Structural engineering to control density,conformation,and bioactivity of the poly(ethylene glycol)-grafted poly(urethane urea) scaffolds

Abstract

Poly(urethane urea) scaffolds were fabricated through combined salt leaching and solvent casting methods. The scaffolds were then functionalized via aminolysis with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-g-PUU). To compare its bioactivity, gelatin was also grafted onto the aminolyzed poly(urethane urea) surface (Gel-g-PUU). Chemical changes at the surface were then monitored using quantitative/qualitative methods. Grafting with both gelatin and poly(ethylene glycol) remarkably enhanced the wettability of poly(urethane urea). Proliferation of human adipose–derived mesenchymal stem cells on poly(urethane urea) and the modified poly(urethane urea)s was evaluated by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. The cell experiment results showed that both the modified poly(urethane urea)s enhanced the attachment and proliferation of human adipose–derived mesenchymal stem cells compared to pure poly(urethane urea). Based on previous reports, while a supportive role is observed at adequate poly(ethylene glycol) graft densities, cell adhesion and proliferation are inhibited at very high grafting densities. To correlate the cell data to poly(ethylene glycol) conformations, the surface tension was measured. Data on human adipose–derived mesenchymal stem cells’ attachment/proliferation and contact angle/surface free energy together showed that the grafting density of poly(ethylene glycol) was regulated by optimizing aminolysis conditions, careful selection of poly(ethylene glycol)’s molecular weight, and bulk properties of the matrix poly(urethane urea). As a result, surface overcrowding and brush conformation of the poly(ethylene glycol) chains were avoided, and human adipose–derived mesenchymal stem cell attachment and proliferation occurred on the PEG-g-PUU scaffold at a comparable level to the Gel-g-PUU.

Keywords

Gelatin mesenchymal stem cells poly(urethane urea)poly(ethylene glycol)scaffold salt leaching tissue engineering

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Shokrolahi

Yeganeh

Mirzadeh

Simple and versatile method for the one-pot synthesis of segmented poly (urethane urea)s via in situ-formed AB-type macromonomers. Polym Int 2011; 60: 620–629.

Lim

D-I

Park

H-S

Park

J-H

et al . Application of high-strength biodegradable polyurethanes containing different ratios of biobased isomannide and poly (ϵ-caprolactone) diol. J Bioact Compat Polym 2013; 28: 274–288.

Pereira

Gomide

Oréfice

et al . Proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue on polyurethanes with tunable biodegradability. Polímeros 2010; 20: 280–286.

Kanimozhi

Basha

Kumari

VS.

Fabrication of chitosan based hybrid porous scaffolds by salt leaching for soft tissue engineering. Surf Interface 2016; 1: 7–12.

Tran

Naseri

Kolasnikov

et al . A new generation of sodium chloride porogen for tissue engineering. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2011; 58: 335–344.

Mane

Effect of porogens (type and amount) on polymer porosity: a review. Can Chem Trans 2016; 4: 210–225.

Shokrolahi

Mirzadeh

Yeganeh

et al . Fabrication of poly(urethane urea)-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering by a combined strategy of using compression moulding and particulate leaching methods. Iran Polym J 2011; 20: 645–658.

Ganjalinia

Akbari

Solouk

PLLA scaffolds surface-engineered via poly (propylene imine) dendrimers for improvement on its biocompatibility/controlled pH biodegradability. Appl Surf Sci 2017; 394: 446–456.

Wang

Clements

Thissen

et al . Screening rat mesenchymal stem cell attachment and differentiation on surface chemistries using plasma polymer gradients. Acta Biomater 2015; 11: 58–67.

10.

Kara

Aksoy

Calamak

et al . Immobilization of heparin on chitosan-grafted polyurethane films to enhance anti-adhesive and antibacterial properties. J Bioact Compat Polym 2016; 31: 72–90.

11.

Chan

Marçal

Ahmed

et al . Poly(ethylene glycol) modulated cellular biocompatibility of polyhydroxyalkanoate films. Polym Int 2013; 62: 884–892.

12.

Sun

Deng

Tang

et al . A correlation study of protein adsorption and cell behaviors on substrates with different densities of PEG chains. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 122: 134–142.

13.

Pei

Hall

Spencer

ND.

The role of plasma proteins in cell adhesion to PEG surface-density-gradient-modified titanium oxide. Biomaterials 2011; 32: 8968–8978.

14.

Shaneh

Shokrolahi

Shokrollahi

et al . Improved immobilization of gelatin on a modified polyurethane urea. J Bioact Compat Polym 2014; 30: 57–73.

15.

Uemura

Yamaguchi

et al . Effect of enzymatically cross-linked tilapia scale collagen for osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. J Bioact Compat Polym 2016; 31: 31–41.

16.

Jiankang

Dichen

Yaxiong

et al . Fabrication and characterization of chitosan/gelatin porous scaffolds with predefined internal microstructures. Polymer 2007; 48: 4578–4588.

17.

Zhu

Gao

Liu

et al . Surface modification of polycaprolactone membrane via aminolysis and biomacromolecule immobilization for promoting cytocompatibility of human endothelial cells. Biomacromolecules 2002; 3: 1312–1319.

18.

Yang

Chen

Pan

et al . pH-sensitive interpenetrating network hydrogels based on chitosan derivatives and alginate for oral drug delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 92: 719–725.

19.

Dalle-Donne

Rossib

Giustarinib

et al . Protein carbonyl groups as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Clin Chim Acta 2003; 329: 23–38.

20.

Calculation of interfacial tension in polymer systems. J Polym Sci 1971; 34: 19.

21.

Lin

Novel nylon-supported organic–inorganic hybrid membrane with hierarchical pores as a potential immobilized metal affinity adsorbent. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1125: 38–51.

22.

Otsuka

Nagasaki

Kataoka

Self-assembly of poly(ethylene glycol)-based block copolymers for biomedical applications. Curr Opin Colloid In 2001; 6: 3–10.

23.

Sarker

Singh

Zehnder

et al . Macromolecular interactions in alginate–gelatin hydrogels regulate the behavior of human fibroblasts. J Bioact Compat Polym 2016; 32: 309–324.

24.

De Oliveira Barud

da Silva

Silva

Barud

et al . A multipurpose natural and renewable polymer in medical applications: bacterial cellulose. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 153: 406–420.

25.

Galia

De Gregorio

Spadaro

et al . Grafting of maleic anhydride onto isotactic polypropylene in the presence of supercritical carbon dioxide as a solvent and swelling fluid. Macromolecules 2004; 37: 4580–4589.

26.

Cauich-Rodríguez

Chan-Chan

Hernandez-Sánchez

et al . Degradation of polyurethanes for cardiovascular applications. In: Pignatello

(ed.) Advances in biomaterials science and biomedical applications. London, UK: InTech, 2013.

27.

Tiwari

Joshi

Lee

et al . Heterogeneous electrospun polycaprolactone/polyethylene glycol membranes with improved wettability, biocompatibility, and mineralization. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017; 520: 105–113.

28.

Zhang

Huang

Servos

et al . Effects of polyethylene glycol on DNA adsorption and hybridization on gold nanoparticles and graphene oxide. Langmuir 2012; 28: 14330–14337.

29.

Tziampazis

Kohn

Moghe

PV.

PEG-variant biomaterials as selectively adhesive protein templates: model surfaces for controlled cell adhesion and migration. Biomaterials 2000; 21: 511–520.

30.

Hsu

Tang

Lin

CC.

Biocompatibility of poly (ε-caprolactone)/poly (ethylene glycol) diblock copolymers with nanophase separation. Biomaterials 2004; 25: 5593-5601.

31.

Arima

Iwata

Effect of wettability and surface functional groups on protein adsorption and cell adhesion using well-defined mixed self-assembled monolayers. Biomaterials 2007; 28: 3074–3082.

32.

Gao

Gong

et al . Chondrocyte behaviors on poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) membranes containing hydroxyl, amide or carboxyl groups. Biomaterials 2003; 24: 3725–3730.

33.

Dadsetan

Giuliani

Wanivenhaus

et al . Incorporation of phosphate group modulates bone cell attachment and differentiation on oligo(polyethylene glycol) fumarate hydrogel. Acta Biomater 2012; 8: 1430–1439.

34.

Takahashi

Yamashita

Prakash

et al . Rotational diffusion analysis of polyethylene glycol induced protein interactions. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115: 11786–11792.

35.

Akkas

Citak

Sirkecioglu

et al . Which is more effective for protein adsorption: surface roughness, surface wettability or swelling? Case study of polyurethane films prepared from castor oil and poly(ethylene glycol). Polym Int 2013; 62: 1202–1209.

36.

Brink

Österberg

Holmberg

et al . Using poly(ethylene imine) to graft poly(ethylene glycol) or polysaccharide to polystyrene. Colloid Surf 1992; 66: 149–156.

37.

Lih

Joung

et al . Polymers for cell/tissue anti-adhesion. Prog Polym Sci 2015; 44: 28–61.