The bioactivity of a novel composite of carbonate-containing low-crystallinity nanoparticle hydroxyapatite (HA) and a chitosan—phosphorylated chitosan polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The HA—PEC nanocomposite with complicated porous structure was prepared by a biomimetic method. An acidic chitosan (polycation) solution containing calcium and phosphate ions (6 mM Ca2+, Ca/P: 1.67) was added into phosphorylated chitosan (polyanion) solution; the formation of PEC and the controlled HA crystal growth were co-organized in alkaline solution. The material was co-cultured with rat osteoblasts in vitro, and implanted into rabbit femur marrow cavities. The results indicate that the PEC—HA composite promoted osteoblast adhesion, morphology, proliferation, and differentiation in vitro; the bone tissue response to the material histologically showed that it was bioactive, as well as biodegradable. The HA—PEC composite shows promise as a bone-repair material.
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