On sabbatical leave from the Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, U.S.A.
2.
Reference will be made to recent articles on these polymers in the pertinent parts of this review, for the sake of completeness, but they will not be included in the subject matter.
3.
Donaruma, L. G., R. M. Ottenbrite , and O. Vogl, eds. Anionic Polymeric Drugs. New York:John Wiley and Sons (1980).
4.
Goldberg, E. P. and A. Nakajima , eds. Biomedical Polymers: Polymeric Materials and Pharmaceuticals for Biomedical Use. New York:Academic Press (1980).
5.
Baker, R., ed. Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials. New York:Academic Press ( 1980).
6.
Kydonieus, A. F., ed. Controlled Release Technologies: Methods, Theory and Applications, Vol. 1 and 2. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press, Inc. (1980). 7. Heller, J.Biomaterials, 1:51 (1980).
7.
Bruck, S. D., ed. Properties of Biomaterials in the Physiological Environment. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press, Inc. (1980).
8.
Szycher, M. and W. J. Robinson , eds. Synthetic Biomedical Polymers, Concepts and Applications. Lancaster, PA:Technomic Publishing Co., Inc. (1980).
9.
Williams, D. F., ed. Biocompatability of Clinical Implant Materials. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press, Inc. (1981).
10.
Gebelein, C. G. and F. F. Koblitz, eds. Biomedical and Dental Applications of Polymers. New York:Plenum Press (1981).
11.
Lewis, D. H., ed. Controlled Release of Pesticides and Pharmaceuticals. New York:Plenum Press (1981).
12.
Williams, D. F., ed. Fundamental Aspects of Biocompatibility, Vols. I and II. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press, Inc. (1981).
13.
Williams, D. F., ed. Systemic Aspects of Biocompatibility. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press (1981).
14.
Carraher, C. E., Jr. and C. G. Gebelein, eds. "Biological Activities of Polymers," ACS Symposium Series 186, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. (1982).
15.
Gilbert, D.R. , V. Stannett, C.G. Pitt, and A. Schindler.In Developments in Polymer Degradation, Vol. 4. N. Grassie, ed. London:Appl. Sci. Publ., Ltd., p. 259 ( 1982).
16.
Williams, D.F.Mater. Sci., 17:1233 (1982).
17.
Bruck, S. D., ed. Controlled Drug Delivery, Vols. I and II. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press, Inc. (1983).
18.
Heller, J.In "Initiation of Polymerization," ACS Symposium Series 212. F. E. Bailey, Jr., ed. Washington, D.C.:American Chemical Society, p. 393 (1983).
19.
Kopecek, J. and K. Ulbrich. In Prog. Polym. Sci., 9:1, Oxford: Pergamon Press, Inc. (1983 ).
20.
Chiellini, E. and P. Giusti, eds. Polymers in Medicine: Biomedical and Pharmacological Applications. New York:Plenum Press ( 1983).
Langer, R. S. and D. L. Wise, eds. Medical Applications of Controlled Release , Vol. I. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc. (1984).
23.
Hastings, G. W. and P. Ducheyne, eds. Macromolecular Biomaterials. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press, Inc. (1984).
24.
Shalaby, S. W., A. S. Hoffman, B. D. Ratner, and T. A. Horbett, eds. Polymers as Biomaterials. New York:Plenum Publishing Co. (1984).
25.
Anderson, J. M. and S. W. Kim, eds. Recent Advances in Drug Delivery Systems. New York:Plenum Publishing Co. (1984).
26.
Gebelein, C. G. and C. E. Carraher, Jr., eds. Bioactive Polymeric Systems: An Overview. New York: Plenum Press (1985).
27.
Gross, L. In Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Vol. 2. H. F. Mark, N. M. Bikales, G. G. Overberger , G. Menges, and J. I. Kroshwitz, eds. New York: Wiley Interscience (1985).
28.
Huang, S.J., ibid, Vol. 2.
29.
Tirrell, D. A., L. G. Donaruma and A. B. Turek, eds. "Macromolecules as Drugs and as Carriers for Biologically Active Materials." Annals of the New York Academy of Science, Vol. 446. New York: New York Academy of Science (1985).
30.
Seidell, A.Solubilities of Organic Compounds, Vol. 2. New York:D. Van Nostrand Co. (1941 ).
31.
Stephen, H. and T. Stephen , eds. Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds. New York:McMillan (1963).
32.
Freier, R.K.Aqueous Solutions: Data for Inorganic and Organic Compounds, Vol. I. Berlin:W. de Gruyter (1976).
33.
Silcock, H., ed. Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds, Vol. 3. Oxford:Pergamon Press (1979).
34.
Amidon, G.L. and N.A. Williams.Int. J Pharm., 11:249 (1982).
35.
Yalkowsky, S.H., S.C. Valvani, and T.J. Roseman.J. Pharm.Sci., 72:866 (1983).
36.
Chiou, C.T. and D.W. Schmedding.Environ. Sci. Technol., 16:4 ( 1982).
Finch, C. A., ed. Chemistry and Technology of Water-Soluble Polymers. New York:Plenum Press (1983).
48.
Molyneux, P.Water-Soluble Synthetic Polymers: Properties and Behavior, Vols. I and II. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press, Inc. (1983 ).
49.
Courval, G.J. and D.G. Gray.Polymer, 24:323 (1983).
50.
This assumes that ΔHm and ΔSm are invariant with changing temperature, c.f. [44].
51.
This is the usual case; however, for some polymer solutions precipitation is observed as the temperature is increased and for still others there exist both upper and lower critical miscibility temperatures, c.f. G.N. Malcom and J.S. Rowlinson, Trans. Faraday Soc., 53:921 (1957).
52.
Peppas, N.A.Makromol. Chem., 176:3433 (1975).
53.
Finch, C. A., ed. Polyvinyl Alcohol, Properties and Application. New York:Wiley (1973 ).
54.
Pritchard, J.G.Poly(vinyl alcohol) Basic Properties and Uses. London: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers (1970).
55.
Gembitskii, P.A. , et al.Izv. Akad. Nauk USSR, Ser. Khim, 11:2622 (1975).
56.
Saegusa, T. , H. Ikeda, and H. Fujii, Polym. J., 3:35 (1972).
57.
Ueberreiter, C.F.K.In Diffusion in Polymers. J. Crank and G. S. Park, eds. London:Academic Press, Chp. 7 ( 1968).
58.
Graham, N.B. and D.A. Wood.Polymer News, 8:230 (1982).
Montanari, F. , D. Landini, and F. Rolla. In Topics in Current Chemistry, Vol. 101. F. L. Boshke , ed. Berlin:Springer-Verlag , p. 149 ( 1982).
99.
Fendler, J.H. and E.J. Fendler.Catalysis in Micellor and Macromolecular Systems. New York:Academic Press (1975 ).
100.
Dehmlow, E.V. and S.S. Dehmlow."Phase Transfer Catalysis," Monographs in Modern Chemistry, Vol. 11. Weinheim:Verlag Chemie (1980).
101.
Boyer, P. D., ed. The Enzymes, Vol. I, Structure and Control (1970); Vol. II, Kinetics and Mechanism (1970); Vol. III, Hydrolysis: Peptide Bonds (1970); Vol. IV, Hydrolysis: Other C—N Bonds, Phosphate Esters (1971); and Vol. V, Hydrolysis: Sulfate Esters, Carboxylic Esters and Glyosides: Hydration (1971). New York: Academic Press.
102.
Krisch, K.In ref. 102, Vol. V, p. 43.
103.
Sawada, H. In Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Vol. 4. H. F. Mark, N. M. Bikales, C. G. Overberger , and G. Menges, eds. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., pp. 719-45 (1986).
104.
These principles and the autocatalytic effect of chain hydrolysis are illustrated in Part II of this Review to be published in this Journal.
105.
Barker, S.J. and M.B. Price.Polyacetals. London:Iliffe Books (1970).
Moore, J. A., ed. Reactions on Polymers. Dordrecht, Holland:D. Reidel Publishing Co. (1973 ).
108.
Plate, N.A.Pure Appl. Chem., 46:49 (1976).
109.
Plate, N.A. and O.V. Noah.Adv. Polym. Sci., 31:133 (1979).
110.
Galin, J.C. In "Modification of Polymers, " C. E. Carraher, Jr. and M. Tsuda, eds. ACS Symposium Series No. 121, American Chemical Society, Washington, p. 119 (1980).
111.
We consider here only first neighbor interactions but second neighbor interactions have been analyzed and the appropriate mathematical models have been proposed, c.f. J.W. Evans and D.R. Burgess, J. Chem. Phys., 79:5023 (1983).
112.
Noro, K.in ref. 54.
113.
The articles in ref. 26 by J. R. Cordinal, pp. 229-248, E. H. Schacht, pp. 259-278, and N. A. Peppas, pp. 279-289, highlight much of the fundamental work done in this area.
114.
Thombre, A.G. and K.J. Himmelstein.AICHE J., 31:759 (1985).
115.
Harris, F.W.in ref. 23, Chp. 4.
116.
The interface can be regarded as the boundary between reaction solution and unreacted surface, c.f. R.D. Astumian and Z.A. Schelly, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 106:304 (1984), or the boundary between a reacted zone and an unreacted zone, c.f. P. Raghavendrachar and M. Chanda, Eur. Polym. J., 20:257 (1984).
117.
The solvent effect will depend on the nature of the reaction, c.f. C. Reichart, Pure Appl. Chem., 54:1867 (1982), and has been investigated for hydrolysis, c.f. B.I. Istomin and Finkelshten , Zh. Org. Khim., 17:2500 (1981).
118.
Benagiano, G., E. Schmitt, D. Wise, and M. Goodman.J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Symp., 66:129 (1979).
119.
Watanabe, P.G. , J.C. Ramsey, and P.J. Gehring. In Progress in Drug Metabolism, Vol. 5. J. W. Bridges and L. T. Chasseaud, eds. New York:J. Wiley Ltd., p. 311 (1980).
120.
Junqueira, L.C. , J. Carneiro, and A.N. Contopoulos.In Basic Histology. Los Altos, CA:Lange Medical Publications ( 1977).
121.
Singer, S.J. and G.L. Nicolson.Science, 175:720 (1972).
122.
Katchalsky, A.Biophys. J., 4:9 (1964).
123.
Maggio, B. , Q.F. Ahkong, and J.A. Lucy.Biochem. J., 158:647 (1976).
124.
De Duve, C. , T. DeBarsy, B. Poole, A. Trouet, P. Tulkens, and F. Van Hoof.Biochem. Pharmacol., 23:2495 (1974).
125.
Williams, K.E. , E.M. Kidston, F. Beck, and J.B. Hoyd.J. Cell. Biol., 64:113 (1975).
126.
Drobnik, J. and F. Rypacekin ref. 22, p. 1.
127.
Kopecek, J. and P. Rejmanovain ref. 18, Vol. I, p. 81.
128.
Zaffaroni, A. and P. Bosen. In Polymeric Drugs. L. G. Donaruma and O. Vogl, eds. New York:Acad. Press, p. 1 (1978).
129.
Weinshenker, N.M. In Polymeric Drugs. L. G. Donaruma and O. Vogl, eds. New York:Acad. Press, p. 17 (1978).
130.
Illum, L., S.S. Davis, and J. Parenter.Sci. Technol., 36:242 (1982).
131.
El-Samaligy, M. and P. Rohdewald.Pharm. Acta. Helv., 57:201 (1982).
132.
Duncan, R. and J. Kopecek.In ref. 22, p. 51.
133.
Williams, D.F.In ref. 14, Vol. II, p. 49.
134.
Jakoby, W.B.In Enzymatic Basis of Detoxication, Vol. I. W. B. Jakoby, ed. New York:Acad. Press , p. 2 (1980 ).