In this study, two different strains of five different bacteria were isolated and characterized. Contact angles were measured by a captive-bubble technique. Surface free energies were calculated from the contact angles and hydrophobicities were evaluated by p-xylene adhesion. The zeta potentials and surface charges of the bacteria were measured. The contact angles of the gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria were in the range of 48-69° and 43.5-55°, respectively. While corresponding surface free energies were in the limits of 45.4-51.6 erg·cm2 and 51.7-61.8 erg·cm−2, respectively. The p-xylene adhesions were parallel to hydrophobicity defined by contact angles, and 32.2-80.3% and 2.3-36.6% for the gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria, respectively. The zeta potentials for these bacteria were from −650.2 to + 17.5 mV and from -159.6 to -6.0 mV respectively. Most of the bacteria were negatively charged, except the CNS-2 and CPS-1 strains. In the second part of the study, the attachment of these bacteria to Si® catheters and to DMAEMA and AAc plasma treated Si® catheters were investigated. The hydrophobic bacteria attached best to the hydrophobic Si(r) catheter. Both plasma treatments caused significant drops in bacterial attachment in most cases. The effects of AAc plasma treatment were more pronounced.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
1. Peters, G., Locci, R., and Pulverer, G., 1982. Adherence and Growth of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci on Surface of Intravenous Catheters. J. Infec. Dise, 146 (4): 423-426.
2.
2. Sugarman, B., 1982, Adherence of bacteria to urinary catheters, Urological Research, 10:37-40.
3.
3. Sheth, N.K., Rose, H.D., Franson, T.R., Buckmire, F.L.A., Sohnle, P.G., 1983, In vitro quantitative adherence of bacteria to intravascular catheter, J. Surg. Res., 34:213-218.
4.
4. Ashkenazi, S., Mirelman, D., 1984, Adherence of bacteria to pediatric intravenous catheters and needles and its relation phlebitis in animals, Pediatr. Res., 18:1361-1366.
5.
5. Pascual, A., Fleer, A., Westerdaal, N.A.C., and Verhoef, J.,1986, Modulation of adherence of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci to Teflon Catheters in Vitro, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. 5 (5): 518-522.
6.
6. Franson, T.R., Sheth, N.K., Menon, L., Sohnle, P.G., 1986, Persistentin vitro survival of coagulas-negative staphylacocci adherent to intravascular catheters in the absence of conventional nutrients, J. Clinic. Microbiol., 24:559-561.
7.
7. Johnson, J.R., Robert, P.L., Olsen, J., Moyer, K.A., and Stamm, W.E., 1990. Prevention of Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infection with a Silver-Oxide Urinary Catheter. Clinical and Microbiologic Correlats. J. Infect. Dis. 162:1145-1150.
8.
8. Lopez-Lopez, G., Pascual, A., and Perea, J., 1991, Effect of plastic catheter material on bacterial adherence and viability, J. Med. Microbiol., vol: 34, 349-353.
10. Samuel, R.F., and Gregory W.E., 1990. The production of antibacterial tubing, sutures, and bandages by in situ precipitation of metallic salts. Can. J. Microbiol. 37:445-449.
11.
11. Jansen, B., Schierholz, J., Schmacher, PE, Peters, G., and Pulverer, G., 1990. Modification of Polymers for Prevention of Foreign Body Infection. Clinical Implant Materials. 9:117-122.
12.
12. Golomb, G.P., and Shpigelman, A., 1991. Prevention of bacterial colonization on polyurethane in-vitro by incorporated antibacterial agent. J. Biomedical Mat. Res.. 25 (8): 937-952.
13.
13. Wadström, T.1987. Molecular Aspects on Pathogenesis of Wound and Foreign body Infections due to Staphylococci.Zbl. Bakt. Hyg. A.266:191-211.
14.
14. Chang chu, C., and Williams, D.F., 1984. Effects of Physical Configuration and Chemical Structure of Suture Materials on Bacterial Adhesion. The American J. of Surgery. 147:197-204.
15.
15. Minagi, S., Miyake, Y., Fujika, Y., Tsuru, H., and Suginaka, H., 1986. Cell Surface Hydrophobicity of Candida species as Determined by the Contact-angle and Hydrocarbon-adherence Methods. J. Gen. Microbio. 132:1111-1115.
16.
16. Stenström, T.A.1989. Bacterial Hydrophobicity an overall Parameter for the Measurement of Adhesion Potential to Soil Particles. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 55 (1): 142-147.
17.
17. Fattom, A., and Shylo, M., 1984. Hydrophobicity as an Adhesion Mechanism of Bentic Cyanobacteria. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 47(1): 135-143.
18.
18. van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Lyklema, J., Norde, W. S., and Zehnder, A.J.B., 1987. Electrophoretic mobility and hydrophobicity as a measure to predict the initial steps of bacteria adhesion. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 53(8): 1898-1901.
19.
19. Hogt, A.H., Dankert, J., Feijen, J., 1985. Adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus to a Hydrophobic. Biomaterial. J. Gen. Microbiolo. 131:2485-2491.
20.
20. Veenstra, G.J.C., Cremer, RE.M., Diyk, H.V., Fleer, A., 1996. Ultra Structural Organization and Regulation of a Biomaterial Adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis. J. Bacteriol. 178 (2): 537-541.
21.
21. Yousefi Rad, A. 1997. Ph.D. thesis. Antibacterial Surfaces by Low Temperature Plasma Treatment. University of Hacettepe, Ankara.
22.
22. Bailey, J., Scott's Ellen, J.B., and Finegold, S.M., 1990, Diagnostic Microbiology8th Edition. Mosby Company. Copyright, p. A-37.
23.
23. Minagi, S., Miyake, Y., Inagaki, K., Tsuru, H., and Suginaka, H., 1985. Hydrophobic interaction in Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis adherence to various denture base resin materials. Infect. Immun. 47:11-14.
24.
24. Andrade, J.D., King, R., Gregonis, D.E., 1979. Surface Characterization of Poly(HEMA) and Related Polymers. 1. Contact Angle Method in Water, J. Polym. Sci. Symp. C., 66:313-336.
25.
25. Neumann, A.Q., Good, R.J., Hope, C.J., and Sejpal, M., 1974. An Equation of State approach to Determine Surface Tensions of Low-Energy Solids from Contact Angles. J. Colloid Interface Sci.49:291-304.
26.
26. Perry, R.H., Green D., 1985(2nd printing) Perry's Chemical Engineerings Handbook, Sixth Ed., 3-289.
27.
27. Rosenberg, M., Gutnik, D., and Rosenberg, E., 1980. Adherence of bacteria to hydrocarbons: a simple method for measuring cell-surface hydrophobicity, FEMS Microbiol. Letters. 9:29-33.
28.
28. Manual book of Zeta potential analyser system, 1965, U.S. patent no: 3,208,919, Freeport Sulphur Com., New York, USA.
29.
29. Absolom, D.R., Lamberti, F.V., Policova, Z., Zingg, W.J., Van Oss, C.J., and Neumann, A.W., 1983. Surface thermodynamics of bacteria adherence. Appl. Microbiol. 46 (1): 90-97.
30.
30. Hogt, H., Dankert, J., Hulstaert, C.E., and Feijen J., 1986. Cell Surface Characteristics Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci and Their Adherence to Fluorinated Poly(Ethylenepropylene). Infection and Imm.294-301.
31.
31. Harkes, G., Feijen J., and Dankert, J., 1991. Adhesion of Escherichia coli on to a Series of poly(methacrylates) differing in charge and hydrophobicity. Biomaterials. 2:853-860.
32.
32. Van der Mei, H.C., Weerkamp, A.H., and Busscher, H.J., 1987. A comparison of various methods to determine hydrophobic properties of streptococcal cell surface, J. Microbial. Methods. 6:277-287.
33.
33. Hogt, A.H., Dankert, J., and Feijen J.1986. Adhesion of coagulase-negative staphylococci to methacrylate polymers and copolymers, J. of Biomed. Mater. Res.20:533-545.
34.
34. Mozes, N. and Rouxhet, P.G.1987. Methods for measuring hydrophobict of microorganisms, J. Microbial. Methods. 6:99-112.
35.
35. Van Loosdercht, M.C.M., Lyklema, J., Norde, W., Schraa, G., and Zehnder, A.J.B., 1987. Electrophoretic Mobility and Hydrophobicity as a Measure to Predict the Initial Steps of Bacterial Adhesion. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 55(8): 1898-1901.
36.
36. Gordon, A.S., and Millero, F.J.1984. Electrolyte effect on attachment of an estuarine bacterium. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 47:495-499.
37.
37. James, A.M., 1979. Electrophoresis of particles in suspension, in: Surface and Colloide Sci., 11, 174-177, (Good, R.J., and Stromberg, R.R. eds.) Plenum, New York.
38.
38. van Der Mei H.C., Leonard, J.A., Weerkamp, H.A., Rouxhet, G.P., and Busscher J.H., 1988. Surface properties of Strep. salivarius HB and nonfibrilar mutants: measurement of Zeta potential and elemental composition with X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy. J. Bacteriol., 170(6): 246.
39.
39. Weerkamp, A.H., Uyen H.M., and Busscher J., 1988. Effect of zeta potential and surface energy on bacterial adhesion to uncoated and Saliva-coated Human Enamel and dentin. J. Dental Res.67:12, 1483-1487.
