Fusogenic liposomes have a wide-range of applications as DDS and gene/protein delivery into living cells. A variety of surface modifications of drug carriers, to enable fusion with cells, have been proposed, however, the mechanism of fusion has still not been determined. To further improve the efficiency of drug carriers, a simple and easily examinable model of a living cell surface is needed. In this study, the time-course of a fusion phenomena was made by measuring the surface pressure increase of a phospholipid monolayer spread at the air/water interface due to the fusion of liposomes carrying PEO-lipid (dialkyl-terminated polyethylene oxide) reconstituted on their outer surface. The kinetics of the surface pressure change appeared to be bimodal, indicating the coexistence of different fusion pathways. It was found that the presence of the PEO-lipid on the liposome surface led to a faster lipid transfer compared to non-modified DMPC liposomes. This indicated that the reconstitution of PEO-lipid provided an alternative transfer pathway to that for non-fusogenic liposomes that show only a slow lipid transfer to phospholipid monolayers. The relation between the rate of fusion and the surface pressure of the host membrane is discussed.
Rand, R. P. and Parsegian, V. A. (1989). Hydration Forces between Phospholipid-Bilayers , Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 988(3): 351-376 .
2.
Pattus, F. , Desnuelle, P. and Verger, R. (1978). Spreading of Liposomes at the Air/Water Interface , Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 507: 62-70 .
3.
Baszkin, A. , Rosilio, V. , Puisieux, F. , Albrecht, G. and Sunamoto, J. (1990). The Effect of Polysaccharide Adsorption on Surface-Potential of Phospholipid Monolayers Spread at Water-Air Interface , Chemistry Letters, 2: 299-302 .
4.
Baszkin, A. , Boissonnade, M. M. , Rosilio, V. , Kamyshny, A. and Magdassi, S. (1997). Adsorption of Hydrophobized Glucose Oxidase at Solution/Air Interface , Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 190(2): 313-317 .
5.
Rosilio, V. , Boissonnade, M. M. , Zhang, J. Y. , Jiang, L. and Baszkin, A. (1997). Penetration of Glucose Oxidase into Organized Phospholipid Monolayers Spread at the Solution/Air Interface , Langmuir, 13(17): 4669-4675 .
6.
Baszkin, A. , Boissonnade, M. M. , Rosilio, V. , Kamyshny, A. and Magdassi, S. (1999). Penetration of Glucose Oxidase and of the Hydrophobically Modified Enzyme into Phospholipid and Cholesterol Monolayers , Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 209(2): 302-311 .
7.
Deme, B. , Rosilio, V. and Baszkin, A. (1995). Polysaccharides at Interfaces. 1. Adsorption of Cholesteryl-Pullulan Derivatives at the Solution-Air Interface-Kinetic-Study by Surface-Tension Measurements , Colloids and Surfaces B-Biointerfaces, 4(6): 357-365 .
8.
Deme, B. , Rosilio, V. and Baszkin, A. (1995). Polysaccharides at Interfaces. 2. Surface-Potential of Adsorbed Cholesteryl-Pullulan Monolayers at the Solution-Air Interface , Colloids and Surfaces B-Biointerfaces, 4(6): 367-373 .
9.
Feng, S. S. (1999). Interpretation of Mechanochemical Properties of Lipid Bilayer Vesicles from the Equation of State or Pressure-area Measurement of the Monolayer at the Air-water or Oil-water Interface , Langmuir, 15(4): 998-1010 .
10.
Feng, S. S. , Zhu, G. H. and Low, M. Y. (2000). Effects of Chain Structure on Surface Pressure-area Behavior and Membrane Elasticity of Lipid Monolayers at the Air-water Interface: Application of an Equation of State , Langmuir, 16(19): 7401-7410 .
11.
Okumura, Y. , Yamauchi, M. , Yamamoto, M. and Sunamoto, J. (1993). Interaction of a Fusogenic Liposome with Hela-Cell , Proceedings of the Japan Academy Series B-Physical and Biological Sciences, 69(3): 45-50 .
12.
Higashi, N. and Sunamoto, J. (1995). Endocytosis of Poly(ethylene oxide)-modified Liposome by Human Lymphoblastoid Cells , Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1243(3): 386-392 .
13.
Higashi, N. , Yamauchi, M. , Okumura, Y. , Nakanishi, M. and Sunamoto, J. (1996). Fusion Between Jurkat Cell and PEO-lipid Modified Liposome , Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-Biomembranes, 1285(2): 183-191 .
14.
Okumura, Y. , Higashi, N. , Rosilio, V. and Sunamoto, J. (1997). Poly(ethylene oxide)-bearing Lipids and Interaction of Functionalized Liposomes with Intact Cells, Poly(Ethylene Glycol), pp. 82-98, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC .
15.
Sunamoto, J. , Morone, N. , Ueda, T. , Okumura, Y. , Rosilio, V. , Haratake, M. , Higashi, N. and Zheng, Z. (1998). Poly(ethylene oxide)-bearing Lipid and its Function , Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, 216: U4-U4 .
16.
Rosilio, V. , Albrecht, G. , Baszkin, A. , Okumura, Y. and Sunamoto, J. (1996). Monolayers of Poly(ethylene oxide)-bearing Lipids at Air-water Interface , Chemistry Letters, 8: 657-658 .
17.
Rosilio, V. , Albrecht, G. , Okumura, Y. , Sunamoto, J. and Baszkin, A. (1996). Surface Properties and Miscibility of Monolayers of Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine and Poly(ethylene oxide) Lipids at the Water/Air Interface , Langmuir, 12(10): 2544-2550 .
18.
Morone, N. , Yamauchi, M. , Okumura, Y. and Sunamoto, J. (2001). Modification of Phosphatidylcholine Liposomes with Poly(ethylene oxide)-substituted Lipids , Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, 16(3): 167-193 .
19.
Olson, F. , Hunt, C. A. , Szoka, F. C. , Vail, W. J. and Papahadjopoulos, D. (1979). Preparation of Liposomes of Defined Size Distribution by Extrusion Through Polycarbonate Membranes , Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 557(1): 9-23 .
20.
Koppel, D. E. (1972). Analysis of Macromolecular Polydispersity in Intensity Correlation Spectroscopy: The Method of Cumulants , The Journal of Chemical Physics, 57(11): 4814-4820 .
21.
Dalencon, F. , Rosilio, V. , Manivet, P. , Launay, J. M. and Baszkin, A. (1997). Specific Interactions Between the Human Serotonin Transporter and Serotonin Analogs at the Solution/Air Interface , Colloids and Surfaces B-Biointerfaces, 9(3-4): 197-203 .
22.
Allen, T. M. , Hong, K. and Papahadjopoulos, D. (1990). Membrane Contact, Fusion, and Hexagonal (Hii) Transitions in Phosphatidylethanolamine Liposomes , Biochemistry, 29(12): 2976-2985 .
23.
Crowe, J. H. , Hoekstra, F. A. and Crowe, L. M. (1992). Anhydrobiosis , Annual Review of Physiology, 54: 579-599 .
24.
Hinton, D. P. and Johnson, C. S. (1995). Diffusion-Coefficients, Electrophoretic Mobilities, and Morphologies of Charged Phospholipid-Vesicles by Pulsed-Field Gradient Nmr and Electron-Microscopy , Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 173(2): 364-371 .
25.
Kwak, S. , Viet, M. T. P. and Lafleur, M. (2003). Self- and Mutual-diffusion Coefficients Measurements by P-31 NMR ID Profiling and PFG-SE in Dextran Gels , Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 162(1): 198-205 .
26.
Lawrie, G. A. , Schneider, P. B. , Battersby, B. J. , Barnes, G. T. and Cam-Molenga, H. K. (1996). Spreading Properties of Dimyristoyl Phosphatidylcholine at the Air/Water Interface , Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 79(1): 1-8 .
27.
Sunamoto, J. , Ushio, K. and Lai, D. T. (2006). Folate-modified Cholesterol-Bearing Pullulan, a New Cancer-targeted Nanoparticle Drug Carrier: Synthesis and Applications , Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, 21: 603-617 .
28.
Haratake, M. and Sunamoto, J. (2006). Direct Fusion between Poly(ethylene oxide)-lipid Modified Liposomes and Murine Mitotic B16 Melanoma Cells , Bioact. Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, 21: 503-517 .
29.
Hidaka, M. , Kanematsu, T. , Ushio, K. and Sunamoto, J. (2006). Selective and Effective Cytotoxicity of Folic Acid Conjugated Cholesteryl Pullulan Hydrogel Nanoparticles Complexed with Doxorubicin in In Vitro and In Vivo Studies , Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, 21: 591-602 .
