Defining and Classifying Learning Disabilities and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1980.

American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed revised. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1987.

American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1994.

Flynn JM Rabar MH : Prevalence of reading failure in boys compared with girls. Psychol Schools 1994;31:66.

Shaywitz SE Shaywitz BA Fletcher JM Escobar MD : Prevalence of reading disability in boys and girls: Results of the Connecticut longitudinal study. JAMA 1990;264:998–1002.

Yule W Rutter M Berger M Thompson J : Over-and-under achievement in reading: Distribution in the general population. Br J Educ Psychol 1974;44:1–12.

Silva PA McGee R Williams S : Some characteristics of 9-year-old boys with general reading backwardness or specific reading retardation. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1985;26:407–421.

Rodgers B : The identification and prevalence of specific reading retardation. Br J Educ Psychol 1983;53:369–373.

Shaywitz SE Escobar MD Shaywitz BA : Evidence that dyslexia may represent the lower tail of a normal distribution of reading ability. TV Engl J Med 1992;326:145–150.

Fodor JA : The Modularity of Mind. Cambridge, MIT Press, 1983.

Liberman IY Shankweiler D Liberman AM : The alphabetic principle and learning to read, in Shankweiler D Liberman IY , (eds): Phonology and Reading Disability, Solving the Reading Puzzle. International Academy for Research in Learning Disabilities Monograph Series, No. 6. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1989, pp 1–33.

Liberman AM Mattingly IG : A specialization for speech perception. Science 1989;243:489–494.

Brady SA Shankweiler DP , (eds): Phonological Processes in Literacy: A Tribute to Isabelle Y. Liberman. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum, 1991.

Goswami U Bryant P : Phonological Skills and Learning to Read. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum, 1990.

Perfetti CA : Representations and awareness in the acquisition of reading competence, in Reiber L Perfetti CA , (eds): Learning to Read: Basic Research and its Implications. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum, 1991, p 33.

Gough PB Ehri LC Treiman R , (eds): Reading Acquisition. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum, 1992.

Vellutino FR : Introduction to three studies on reading acquisition: Convergent findings on theoretical foundations of code-oriented versus whole-language approaches to reading instruction. J Educ Psychol 1991;83:437–443.

Fletcher JM Shaywitz SE Shankweiler DP : Cognitive profiles of reading disability: Comparisons of discrepancy and low achievement definitions. J Educ Psychol 1994;86:6–23.

Shaywitz BA Fletcher J Holahan JM Shaywitz SE : Discrepancy compared to low achievement definitions of reading disability: Results from the Connecticut Longitudinal Study. J Learning Disabil 1992;25:639–648.

Stanovich KE Siegel LS : Phenotypic performance profile of children with reading disabilities: A regression-based test of the phonological-core variable-difference model. J Educ Psychol 1994;86:24–53.

Kirk SA : Educating Exceptional Children. Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1962.

Frankenberger W Fronzaglio K : A review of states' criteria and procedures for identifying children with learning disabilities. J Learning Disabil 1991;24:449–512.

Stanovich KE : Discrepancy definitions of reading disability: Has intelligence led us astray? Reading Res Q 1991;26:7–29.

Shaywitz BA Shaywitz SE : Learning disabilities and attention disorders, in Swaiman KF , (ed): Pediatric Neurology: Principles and Practice, 2nd ed. St Louis, CV Mosby, 1994, pp 1119–1151.

Fletcher JM Francis DJ Rourke BP : The validity of discrepancy-based definitions of reading disabilities. J Learning Disabil 1992;25:555–561, 573.

Torgesen JK Wagner RK Bryant BR Pearson N : Toward development of a kindergarten group test for phonological awareness. J Res Dev Educ 1992;25:113–120.

Lefly DL Pennington BF : Spelling errors and reading fluency in compensated adult dyslexics. Ann Dyslexia 1991;41:143.

Shaywitz SE Shaywitz BA : Attention deficit disorder: Current perspectives, in Kavanagh JF Truss TJ Jr (eds): Learning Disabilities: Proceedings of the National Conference. Parkton, MD, York Press, 1988, pp 367–523.

Barkley RA : A critique of current diagnostic criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Clinical and research implications. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1990;11:343–352.

Stanovich KE : Concepts in developmental theories of reading skill: Cognitive resources, automaticity, and modularity. Dev Rev 1990;10:72–100.

Fletcher JM Shaywitz BA Shaywitz SE : Attention as a process and as a disorder, in Lyon GR , (ed): Frames of Reference for the Assessment of Learning Disabilities: New Views on Measurement Issues. Baltimore, Paul H Brookes, 1994, pp 103–116.

Barkley RA : The assessment of attention in children, in Lyon GR , (ed): Frames of Reference for the Assessment of Learning Disabilities: New Views on Measurement Issues. Baltimore, Paul H Brookes, 1994, pp 69–102.

Barkley RA : The ecological validity of laboratory and analogue assessment methods of ADHD symptoms. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1991;19:149–178.

Shaywitz SE Fletcher JM Shaywitz BA : Issues in the definition and classification of attention deficit disorder. Top Lang Disord 1994;14:1–25.

Fletcher JM Morris RD Francis DJ : Methodological issues in the classification of attention-related disorders, in Shaywitz SE Shaywitz BS , (eds): Attention Deficit Disorder Comes of Age: Toward the Twenty-First Century. Austin, TX, Pro-Ed, 1992, pp 13–28.

Morris RD Fletcher JM : Classification in neuropsychology: A theoretical framework and research paradigm. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1988;10:640–658.

Shaywitz BA Shaywitz SE Fletcher JM : The Yale Center for the Study of Learning and Attention Disorders. J Learning Disabil 1992;3:1–12.

Loney J Whaley-Klahn MA Kosier T Conboy J : Hyperactive boys and their brothers at 21: Predictors of aggressive and antisocial outcomes, in VanDusen KT Dusen KT Mednich SA , (eds): Prospective Studies of Crime and Delinquency. Boston, Kluwer-Nijhoof, 1983, pp 181–220.

Mannuzza S Klein R Gittelman Addalli KA : Young adult mental status of hyperactive boys and their brothers: A prospective follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991;30: 743–751.

Weiss G Hechtman L , (eds): Hyperactive Children Grown up. New York, Guilford Press, 1986.