In poly(DL-lactic acid)-cholesterol oligomers (LC), a novel cholesterol modified poly(DL-lactic acid) (PLA), was synthesized via bulk polymerization of DL-lactide using cholesterol initiator. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) results indicated a narrow molecular weight distribution of poly (DL-lactic acid)-cholesterol oligomers (LC). Mouse MC3T3 osteoblast-like cells were selected as a model system to test the cell behavior of cholesterol modified PLA substrates. The osteoblast attachment, proliferation, and viability revealed that the cholesterol modified PLA was significantly osteoblast compatible and may have potential as a bone tissue engineering material.
Sittinger, M. , Perka, C. , Schutz, O. , Haupl, T. , and Burmester, G.R. (1999). Joint cartilage Regeneration by Tissue Engineering , Z. Rheumatol., 58: 130–135 .
2.
Freed, L.E. , Marquis, J.C. , Nohria, A. , Emmanuel, J. , Mikos, A.G. , and Langer, R. (1993). Neocartilage Formation In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cells Cultured on Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers , J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 27: 11–23 .
3.
Cook, A.D. , Hrkach, J.S. , and Gao, N.N. (1997). Characterization and Development of RGD-peptide-modified Poly(lactic acid-co-lysine) as an Interactive, Resorbable Biomaterial , J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 35: 513–523 .
4.
Nagasaki, Y. , Okada, T. , and Scholz, C. (1998). The Reactive Polymeric Micelle Based on an Aldehyde-ended Poly(ethylene glycol)/Poly(lactide) Block Copolymer: Macromolecules , Macromolecules, 31: 1473–1479 .
5.
Black, F.E. , Hartshorne, M. , Martyn, C.D. , Roberts, C.J. , Tendler, S.J.B. , Williams, P.M. , Shakesheff, K.M. , Cannizzaro, S.M. , Kim, I. , and Langer, R. (1999). Surface Engineering and Surface Analysis of a Biodegradable Polymer with Biotinylated End Groups , Langmuir, 15: 3157–3161 .
6.
Salem, A.K. , Cannizzaro, S.M. , Davies, M.C. , Tendler, S.J.B. , Roberts, C.J. , Williams, P.M. , and Shakesheff, K.M. (2001). Synthesis and Characterisation of a Degradable Poly(lactic acid)–Poly(ethylene glycol) Copolymer with Biotinylated End Groups , Biomacromolecules, 2: 575–580 .
7.
Tessmar, J.K. , Mikos, A.G. , and Gopferich, A. (2002). Amine-Reactive Biodegradable Diblock Copolymers , Biomacromolecules, 3: 194–200 .
8.
Ito, Y. , Inoue, M. , Liu, S.Q. , and Imanishi, Y. (1993). Cell Growth on Immobilized Cell Growth Factor. 6. Enhancement of Fibroblast Cell Growth by Immobilized Insulin and/or Fibronectin , J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 27: 901–907 .
9.
Hu, Y. , Winn, S.R. , Krajbich, I. , and Hollinger, J.O. (2003). Porous Polymer Scaffolds Surface-modified with Arginine–Glycine–Aspartic Acid Enhance Bone Cell Attachment and Differentiation In Vitro , J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 64A: 583–590 .
10.
Garric, X. , Molès, J.P. , Garreau, H. , Guilhou, J.J. , and Vert, M. (2004). Human Skin Cell Cultures onto PLA50 (PDLLA) Bioresorbable Polymers: Influence of Chemical and Morphological Surface Modifications , J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 72A: 180–189 .
11.
Bac'áková, L. , Lapc'íková, M. , Kubies, D. , and Rypác'ek, F. (2003). Adhesion and Growth of Rat Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells on Lactide-based Polymers , Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 534: 179–189 .
12.
Simons, K. and Ikonen, E. (2000). How Cells Handle Cholesterol , Science, 290: 1721–1726 .
13.
Yuan, Y. , Verna, L.K. , Wang, N.P. , Liao, H.L. , Ma, K.S. , Wang, Y. , Zhu, Y. , and Stemerman M.B. (2001). Cholesterol Enrichment Upregulates Inter-cellular Adhesion Molecule-1 in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells , Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids, 1534: 139–148 .
14.
Fung, C. H. and KhachadurianS, A.K. (1980). Suppression of Synthesis and Esterification of Cholesterol and Stimulation of Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Activity by Polyoxyethylated Cholesterol in Cultured Human Fibroblasts , J. Biol. Chem., 255: 676–680 .
15.
Lafont, D. , Boullanger, P. , and Chierici S. (1996). Cholesteryl Oligoethyleneglycols as D-glucosamine Anchors into Phospholipid Bilayers , New J. Chem., 20: 1093–1101 .
16.
Urata, K. and Takaishi, N. (2001). Cholesterol as Synthetic Building Blocks for Artificial Lipids with Characteristic Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties , Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 103: 29–39
17.
Klok, H.A. , Hwang, J.J. , Iyer, S.N. , and Stupp, S.I. (2002). Cholesteryl-(L-Lactic acid)n Building Blocks for Self-assembling Biomaterials , Macromolecules, 35: 746–759 .
18.
Hwang, J.J. , Iyer, S.N. , Li, S.L. , Claussen, R. , Harrington, D.A. , and Stupp, S.I. (2002). Self-assembling Biomaterials: Liquid Crystal Phases of Cholesteryl Oligo(L-lactic Acid) and their Interactions with Cells , PNAS, 99: 9662–9667 .
Blum, R.N. and Wright, R.A. (1992). Detection of Pyuria and Bacteriuria in Symptomatic Ambulatory Women , J. Gen. Intern. Med., 7: 140–144 .
21.
Risbud, M.V. , Bhonde, M.R. , and Bhonde, R.R. (2001). Effect of Chitosanpolyvinyl Pyrrolidone Hydrogel on Proliferation and Cytokine Expression of Endothelial Cells: Implications in Islet Immunoisolation , J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 57: 300–305 .
22.
De, C.F. , Gaufillier, S. , Bonnaud, A. , Sabatini, M. , Lesur, C. , and Pastoureau, P. (2001). YKL-40 (Cartilage gp-39) Induces Proliferative Events in Cultured Chondrocytes and Synoviocytes and Increases Glycosamino-glycan Synthesis in Chondrocytes , Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 285: 926–931 .
23.
Zhu, H.G. , Ji, J. , Tan, Q.G. , Barbosa, M.A. , and Shen, J.C. (2003). Surface Engineering of Poly(DL-lactide) Via Electrostatic Self-assembly of Extra-cellular Matrix-like Molecules , Biomacromolecules, 4: 378–386 .
24.
Bancel, S. and Hu, W.S. (1996). Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy Examination of Cell Distribution in Macroporous Microcarriers , Biotechnol. Prog., 12: 398–402 .
25.
Xiong, X.Y. , Tam, K.C. , and Gan L.H. (2003). Synthesis and Aggregation Behavior of Pluronic F127/Poly(lactic Acid) Block Copolymers in Aqueous Solutions , Macromolecules, 36: 9979–9985 .
26.
Lee, J. , Cho, E.C. , and Cho, K. (2004). Incorporation and Release Behavior of Hydrophobic Drug in Functionalized Poly(D,L-lactide)-block–Poly(ethylene oxide) Micelles , J. Control Release, 94: 323–335 .
27.
Kricheldorf, H.R. , Kreiser-Saunders, I. , and Stricker, A. (2000). Polylactones 48. SnOct2-initiated Polymerizations of Lactide: a Mechanistic Study , Macromolecules, 33: 702–709 .
28.
Gopalakrishna, P. , Chaubey, S.K. , Manogaran, P.S. , and Pande G. (2000). Modulation of 5 1 Integrin Functions by the Phospholipid and Cholesterol Contents of Cell Membranes , J. Cell Biochem., 77: 517–528 .
