navajas M , Chacon D , Guillen Solvas J : Bacterial contamination of enteral feeds as a possible risk of nosocomial infection. J Hosp Infect 21:111–120, 1992

8. Levy J , Van Laethem Y , Verhaegen G , et al: Contaminated enteral nutrition solutions as a cause of nosocomial bloodstream infection: A study using plasmid fingerprinting. JPEN 13:228–234, 1989

9. Thurn J , Crossley K , Gerdts A , et al: Enteral hyperalimentation as a source of nosocomial infections. Hosp Infect 15:203–217, 1990

10.

10. Wagner D , Elmore M , Knoll D : Evaluation of “closed” vs. “open” systems for the delivery of peptide-based enteral diets. JPEN 18:453–457, 1994

11.

11. Dentinger B , Faucher K , Ostrom S , et al: Controlling bacterial contamination of an enteral formula through the use of a unique closed system: Contamination, enteral formulas, closed system. Nutrition 11:747–750, 1995

12.

12. Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals . The Official Handbook. Oak Brook, IL: The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Update 1999, p 3

13.

13. Baldwin B , Zagoren A , Rose N : Bacterial contamination of continuously infused enteral alimentation with needle catheter jeju-nostomy. JPEN 8:30–33, 1983

14.

14. File T , Tan T , Thomson R , et al: An outbreak of pseudomonas aeruginosa ventilator-assisted respiratory infections due to contaminated food coloring dye-further evidence of the significance of gastric colonization preceding nosocomial pneumonia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 16:417–418, 1995

15.

15. Rupp M , Weseman R , Marion N , et al: Evaluation of bacterial contamination of a sterile, non-air-dependent enteral feeding system in immunocompromised patients. Nutr Clin Pract 14:135–137, 1999

16.

16. Pemberton B , Lyman B , Covinsky J , et al: An evaluation of a closed enteral feeding system. Nutr Supp Serv 5(4):36–42, 1985

17.

17. Silkroski M , Allen F , Storm H : Tube feeding audit reveals hidden costs and risks of current practice. Nutr Clin Pract 13:283–290, 1998

18.

18. Herlick S , Vogt C , Pangman V , et al: Open vs closed system of intermittent enteral feeding study in two long term care facilities. JPEN 24(1):S10, 2000

19.

19. Abernathy G , Heizer W , Holcombe B , et al: Efficacy of tube feeding in supplying energy requirements of hospitalized patients. JPEN 14:387–391, 1989

20.

20. Rombeau J , Barot L : Enteral nutritional therapy. Surg Clin North Am 61:605–620, 1981

21.

21. Krenitsky J , Parrish C , Truwit J , et al: Enteral feeding: Volume ordered versus volume received. IN 18th Clinical Congress Program Manual. Silver Spring, MC: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 1994, p 604

22.

22. Rees R , Ryan J , Attrill H , Silk D . Clinical evaluation of two-liter prepackaged enteral diet delivery system: A controlled trial. JPEN 12(3):274–277, 1988

23.

23. Basta P , Griesmaier L , Hennessy K : Enhancing compliance to home tube feeding regimens by utilizing a non-air dependent closed enteral delivery system. IN 21“ Clinical Congress Program Manual. Silver Spring, MD: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 1997, p 441

24.

1. Keighley MRB , Mogg B , Bcntley S , et al: “Home brew” compared with commercial preparation for enteral feeding. Br Med J 284: 163, 1982

25.

2. Schreiner RL , Eitzen H , Gfell MA , et al: Environmental contamination of continuous drip feedings. Pediatrics 63:232–237, 1979

26.

3. Casewell MW , Cooper JE , Webster M : Enteral feeds contaminated with enterobacter cloacae as a cause of septicaemia. Br Med J 282:973, 1981

27.

4. Nugent M , Hansell DT , Gray GR : Bacterial contamination of reconstituted and commercially prepared enteral feeds. Clin Nutr 6:21–24, 1987

28.

5. Baldwin B , Zagoren A , Rose N : Bacterial contamination of continuously infused enteral alimentation with needle catheter jeju-nostomy. JPEN 8:30–33, 1983

29.

6. Freedland CP , Roller RD , Wolf BM , et al: Microbial contamination of continuous drip feedings. JPEN 13:18–22, 1989

30.

7. Anderson KR , Norris DJ , Godfrey LB , et al: Bacterial contamination of tube-feeding formulas. JPEN 8:673–678, 1984

31.

8. Wagner DR , Elmore MF , Knoll DM : Evaluation of “closed” vs. “open” systems for the delivery of peptide-based enteral diets. JPEN 18:453–457, 1994

32.

9. Navajas MF , Chacon DJ , Solvas JFG , et al: Bacterial contamination of enteral feeds as a possible risk of nosocomial infection. J Hosp Infect 21:111–120, 1992

33.

10. Keohane P , Attrill H , Love M , et al: A controlled trial of aseptic enteral diet preparation-Significant effects on bacterial contamination and nitrogen balance. Clin Nutr 2:119–122, 1983

34.

11. Belknap DC , Davidson LJ , Flournoy DJ : Microorganisms and diarrhea in cnterally fed intensive care unit patients. JPEN 14:622–628, 1990

35.

12. Donius MA : Contamination of a prefilled ready-to-use enteral feeding system compared with a refillable bag. JPEN 17:461–464, 1993

36.

13. Patchell CJ , Anderton A , Holden C , et al: Reducing bacterial contamination of enteral feeds. Arch Dis Child 78:166–168, 1998

37.

14. Lee CH , Hodgkiss IJ : The effect of poor handling procedures in enteral feeding systems in Hong Kong. J Hosp Infect 42:119–123, 1999

38.

15. Payne-James JJ , Rana SK , Bray MJ , et al: Retrograde (ascending) contamination of enteral diet administration systems. JPEN 16:369–373, 1992

39.

16. Silkroski M , Allen F , Storm H : Tube feeding audit reveals hidden costs and risks of current practice. Nutr Clin Pract 13:283–290, 1998

40.

17. Assell CC , Skipper A , Greqoire MB , et al: Comparison of three enteral product distribution systems to determine methods to reduce waste. J Am Diet Assoc 98:A–103, 1998

41.

18. Kohn CL : The relationship between enteral formula contamination and length of enteral delivery set usage. JPEN 15:567–571, 1991

42.

19. Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals . The Official Handbook. Oak Brook, IL: The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Update 1999, p 3