An electroresponsive drug delivery system was developed using poly(acrylamide-grafted-xanthan gum) (PAAm-g-XG) hydrogel for transdermal delivery of ketoprofen. The electrically sensitive PAAm-g-XG copolymer was synthesized by free radical polymerization under nitrogen atmosphere followed by alkaline hydrolysis. When a swollen PAAm-g-XG hydrogel was placed in between a pair of electrodes, deswelling of the hydrogel was observed in the vicinity of electrodes carrying the electric stimulus. The membrane-controlled drug delivery systems were prepared using drug-loaded PAAm-g-XG hydrogel as the reservoir and crosslinked with poly(vinyl alcohol) to form films as rate controlling membranes (RCM). The in vitro drug permeation study from the formulations was performed through excised rat abdominal skin. Drug permeation across the skin was greatly enhanced in the presence of electric stimulus as compared to passive diffusion and was found to be dependent upon the applied electric current strength and crosslink density of RCM. A pulsated pattern of drug release was observed as the electric stimulus was switched `on' and `off.' The skin histopathology study demonstrated that, after the application of an electrical stimulus, there were changes in the structure of stratum corneum and cell structure. These PAAm-g-XG hydrogel could be useful as transdermal drug delivery systems actuated by an electric signal to provide on-demand release of drugs.
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