This report concerns the more commonly recognized epileptic syndromes that have their onset or entire clinical course in childhood and/or adolescence. It hopes to demonstrate the close relationship between the classifications of epileptic syndromes. It will also discuss how knowledge of the epileptic syndromes will enhance the management plan for the patient with epilepsy. (J Child Neurol 1988;3:214-224).
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Penry JK, Newmark ME: The use of antiepileptic drugs. Ann Intern Med1979;90:207-218.
2.
Penry JK, Porter RJ: Epilepsy: Mechanisms and therapy. Med Clin North Am1979;63:801-812.
3.
Gastaut H. : Clinical and EEG classification of epileptic seizures. Epilepsia1970;11:102-113.
4.
Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League against Epilepsy.Proposal for Revised Clinical and Electroencephalographic Classification of Epileptic Seizures . Epilepsia1981;22:489-501.
5.
Chadwick D., Vydelingrim L., Galbraith A., et al: The value of serum phenytoin levels in new referrals with epilepsy: One Drug in the treatment of epilepsy, in Gardner-Thrope C, Janz D, Meinardi H, et al (eds): Antiepileptic Drug Monitoring. Turn-bridgeWells, Kent, Pitman Medical1977, pp 187-196.
6.
Mattson RH, Cramer JA, Collins JF, et al: Comparison of carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin and primidone in partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. N Engl J Med1985;313:145-151.
7.
Cereghino JJ , Brock JT, Van Meter JC, et al: Carbamazepine for epilepsy: A controlled prospective evaluation. Neurology1974; 24:401-410.
8.
Rodin EA, Rim CS, Rennick PM: The effects of carbamazepine on pateints with psychomotor epilepsy: Results of a double-blind study. Epilepsia1974;15:547-561.
9.
Porter RJ, Schulman EA, Penry JK: Phenytoin monotherapy in intractable epilepsy, in Canger R, Angeleri F, Penry JK (eds): Advances in Epileptology: Xlth Epilepsy International Symposium. New York, Raven Press, pp 419-422.
10.
Browne TR, Dreifuss FE, Dyken PR, et al: Ethosuximide in the treatment of absence seizures. Neurology1975;25:515-524.
11.
Sherwin AL, Robb JP, Lechter M.: Improved control of epilepsy by monitoring plasma ethosuximide. Arch Neurol1973;28: 178-181.
12.
Sato S., White BG, Penry JK, et al: Valproic acid versus ethosuximide in the treatment of absence seizures. Neurology1982;32: 157-163.
13.
Simon D., Penry JK: Sodium di-N-propylacetate in the treatment of epilepsy: A review. Epilepsia1975;16:549-573.
14.
Dreifuss FE , Sato S.: Clonazepam, in Woodbury DM, Penry JK , Pippenger CE (eds): Antiepileptic Drugs, ed 2. New York, Raven Press pp 737-752.
15.
Lennox WG: The petit mal epilepsies: Their treatment with Tridione. JAMA1945;129:1069-1074.
16.
Wells C.: Trimethadione: Its dosage and toxicity. Arch Neurol Psychiat1957;77:140-155.
17.
Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League against Epilepsy.Proposal for Classification of Epilepsies and Epileptic Syndromes. Epilepsia1985;26:268-278.
18.
West WJ: On a peculiar form of infantile convulsions. Lancet1841;1:724-725.
19.
Gibbs FA, Gibbs EL: Epilepsy. Atlas of Electroencephalography, vol II. Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley , 1952.
20.
Jeavons PM , Bower BD: Infantile spasms: A reveiw of the literature and a study of 112 cases , in Clinics in Developmental Medicine , No 15. LondonSpastics Society and Heinemann , 1964. 21. Jeavons PM, Bower BD: Infantile spasms , in Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, (eds): Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol 15. Amsterdam , North Holland, 1974 pp 219-234.
21.
Lacy JR, Penry JK: Infantile Spasms. New York, Raven Press, 1976.
22.
Kellaway P. , Hrachovy RA, Frost JD, et al: Precise characterization and quantification of infantile spasms. Ann Neurol1979;6: 214-218.
23.
Lombroso CT : A prospective study of infantile spasms: Clinical and therapeutic correlations. Epilepsia1983 ;24:135-158.
24.
Aicardi J., Chevrie JJ, Rousselie F.: Le syndrome spasms en flexion, agenesie calleuse, anomalies chorioretiniennes . Arch Franc Pediatr1969;26:1103-1120.
25.
Lennox WG, Davis JP: Clinical correlates of the fast and the slow spike wave electroencephalogram . Trans Am Neurol Assoc1949;74:194-197.
26.
Lennox WG: The slow-spike-wave EEG and its clinical correlates in Lennox WG, Epilepsy and Related Disorders, vol 1 Boston, Little Brown and Co, 1960 , pp 156-170.
27.
Gastaut H., Roger J., Soulayrol R., et al: Childhood epileptic encephalopathy with diffuse slow spike waves (otherwise known as petit mal variant) or Lennox syndrome. Epilepsia1966;7:139-179.
28.
Karbowski K. , Vassella F., Schneider H.: Electroencephalographic aspects of Lennox syndrome. Eur Neurol1970 ;4: 301-309.
29.
Blume WT, David R., Gomez MR: Generalized sharp and slow-wave complexes. Associated features and long-term follow-up. Brain1973;96:289-306.
30.
Gibbs FA, Davis H., Lennox WG: The EEG in epilepsy and in conditions of impaired consciousness. Arch Neurol Psychiatr1935;34:1134-1148.
31.
Loiseau P. : Childhood absence epilepsy, in Roger J , Dravet C, Bureau M, et al (eds): Epileptic Syndromes in Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence. London , John Libbey Eurotext, 1985, pp 106-120.
32.
Wolf P.: Juvenile absence epilepsy, in Roger J , Dravet C, Bureau M, et al (eds). Epileptic Syndromes in Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence. London, John Libbey Eurotext, 1985, pp 242-246.
33.
Penry JK, Porter RJ, Dreifuss FE: Simultaneous recording of absence seizures with videotape and electroencephalography: A study of 374 seizures in 48 patients. Brain1975;98:427-440.
34.
Currier RD, Kooi KA, Saidman LJ: Prognosis of pure petit mal. A follow-up study. Neurology1963;13:959-967.
35.
Livingston S., Torres I., Pauli LL, et al: Petit mal epilepsy: Results of a prolonged follow-up study of 117 patients. JAMA1965 ;194:113-118.
36.
Sato S., Dreifuss FE, Penry JK: The effect of sleep on spike-wave discharges in absence seizures. Neurology1973;23: 1335-1345.
37.
Tassinari CA , Bureau M., Epilepsy with myoclonic absences , in Roger J, Dravet C, Bureau M, et al (eds): Epileptic Syndromes in Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence . London, John Libbey Eurotext , 1985 , pp 121-129.
38.
Dalla Bernardina B, Colomaria V., Capovilla G., et al: Nosological classification of epilepsies in the first 3 years of life, in Nistico G , Perri RD , Meinardi H (eds): Epilepsy: An Update on Research and Therapy . New York , Alan Liss, 1983, pp 165-183.
39.
Dravet C. , Bureau M., Roger J.: Benign myoclonic epilepsy in infants, in Roger J, Dravet C, Bureau M, et al (eds): Epileptic Syndromes in Infancy, childhood and Adolescence. London, John Libbey Eurotext, 1985 , pp 121-129.
40.
Doose H., Gerken H., Leonhardt R., et al: Centrencephalic myoclonic-astatic petit mal. Neuropediatric1970;2:59-78.
41.
Doose H., Gundel A.: 4-7 cps rhythms in the childhood EEG, in Anderson VE, Hauser WA, Penry JK, et al (eds): Genetic Basis of the Epilepsies. New York, Raven Press, 1982, pp 83-93.
42.
Janz D., Christian W.: Impulsive-petit mal. Dtsch Z Nervenheilkd 1957;176:346-386.
43.
Delgado-Escueta AV, Enrile-Bascal F.: Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy of Janz. Neurology1984;34:285-294.
44.
Tsuboi T.: Primary generalized epilepsy with sporadic myoclonias of myoclonic petit mal type. Thieme, Stuttgart , 1977, pp 19-35.
45.
Asconape J. , Penry JK: Some clinical and EEG aspects of benign juvenile myoclonic epilepsy . Epilepsia1984 ;25:108-114.
46.
Berkovic SF , Andermann F., Carpenter S., et al: Progressive myoclonus epilepsies: Specific causes and diagnosis . N Engl j Med1986;315:296-305.
47.
Zeman W., Donahue S., Dyken P., et al: The neuronal ceroidlipofuscinoses (Batten-Vogt syndrome), in Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW (eds): Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol 10. Amsterdam, North Holland, 1970, pp 588-679.
48.
Van Heycop ten Ham MWde Jager H.: Progressive myoclonus epilepsy with Lafora bodies: Clinicopathological features. Epilepsia1963;4:95-119.
49.
Van Heycop ten Ham MW: Lafora disease: A form of progressive myoclonus epilepsy, in Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW (eds): Handbook of Clinical Neurology , vol 15. Amsterdam, North Holland, 1974, pp 382-422.
50.
Carpenter S. , Karpati G., Andermann F., et al: Lafora's disease: Peroxisomal storage in skeletal muscle. Neurology1974;24: 531-538.
51.
Carpenter S. , Karpate G.: Sweat gland duct cells in Lafora disease: Diagnosis by skin biopsy. Neurology1981;31:1564-1568.
52.
Eldridge R. , livanainen M., Stern R., et al: Baltic myoclonus epilepsy: Hereditary disorder of childhood made worse by phenytoin. Lancet1983;2:838-842.
53.
Koskiniemi M., Donner M., Majuri H., et al: Progressive myoclonus epilepsy: A clinical and histopathological study. Acta Neurol Scan1974;50:307-332.
54.
Koskiniemi M., Toivakka E., Donner M.: Progressive myoclonus epilepsy: Electroencephalographic findings. Acta Neurol Scand1974;50:333-359.
55.
Matthews WB , Howell DA, Stevens DL: Progressive myoclonus epilepsy without Lafora bodies. Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr1969;32:116-122.
56.
Gastaut H.: Un element deroutant de la symptomatologie electroencephalographique: les pointes prerolandiques sans signification focale. Rev Neurol1952;87:488-490.
57.
Nayrac P., Beaussart M.: Les pointe-ondes prerolandique: Expression EEG tres particuliere. Rev Neurol1958;99:201-206.
58.
Beaussart M. : Benign epilepsy of children with rolandic (centrotemporal) paroxysmal foci. Epilepsia1972;13:795-811.
59.
Beaumanoir A., Ballis T., Varfis G., et al: Benign epilepsy of childhood with rolandic spikes. Epilepsia1974;15:301-315.
60.
Loiseau P., Beaussart M.: The seizures of benign childhood epilepsy with rolandic paroxysmal discharges . Epilepsia1973; 14:381-389.
61.
Lombroso CT : Sylvian seizures and midtemporal spike foci in children. Arch Neurol1967;17:52-59.
62.
Bray FP, Wiser WC: Evidence for a genetic etiology of temporal central abnormalities in focal epilepsy. N Engl J Med1964; 271:926-933.
63.
Bray FP, Wiser WC: Hereditary characteristics of familial temporal central focal epilepsy . Pediatrics1965;30:207-211.
64.
Heijbel J., Blom S., Rasmuson M.: Benign epilepsy of childhood with centrotemporal EEG foci: A genetic study . Epilepsia1975; 16:285-293.
65.
Lerman P., Kivity S.: Focal epileptic EEG discharges in children not suffering from clinical epilepsy: Etiology, clinical significance and management. Epilepsia1981;22:551-558.
66.
Lerman P., Kivity S.: Benign focal epilepsy of childhood—a follow-up study of 100 recovered patients. Arch Neurol1975;32: 261-264.
67.
Gastaut H.: The Lennox-Gastuat syndrome. EEG Clin Neurophysiol1982;(suppl 35)71-84.