A bone-like apatite-coated surface that mediates a positive interaction between materials and bone is key to the development of desirable bone substitute materials. To incorporate apatite-coating on poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) surfaces, the effect of the hydrolysis of PLLA surfaces on the formation ability of bone-like apatite was investigated in this study.PLLA films and porous PLLA scaffolds were hydrolyzed for different time periods in alkaline solution and the hydrolyzed PLLA surfaces were characterized with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, contact angle, and the measurement of carboxyl density. An apatite coating was formed by mineralizing the hydrolyzed PLLA in simulated body fluids (SBF) for 3 weeks and characterized. The hydrolyzed PLLA surfaces were rich in COOH and OH; the hydrophilicity, surface roughness, and carboxyl density increased with the hydrolysis time. After the incubation in SBF, a bone-like apatite layer with different morphology and composition was formed on the PLLA surfaces. The apatite formation on PLLA surfaces was promoted by the hydrolysis pretreatment and this increases with hydrolysis time. In addition, the compression module of the apatite-coated PLLA scaffolds increased compared with the pure PLLA scaffolds and increased with the hydrolysis time. The hydrolysis pretreatment was important in functionalizing the PLLA surfaces, facilitating subsequent apatite nucleation and apatite growth.
Mathieu, H.J. (2001). Bioengineered Material Surfaces for Medical Applications, Surf. Interface. Anal. , 32(1): 3—9.
2.
Yaszemski, M.J. , Payne, R.G., Hayes , W.C., Langer, R. and Mikos, A.G. (1996). Evolution of Bone Transplantation: Molecular, Cellular and Tissue Strategies to Engineer Human Bone, Biomaterials, 17(2): 175—185.
3.
Zhu, H., Wu, Q., Shentu, J., Wang, H., Hu, Y., Zhu, K. and Liu, J. ( 2005). Release Behavior and Biological Activity of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 from Porous PLGA Scaffold, J. Bioact. Comp. Polym., 20(3): 271—278.
Tjia, J.S., Aneskievich, B.J. and Moghe, P.V. (1999). Substrate-adsorbed Collagen and Cell Secreted Fibronectin Concertedly Induce Cell Migration on Poly(lactide-glycolide) Substrates , Biomaterials, 20(23—24): 2223—2233.
6.
Yang, J., Bei, J. and Wang, S. (2002). Enhanced Cell Affinity of Poly (D,L-lactide) by Combining Plasma Treatment with Collagen Anchorage, Biomaterials , 23(12): 2607—2614.
7.
Nakagawa, M. , Teraoka, F., Fujimoto, S., Hamada, Y., Kibayashi, H. and Takahashi, J. (2006). Improvement of Cell Adhesion on Poly(L-lactide) by Atmospheric Plasma Treatment, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 77(1): 112—118.
8.
Guan, Y.T., Li, Y. and Jin, Z.H.( 2006). Osteoblast Growth on Poly(L-lactic acid)-Negative Ion Powder Composite Films, J. Bioact. Comp. Polym., 21(5): 445—463.
9.
Yamaguchi, M. , Shinbo, T., Kanamori , T., Wang, P.C., Niwa, M., Kawakami, H., Nagaoka, S., Hirakawa, K. and Kamiya, M. (2004). Surface Modification of Poly(L-lactic acid) Affects Initial Cell Attachment, Cell Morphology, And Cell Growth, J. Artif. Organs, 7(4): 187—193.
10.
Nam, Y.S., Yoon, J.J., Lee, J.G. and Park, T.G. (1999). Adhesion Behaviours of Hepatocytes Cultured onto Biodegradable Polymer Surface Modified by Alkalihydrolysis Process, J. Biomat. Sci: Polym. Ed.,10(11): 1145—1158.
11.
Ma, Z., Gao, C. and Shen, J. (2003). Surface Modification of Poly-L-lactic Acid (PLLA) Membrane by Grafting Acrylamide: An Effective Way to Improve Cytocompatibility for Chondrocytes, J. Biomat. Sci: Polym. Ed., 14(1): 13—25.
12.
Sailynoja, E., Koskinen, M., Salonen , J., Holmlund, P., Sodergard, A. and Koskinen, M. (1999). Immobilization of a Biologically Active Coating on a Hydrophobic L-lactide-epsilon-caprolactone Copolymer, J. Mater. Sci: Mater. Med., 10(12): 703—705.
13.
Ma, Z., Gao, C., Gong, Y., Ji, J. and Shen J. (2002). Immobilization of Natural Macromolecules on Poly-L-lactic Acid Membrane Surface in Order to Improve its Cytocompatibility, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 63(6): 838—847.
14.
Lin, Y., Wang, L., Zhang, P., Wang, X., Chen, X., Jing, X. and Su, Z. (2002). Surface Modification of Poly(L-lactic Acid) to Improve its Cytocompatibility via Assembly of Polyelectrolytes and Gelatin , Acta. Biomater., 2(2): 155—164.
15.
Hench, L.L. (1991). Bioceramics: from Concept to Clinic, Am. Ceram. Soc., 74(7): 1487—1570.
16.
Ohgushi, H. and Caplan, A.I. (1999). Stem Cell Technology and Bioceramics: from Cell to Gene Engineering, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B, 48(6): 913—927.
17.
Mattioli-Belmonte, G.M., Lucarini, G., Virgili , L., Biagini, G., Detomaso, L., Favia, P., D'Agostino, R., Gristina, R., Gigante, A. and Bevilacqua, C. (2005). Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Plasma-Deposited Acrylic Acid Coatings: An In Vitro Investigation to Improve Biomaterial Performance in Bone Reconstruction, J. Bioact. Comp. Polym., 20(4): 343—360.
18.
Krebsbach, P.H. , Kuznetsov, S.A., Satomura , K., Emmons, R.V., Rowe, D.W. and Robey, P.G. (1997). Bone Formation in vivo: Comparison of Osteogenesis by Transplanted Mouse and Human Marrow Stromal Fibroblasts, Transplantation, 63(8): 1059—1069.
19.
Tanahashi, M. , Yao, T., Kokubo, T., Minoda , M., Miyamoto, T., Nakamura, T. and Yamamuro, T. (1994). Apatite Coating on Organic Polymers by a Biomimetic Process, Am. Ceram. Soc., 77(11): 2805—2808.
20.
Tanahashi, M. , Yao, T., Kokubo, T., Minoda , M., Miyamoto, T., Nakamura, T. and Yamamuro, T. (1995). Apatite Coated on Organic Polymers by Biomimetic Process: Improvement in its Adhesion to Substrate by Glow-discharge Treatment, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 29(3): 349—357.
21.
Zhang, R. and Ma, P.X. (1999). Porous Poly(l-lactic acid)/Apatite Composites Created by Biomimetic Process, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 45(4): 285—293.
22.
Mann, S. (1988). Molecular Recognition in Biomineralization, Nature, 332(6213): 119—124.
23.
Labella, R. , Braden, M. and Deb, S. (1994). Novel Hydroxyapatite-based Dental Composites, Biomaterials , 15(15): 1197—1200.
24.
Calandrelli, L., Immirzi, B., Malinconico , M., Luessenheide, S., Passaro, I., di Pasquale, R. and Oliva, A. (2004). Natural and Synthetic Hydroxyapatite Filled PCL: Mechanical Properties and Biocompatibility Analysis , J. Bioact. Comp. Polym., 19(4): 301—313.
25.
Aydin, H.M. ,Piskin, E. and Çalimli, A. (2004). Microporous Scaffolds from Poly(Lactide-Co-ε-Caprolactone) Composites with Hydroxyapatite and Tricalcium Phosphates Using Supercritical CO 2 for Bone Tissue Engineering , J. Bioact. Comp. Polym. , 19(5): 383—394.
26.
Ar.Dupraz, A.M.P., de Wijn, J.R., vander Meer, S.A.T. and de Groot , K. (1996). Characterization of Silane-Treated Hydroxyapatite Powders for Use as Filler in Biodegradable Composites, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 30(2): 231—238.
27.
Tanahashi, M. and Matsuda, T. (1997). Surface Functional Group Dependence on Apatite Formation on Self-Assembled Monolayers in a Simulated Body Fluid, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 34(3): 305—315.
28.
Kawashita, M., Nakao, M., Minoda , M., Kim, H.M., Beppu, T., Miyamoto, T., Kokubo, T. and Nakamura, T. (2003). Apatite-forming Ability of Carboxyl Group-containing Polymer Gels in a Simulated Body Fluid, Biomaterials, 24(14): 2477—2484.
29.
Zhang, R. and Ma, P.X. (2004). Biomimetic Polymer/Apatite Composite Scaffolds for Mineralized Tissue Engineering, Macromol. Biosci., 4(2): 100—111.
30.
Liao, S.S., Cui, F.Z. and Zhu,Y. (2004). Osteoblasts Adherence and Migration through Three-dimensional Porous Mineralized Collagen Based Composite: nHAC/PLA, J. Bioact. Comp. Polym., 19(2): 117—130.
31.
Mann, S. and Ozin, G.A. (1996). Synthesis of Inorganic Materials with Complex Form, Nature, 382(6589): 313—318.
32.
Kiss, E. and Vargha-Butler, E.I. (1999). Novel Method to Characterize the Hydrolytic Decomposition of Biopolymer Surfaces, Colloids. Surf. B-Biointerfaces, 15(3): 181—193.
33.
Mikos, A.G., Thorsena, J., Czerwonkal, A., Yuan, B., Langer, R., Winslowd, N. and Vacanti, J.P. (1994). Preparation and Characterization of Poly(L-lactic Acid) Foams, Polymer, 35(5): 1068—1077.
34.
Croll, T.I., O'Connor, A.J., Stevens, G.W. and Cooper-White, J.J. (2004). Controllable Surface Modification of Poly(lactic- co-glycolic Acid) (PLGA) by Hydrolysis or Aminolysis I: Physical, Chemical, and Theoretical Aspects, Biomacromolecules, 5(2): 463—473.
35.
Nam, Y.S., Yoon, J.J., Lee, J.G. and Park, T.G. (1999). Adhesion Behaviours of Hepatocytes Cultured onto Biodegradable Polymer Surface Modified by Alkali Hydrolysis Process, J. Biomater. Sci.-Polym. Ed., 10(11): 1145—1158.
36.
Kawai, T., Ohtsuki, C., Kamitakahara, M., Miyazaki, T., Tanihara, M., Sakaguchi, Y. and Konagaya S. (2004). Coating of an Apatite Layer on Polyamide Films Containing Sulfonic Groups by a Biomimetic Process, Biomaterials , 25(19): 4529—4534.
